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Eren Turak
NSW Department of Planning Industry and the Environment Parramatta New South Wales Australia

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Viewpoint
Published: 12 July 2021 in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
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Freshwater biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate. Freshwater conservationists and environmental managers have enough evidence to demonstrate that action must not be delayed but have insufficient evidence to identify those actions that will be most effective in reversing the current trend. Here, the focus is on identifying essential research topics that, if addressed, will contribute directly to restoring freshwater biodiversity through supporting ‘bending the curve’ actions (i.e. those actions leading to the recovery of freshwater biodiversity, not simply deceleration of the current downward trend). The global freshwater research and management community was asked to identify unanswered research questions that could address knowledge gaps and barriers associated with ‘bending the curve’ actions. The resulting list was refined into six themes and 25 questions. Although context-dependent and potentially limited in global reach, six overarching themes were identified: (i) learning from successes and failures; (ii) improving current practices; (iii) balancing resource needs; (iv) rethinking built environments; (v) reforming policy and investments; and (vi) enabling transformative change. Bold, efficient, science-based actions are necessary to reverse biodiversity loss. We believe that conservation actions will be most effective when supported by sound evidence, and that research and action must complement one another. These questions are intended to guide global freshwater researchers and conservation practitioners, identify key projects and signal research needs to funders and governments. Our questions can act as springboards for multidisciplinary and multisectoral collaborations that will improve the management and restoration of freshwater biodiversity.

ACS Style

Meagan Harper; Hebah S. Mejbel; Dylan Longert; Robin Abell; T. Douglas Beard; Joseph R. Bennett; Stephanie M. Carlson; William Darwall; Anthony Dell; Sami Domisch; David Dudgeon; Jörg Freyhof; Ian Harrison; Kathy A. Hughes; Sonja C. Jähnig; Jonathan M. Jeschke; Richard Lansdown; Mark Lintermans; Abigail J. Lynch; Helen M. R. Meredith; Sanjay Molur; Julian D. Olden; Steve J. Ormerod; Harmony Patricio; Andrea J. Reid; Astrid Schmidt‐Kloiber; Michele Thieme; David Tickner; Eren Turak; Olaf L. F. Weyl; Steven J. Cooke. Twenty‐five essential research questions to inform the protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Meagan Harper, Hebah S. Mejbel, Dylan Longert, Robin Abell, T. Douglas Beard, Joseph R. Bennett, Stephanie M. Carlson, William Darwall, Anthony Dell, Sami Domisch, David Dudgeon, Jörg Freyhof, Ian Harrison, Kathy A. Hughes, Sonja C. Jähnig, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Richard Lansdown, Mark Lintermans, Abigail J. Lynch, Helen M. R. Meredith, Sanjay Molur, Julian D. Olden, Steve J. Ormerod, Harmony Patricio, Andrea J. Reid, Astrid Schmidt‐Kloiber, Michele Thieme, David Tickner, Eren Turak, Olaf L. F. Weyl, Steven J. Cooke. Twenty‐five essential research questions to inform the protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meagan Harper; Hebah S. Mejbel; Dylan Longert; Robin Abell; T. Douglas Beard; Joseph R. Bennett; Stephanie M. Carlson; William Darwall; Anthony Dell; Sami Domisch; David Dudgeon; Jörg Freyhof; Ian Harrison; Kathy A. Hughes; Sonja C. Jähnig; Jonathan M. Jeschke; Richard Lansdown; Mark Lintermans; Abigail J. Lynch; Helen M. R. Meredith; Sanjay Molur; Julian D. Olden; Steve J. Ormerod; Harmony Patricio; Andrea J. Reid; Astrid Schmidt‐Kloiber; Michele Thieme; David Tickner; Eren Turak; Olaf L. F. Weyl; Steven J. Cooke. 2021. "Twenty‐five essential research questions to inform the protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2020 in Water
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Reptiles are rarely included in urban freshwater biodiversity monitoring and conservation. We explored the global persistence of freshwater dependent turtles, lizards, crocodilians and snakes in cities with a population greater than 100,000 using species occurrence data in online databases from a five-year period (2013–2018). We then used ecological niche models to help identify the locations of suitable habitats for three freshwater reptile species in Sydney, Australia. Our Global analysis showed that sightings of a majority of known species of crocodilians and freshwater turtles were recorded in databases within this 5-year period in contrast to about one in three freshwater lizard species and one in ten freshwater snake species and that freshwater reptiles were observed within 50 km of the center of 40% of the 3525 cities. While global databases hold substantial recent species occurrence records for some regions, they contain very little data for large parts of the world. Modelling showed that potential suitable habitat for the three freshwater species in Sydney was distributed across areas with different levels of urban development. The persistence of populations of freshwater reptiles in and around a large proportion of the world’s cities show that this group can play an important role in urban biodiversity conservation.

