The study of waste lubricant hydrocracking into gasoline and diesel fraction using the combination of Y-Zeolite and ZnO (Y-Zeolite/ZnO) catalyst has been conducted. The hydrocracking of waste lubricant was carried out in a semi-flow stainless steel reactor system (i.d = 3.78cm; l = 30cm) with hydrogen stream (20mL/min) at 573, 623, and 673K. The characterization of catalysts including crystallinity was analysed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), the amount of total acid site was determined by gas sorption method, the surface area was measured by BET method, and the morphology of the catalyst was analyzed by Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM). The activities of catalyst including total convertion, liquid and gas product (yield), and selectivity for gasoline and diesel fractions were evaluated. Total convertion was defined as (100–residue)%. The liquid product was collected and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and flame test. The characterization using XRD showed that ZnO could be rested upon the Y-Zeolite by wetblending. The amount of total acid sites of the Y-Zeolite/ZnO was higher than the constituent material. The highest total convertion of the lubricant using the Y-Zeolite/ZnO was 99.49wt.% while the Y-Zeolite was 99.10wt.% at 623K and without catalyst (thermal hydrocracking) was 98.99wt.% at 673K. The highest liquid product at 623K was achieved by the Y-Zeolite/ZnO catalyst (24.75wt.%) with the selectivity for gasoline and diesel fractions was 25.92 and74.08%

This study aims to synthesize C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene and investigate the kinetics of its application as an adsorbent for lead(II), copper(II) and chromium(III) ions. The interaction between this adsorbent and these metal ions was also studied. In this work, C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resocinarene was synthesized from vanillin and resorcinol as a light red solid in 84% yield, and its ability to adsorb the metal ions was conducted in a batch system. The kinetics and interaction of the adsorbent with these metal ions were analyzed by FAAS spectrometry and FT-IR respectively. The optimum pH values of this adsorbent to adsorb Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions were determined to be 5.48, 5.70 and 4.50 respectively. The adsorption rate order of these metal ions onto adsorbent was found to be Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cr(III). The competitive adsorption of these heavy metal ions was also investigated. FT-IR spectra showed the presence of interaction between Pb(II) and the adsorbent, but no such interaction was observed between the adsorbent and Cr(III) or Cu(II). Further studies based on the 1H NMR and UV spectra of the free and metal ion loaded adsorbents confirmed the presence of interaction between the adsorbent and all metal cations.

The synthesis of C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid derivatives and their application as the organocatalyst material for biodiesel production were investigated. The C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene derivatives were prepared in high yields through a two-step reaction: condensation between pyrogallol and aromatic aldehydes (i.e. benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-ethoxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) and then followed by a sulfonation reaction with sulfuric acid. They were evaluated as the organocatalyst for the esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol as the representation of biodiesel production. Using 4 mol% of C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid, methyl palmitate was generated in up to 91.9% yield after 4 h at 65°C, making it similarly efficient to sulfuric acid that is used as the catalyst in the conventional reaction under similar conditions. However, different from sulfuric acid, the C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid could be recovered by using a simple filtration technique making it is better than sulfuric acid from the industrial and environmental point of view. These results demonstrating that the C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid derivatives are a novel and potential organocatalyst for methyl palmitate biodiesel production.

A novel macrocyclic polyphenol resin, a calix[4]arene derivative, namely, a methylene crosslinked calix[4]arene (MC-[4]H), was successfully synthesised by demethylation of MC-[4]CH ₃ .