ACS Style

Eren Turak; Alex Bush; Jocelyn Dela-Cruz; Megan Powell. Freshwater Reptile Persistence and Conservation in Cities: Insights from Species Occurrence Records. Water 2020, 12, 651 .

AMA Style

Eren Turak, Alex Bush, Jocelyn Dela-Cruz, Megan Powell. Freshwater Reptile Persistence and Conservation in Cities: Insights from Species Occurrence Records. Water. 2020; 12 (3):651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eren Turak; Alex Bush; Jocelyn Dela-Cruz; Megan Powell. 2020. "Freshwater Reptile Persistence and Conservation in Cities: Insights from Species Occurrence Records." Water 12, no. 3: 651.

Review
Published: 16 January 2020 in Water
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In this overview (introductory article to a special issue including 14 papers), we consider all main types of natural and artificial inland freshwater habitas (fwh). For each type, we identify the main biodiversity patterns and ecological features, human impacts on the system and environmental issues, and discuss ways to use this information to improve stewardship. Examples of selected key biodiversity/ecological features (habitat type): narrow endemics, sensitive (groundwater and GDEs); crenobionts, LIHRes (springs); unidirectional flow, nutrient spiraling (streams); naturally turbid, floodplains, large-bodied species (large rivers); depth-variation in benthic communities (lakes); endemism and diversity (ancient lakes); threatened, sensitive species (oxbow lakes, SWE); diverse, reduced littoral (reservoirs); cold-adapted species (Boreal and Arctic fwh); endemism, depauperate (Antarctic fwh); flood pulse, intermittent wetlands, biggest river basins (tropical fwh); variable hydrologic regime—periods of drying, flash floods (arid-climate fwh). Selected impacts: eutrophication and other pollution, hydrologic modifications, overexploitation, habitat destruction, invasive species, salinization. Climate change is a threat multiplier, and it is important to quantify resistance, resilience, and recovery to assess the strategic role of the different types of freshwater ecosystems and their value for biodiversity conservation. Effective conservation solutions are dependent on an understanding of connectivity between different freshwater ecosystems (including related terrestrial, coastal and marine systems).

ACS Style

Marco Cantonati; Sandra Poikane; Catherine M. Pringle; Lawrence E. Stevens; Eren Turak; Jani Heino; John S. Richardson; Rossano Bolpagni; Alex Borrini; Núria Cid; Martina Čtvrtlíková; Diana M. P. Galassi; Michal Hájek; Ian Hawes; Zlatko Levkov; Luigi Naselli-Flores; Abdullah A. Saber; Mattia Di Cicco; Barbara Fiasca; Paul B. Hamilton; Jan Kubečka; Stefano Segadelli; Petr Znachor. Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation. Water 2020, 12, 260 .

AMA Style

Marco Cantonati, Sandra Poikane, Catherine M. Pringle, Lawrence E. Stevens, Eren Turak, Jani Heino, John S. Richardson, Rossano Bolpagni, Alex Borrini, Núria Cid, Martina Čtvrtlíková, Diana M. P. Galassi, Michal Hájek, Ian Hawes, Zlatko Levkov, Luigi Naselli-Flores, Abdullah A. Saber, Mattia Di Cicco, Barbara Fiasca, Paul B. Hamilton, Jan Kubečka, Stefano Segadelli, Petr Znachor. Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation. Water. 2020; 12 (1):260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Cantonati; Sandra Poikane; Catherine M. Pringle; Lawrence E. Stevens; Eren Turak; Jani Heino; John S. Richardson; Rossano Bolpagni; Alex Borrini; Núria Cid; Martina Čtvrtlíková; Diana M. P. Galassi; Michal Hájek; Ian Hawes; Zlatko Levkov; Luigi Naselli-Flores; Abdullah A. Saber; Mattia Di Cicco; Barbara Fiasca; Paul B. Hamilton; Jan Kubečka; Stefano Segadelli; Petr Znachor. 2020. "Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation." Water 12, no. 1: 260.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2019 in Citizen Science: Theory and Practice
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ACS Style

Erin Roger; Eren Turak; Patrick Tegart. Adopting Citizen Science as a Tool to Enhance Monitoring for an Environment Agency. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 2019, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

Erin Roger, Eren Turak, Patrick Tegart. Adopting Citizen Science as a Tool to Enhance Monitoring for an Environment Agency. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice. 2019; 4 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erin Roger; Eren Turak; Patrick Tegart. 2019. "Adopting Citizen Science as a Tool to Enhance Monitoring for an Environment Agency." Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 4, no. 1: 1.

Special issue article
Published: 14 June 2019 in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
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Groundwater has very rarely been included in modern systematic conservation planning methods that identify key areas for protection of aquatic organisms. Three conservation plans were developed for aquatic ecosystems in the Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia using the planning software Marxan: one model for rivers and wetlands and two that consider groundwater ecosystems. The first of these groundwater inclusive models included aquifers in the initial planning process; the second retrofitted groundwater onto an existing conservation plan. The results demonstrate that, if groundwater protection was included at the planning stage, the overall land that was needed only increased marginally. When included, groundwater protection led to an emphasis on groundwater recharge zones. A posteriori inclusion of GW protections, however, yielded a 30% increase in surface area needing protection. We conclude that groundwater can be included in conservation planning but it is much more efficient to do so at the beginning of the planning process. The next step is to refine the planning methods by including data on groundwater‐dependent organisms, either by genetic means or novel statistical techniques, and hence using a direct biotic signal instead of environmental surrogates.

ACS Style

Simon Linke; Eren Turak; Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr; Grant Hose. 3D conservation planning: Including aquifer protection in freshwater plans refines priorities without much additional effort. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 2019, 29, 1063 -1072.

AMA Style

Simon Linke, Eren Turak, Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr, Grant Hose. 3D conservation planning: Including aquifer protection in freshwater plans refines priorities without much additional effort. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 2019; 29 (7):1063-1072.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simon Linke; Eren Turak; Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr; Grant Hose. 2019. "3D conservation planning: Including aquifer protection in freshwater plans refines priorities without much additional effort." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29, no. 7: 1063-1072.

Review article
Published: 26 March 2019 in Global Ecology and Conservation
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To account for progress towards conservation targets, monitoring systems should capture not only information on biodiversity but also knowledge on the dynamics of ecological processes and the related effects on human well-being. Protected areas represent complex social-ecological systems with strong human-nature interactions. They are able to provide relevant information about how global and local scale drivers (e.g., climate change, land use change) impact biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here we develop a framework that uses an ecosystem-focused approach to support managers in identifying essential variables in an integrated and scalable approach. We advocate that this approach can complement current essential variable developments, by allowing conservation managers to draw on system-level knowledge and theory of biodiversity and ecosystems to identify locally important variables that meet the local or sub-global needs for conservation data. This requires the development of system narratives and causal diagrams that pinpoints the social-ecological variables that represent the state and drivers of the different components, and their relationships. We describe a scalable framework that builds on system based narratives to describe all system components, the models used to represent them and the data needed. Considering the global distribution of protected areas, with an investment in standards, transparency, and on active data mobilisation strategies for essential variables, these have the potential to be the backbone of global biodiversity monitoring, benefiting countries, biodiversity observation networks and the global biodiversity community.

ACS Style

C.A. Guerra; L. Pendleton; E.G. Drakou; Vânia Proença; W. Appeltans; Tiago Domingos; G. Geller; S. Giamberini; M. Gill; H. Hummel; Simona Imperio; M. McGeoch; A. Provenzale; Ivette Serral; Ana Stritih; Eren Turak; P. Vihervaara; Alexander Ziemba; H.M. Pereira. Finding the essential: Improving conservation monitoring across scales. Global Ecology and Conservation 2019, 18, e00601 .

AMA Style

C.A. Guerra, L. Pendleton, E.G. Drakou, Vânia Proença, W. Appeltans, Tiago Domingos, G. Geller, S. Giamberini, M. Gill, H. Hummel, Simona Imperio, M. McGeoch, A. Provenzale, Ivette Serral, Ana Stritih, Eren Turak, P. Vihervaara, Alexander Ziemba, H.M. Pereira. Finding the essential: Improving conservation monitoring across scales. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2019; 18 ():e00601.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C.A. Guerra; L. Pendleton; E.G. Drakou; Vânia Proença; W. Appeltans; Tiago Domingos; G. Geller; S. Giamberini; M. Gill; H. Hummel; Simona Imperio; M. McGeoch; A. Provenzale; Ivette Serral; Ana Stritih; Eren Turak; P. Vihervaara; Alexander Ziemba; H.M. Pereira. 2019. "Finding the essential: Improving conservation monitoring across scales." Global Ecology and Conservation 18, no. : e00601.

Perspective
Published: 11 March 2019 in Nature Ecology & Evolution
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Species distributions and abundances are undergoing rapid changes worldwide. This highlights the significance of reliable, integrated information for guiding and assessing actions and policies aimed at managing and sustaining the many functions and benefits of species. Here we synthesize the types of data and approaches that are required to achieve such an integration and conceptualize ‘essential biodiversity variables’ (EBVs) for a unified global capture of species populations in space and time. The inherent heterogeneity and sparseness of raw biodiversity data are overcome by the use of models and remotely sensed covariates to inform predictions that are contiguous in space and time and global in extent. We define the species population EBVs as a space–time–species–gram (cube) that simultaneously addresses the distribution or abundance of multiple species, with its resolution adjusted to represent available evidence and acceptable levels of uncertainty. This essential information enables the monitoring of single or aggregate spatial or taxonomic units at scales relevant to research and decision-making. When combined with ancillary environmental or species data, this fundamental species population information directly underpins a range of biodiversity and ecosystem function indicators. The unified concept we present links disparate data to downstream uses and informs a vision for species population monitoring in which data collection is closely integrated with models and infrastructure to support effective biodiversity assessment.

ACS Style

Walter Jetz; Melodie A. McGeoch; Robert Guralnick; Simon Ferrier; Jan Beck; Mark J. Costello; Miguel Fernandez; Gary N. Geller; Petr Keil; Cory Merow; Carsten Meyer; Frank E. Muller-Karger; Henrique M. Pereira; Eugenie C. Regan; Dirk S. Schmeller; Eren Turak. Essential biodiversity variables for mapping and monitoring species populations. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2019, 3, 539 -551.

AMA Style

Walter Jetz, Melodie A. McGeoch, Robert Guralnick, Simon Ferrier, Jan Beck, Mark J. Costello, Miguel Fernandez, Gary N. Geller, Petr Keil, Cory Merow, Carsten Meyer, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Henrique M. Pereira, Eugenie C. Regan, Dirk S. Schmeller, Eren Turak. Essential biodiversity variables for mapping and monitoring species populations. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019; 3 (4):539-551.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Walter Jetz; Melodie A. McGeoch; Robert Guralnick; Simon Ferrier; Jan Beck; Mark J. Costello; Miguel Fernandez; Gary N. Geller; Petr Keil; Cory Merow; Carsten Meyer; Frank E. Muller-Karger; Henrique M. Pereira; Eugenie C. Regan; Dirk S. Schmeller; Eren Turak. 2019. "Essential biodiversity variables for mapping and monitoring species populations." Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, no. 4: 539-551.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2019 in Nature Ecology & Evolution
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ACS Style

Ayesha I. T. Tulloch; Nancy Auerbach; Stephanie Avery-Gomm; Chris R. Dickman; Diana O. Fisher; Hedley Grantham; Matthew H. Holden; Tyrone Lavery; Nicholas P. Leseberg; James O’Connor; Leslie Roberson; Anita K. Smyth; Zoe Stone; Vivitskaia Tulloch; Eren Turak; James Watson; Glenda Wardle. Reply to ‘Consider species specialism when publishing datasets’ and ‘Decision trees for data publishing may exacerbate conservation conflict’. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2019, 3, 320 -321.

AMA Style

Ayesha I. T. Tulloch, Nancy Auerbach, Stephanie Avery-Gomm, Chris R. Dickman, Diana O. Fisher, Hedley Grantham, Matthew H. Holden, Tyrone Lavery, Nicholas P. Leseberg, James O’Connor, Leslie Roberson, Anita K. Smyth, Zoe Stone, Vivitskaia Tulloch, Eren Turak, James Watson, Glenda Wardle. Reply to ‘Consider species specialism when publishing datasets’ and ‘Decision trees for data publishing may exacerbate conservation conflict’. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019; 3 (3):320-321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayesha I. T. Tulloch; Nancy Auerbach; Stephanie Avery-Gomm; Chris R. Dickman; Diana O. Fisher; Hedley Grantham; Matthew H. Holden; Tyrone Lavery; Nicholas P. Leseberg; James O’Connor; Leslie Roberson; Anita K. Smyth; Zoe Stone; Vivitskaia Tulloch; Eren Turak; James Watson; Glenda Wardle. 2019. "Reply to ‘Consider species specialism when publishing datasets’ and ‘Decision trees for data publishing may exacerbate conservation conflict’." Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, no. 3: 320-321.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2018 in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
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Global pressures on freshwater ecosystems are high and rising. Viewed primarily as a resource for humans, current practices of water use have led to catastrophic declines in freshwater species and the degradation of freshwater ecosystems, including their genetic and functional diversity. Approximately three‐quarters of the world's inland wetlands have been lost, one‐third of the 28 000 freshwater species assessed for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List are threatened with extinction, and freshwater vertebrate populations are undergoing declines that are more rapid than those of terrestrial and marine species. This global loss continues unchecked, despite the importance of freshwater ecosystems as a source of clean water, food, livelihoods, recreation, and inspiration. The causes of these declines include hydrological alterations, habitat degradation and loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and the multiple impacts of climate change. Although there are policy initiatives that aim to protect freshwater life, these are rarely implemented with sufficient conviction and enforcement. Policies that focus on the development and management of fresh waters as a resource for people almost universally neglect the biodiversity that they contain. Here we introduce the Alliance for Freshwater Life, a global initiative, uniting specialists in research, data synthesis, conservation, education and outreach, and policymaking. This expert network aims to provide the critical mass required for the effective representation of freshwater biodiversity at policy meetings, to develop solutions balancing the needs of development and conservation, and to better convey the important role freshwater ecosystems play in human well‐being. Through this united effort we hope to reverse this tide of loss and decline in freshwater biodiversity. We introduce several short‐ and medium‐term actions as examples for making positive change, and invite individuals, organizations, authorities, and governments to join the Alliance for Freshwater Life.

ACS Style

William Darwall; Vanessa Bremerich; Aaike De Wever; Anthony I. Dell; Jörg Freyhof; Mark O. Gessner; Hans-Peter Grossart; Ian Harrison; Ken Irvine; Sonja C. Jähnig; Jonathan M. Jeschke; Jessica J. Lee; Cai Lu; Aleksandra Lewandowska; Michael T. Monaghan; Jens C. Nejstgaard; Harmony Patricio; Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber; Simon N. Stuart; Michele Thieme; Klement Tockner; Eren Turak; Olaf Weyl. TheAlliance for Freshwater Life: A global call to unite efforts for freshwater biodiversity science and conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 2018, 28, 1015 -1022.

AMA Style

William Darwall, Vanessa Bremerich, Aaike De Wever, Anthony I. Dell, Jörg Freyhof, Mark O. Gessner, Hans-Peter Grossart, Ian Harrison, Ken Irvine, Sonja C. Jähnig, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Jessica J. Lee, Cai Lu, Aleksandra Lewandowska, Michael T. Monaghan, Jens C. Nejstgaard, Harmony Patricio, Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber, Simon N. Stuart, Michele Thieme, Klement Tockner, Eren Turak, Olaf Weyl. TheAlliance for Freshwater Life: A global call to unite efforts for freshwater biodiversity science and conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 2018; 28 (4):1015-1022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Darwall; Vanessa Bremerich; Aaike De Wever; Anthony I. Dell; Jörg Freyhof; Mark O. Gessner; Hans-Peter Grossart; Ian Harrison; Ken Irvine; Sonja C. Jähnig; Jonathan M. Jeschke; Jessica J. Lee; Cai Lu; Aleksandra Lewandowska; Michael T. Monaghan; Jens C. Nejstgaard; Harmony Patricio; Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber; Simon N. Stuart; Michele Thieme; Klement Tockner; Eren Turak; Olaf Weyl. 2018. "TheAlliance for Freshwater Life: A global call to unite efforts for freshwater biodiversity science and conservation." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 28, no. 4: 1015-1022.

Perspective
Published: 23 July 2018 in Nature Ecology & Evolution
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Inadequate information on the geographical distribution of biodiversity hampers decision-making for conservation. Major efforts are underway to fill knowledge gaps, but there are increasing concerns that publishing the locations of species is dangerous, particularly for species at risk of exploitation. While we recognize that well-informed control of location data for highly sensitive taxa is necessary to avoid risks, such as poaching or habitat disturbance by recreational visitors, we argue that ignoring the benefits of sharing biodiversity data could unnecessarily obstruct conservation efforts for species and locations with low risks of exploitation. We provide a decision tree protocol for scientists that systematically considers both the risks of exploitation and potential benefits of increased conservation activities. Our protocol helps scientists assess the impacts of publishing biodiversity data and aims to enhance conservation opportunities, promote community engagement and reduce duplication of survey efforts.

ACS Style

Ayesha I. T. Tulloch; Nancy Auerbach; Stephanie Avery-Gomm; Elisa Bayraktarov; Nathalie Butt; Christopher Dickman; Glenn Ehmke; Diana Fisher; Hedley Grantham; Matthew H. Holden; Tyrone Lavery; Nicholas P. Leseberg; Miles Nicholls; James O’Connor; Leslie Roberson; Anita K. Smyth; Zoe Stone; Vivitskaia Tulloch; Eren Turak; Glenda M. Wardle; James E. M. Watson. A decision tree for assessing the risks and benefits of publishing biodiversity data. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2018, 2, 1209 -1217.

AMA Style

Ayesha I. T. Tulloch, Nancy Auerbach, Stephanie Avery-Gomm, Elisa Bayraktarov, Nathalie Butt, Christopher Dickman, Glenn Ehmke, Diana Fisher, Hedley Grantham, Matthew H. Holden, Tyrone Lavery, Nicholas P. Leseberg, Miles Nicholls, James O’Connor, Leslie Roberson, Anita K. Smyth, Zoe Stone, Vivitskaia Tulloch, Eren Turak, Glenda M. Wardle, James E. M. Watson. A decision tree for assessing the risks and benefits of publishing biodiversity data. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018; 2 (8):1209-1217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayesha I. T. Tulloch; Nancy Auerbach; Stephanie Avery-Gomm; Elisa Bayraktarov; Nathalie Butt; Christopher Dickman; Glenn Ehmke; Diana Fisher; Hedley Grantham; Matthew H. Holden; Tyrone Lavery; Nicholas P. Leseberg; Miles Nicholls; James O’Connor; Leslie Roberson; Anita K. Smyth; Zoe Stone; Vivitskaia Tulloch; Eren Turak; Glenda M. Wardle; James E. M. Watson. 2018. "A decision tree for assessing the risks and benefits of publishing biodiversity data." Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 8: 1209-1217.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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Detailed spatial information of changes in surface water extent is needed for water management and biodiversity conservation, particularly in drier parts of the globe where small, temporally-variant wetlands prevail. Although global surface water histories are now generated from 30 m Landsat data, for many locations they contain large temporal gaps particularly for longer periods (> 10 years) due to revisit intervals and cloud cover. Daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) imagery has potential to fill such gaps, but its relatively coarse spatial resolution may not detect small water bodies, which can be of great ecological importance. To address this problem, this study proposes and tests options for estimating the surface water fraction from MODIS 16-day 500 m Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) corrected surface reflectance image composites. The spatial extent of two Landsat tiles over Spain were selected as test areas. We obtained a 500 m reference dataset on surface water fraction by spatially aggregating 30 m binary water masks obtained from the Landsat-derived C-version of Function of Mask (CFmask), which themselves were evaluated against high-resolution Google Earth imagery. Twelve regression tree models were developed with two approaches, Random Forest and Cubist, using spectral metrics derived from MODIS data and topographic parameters generated from a 30 m spatial resolution digital elevation model. Results showed that accuracies were higher when we included annual summary statistics of the spectral metrics as predictor variables. Models trained on a single Landsat tile were ineffective in mapping surface water in the other tile, but global models trained with environmental conditions from both tiles can provide accurate results for both study areas. We achieved the highest accuracy with Cubist global model (R2 =0.91, RMSE = 11.05%, MAE =7.67%). Our method was not only effective for mapping permanent water fraction, but also in accurately capturing temporal fluctuations of surface water. Based on this good performance, we produced surface water fraction maps at 16-day interval for the 2000–2015 MODIS archive. Our approach is promising for monitoring surface water fraction at high frequency time intervals over much larger regions provided that training data are collected across the spatial domain for which the model will be applied

ACS Style

Linlin Li; Anton Vrieling; Andrew Skidmore; Tiejun Wang; Eren Turak. Monitoring the dynamics of surface water fraction from MODIS time series in a Mediterranean environment. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2018, 66, 135 -145.

AMA Style

Linlin Li, Anton Vrieling, Andrew Skidmore, Tiejun Wang, Eren Turak. Monitoring the dynamics of surface water fraction from MODIS time series in a Mediterranean environment. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2018; 66 ():135-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linlin Li; Anton Vrieling; Andrew Skidmore; Tiejun Wang; Eren Turak. 2018. "Monitoring the dynamics of surface water fraction from MODIS time series in a Mediterranean environment." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 66, no. : 135-145.

Book chapter
Published: 02 January 2018 in Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas
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ACS Style

E. Turak; J. Pittock. Conserving freshwater species in protected areas. Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas 2018, 110 -143.

AMA Style

E. Turak, J. Pittock. Conserving freshwater species in protected areas. Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas. 2018; ():110-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Turak; J. Pittock. 2018. "Conserving freshwater species in protected areas." Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas , no. : 110-143.

Book chapter
Published: 02 January 2018 in Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas
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ACS Style

V. Hermoso; M. Thieme; R. Abell; S. Linke; E. Turak. Defining and enhancing freshwater protected areas. Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas 2018, 54 -69.

AMA Style

V. Hermoso, M. Thieme, R. Abell, S. Linke, E. Turak. Defining and enhancing freshwater protected areas. Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas. 2018; ():54-69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Hermoso; M. Thieme; R. Abell; S. Linke; E. Turak. 2018. "Defining and enhancing freshwater protected areas." Freshwater Ecosystems in Protected Areas , no. : 54-69.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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The ability to monitor changes in biodiversity, and their societal impact, is critical to conserving species and managing ecosystems. While emerging technologies increase the breadth and reach of data acquisition, monitoring efforts are still spatially and temporally fragmented, and taxonomically biased. Appropriate long-term information remains therefore limited. The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) aims to provide a general framework for biodiversity monitoring to support decision-makers. Here, we discuss the coordinated observing system adopted by GEO BON, and review challenges and advances in its implementation, focusing on two interconnected core components — the Essential Biodiversity Variables as a standard framework for biodiversity monitoring, and the Biodiversity Observation Networks that support harmonized observation systems — while highlighting their societal relevance.

ACS Style

Laetitia M Navarro; Néstor Fernández; Carlos Guerra; Rob Guralnick; W Daniel Kissling; Maria Cecilia Londoño; Frank Muller-Karger; Eren Turak; Patricia Balvanera; Mark J Costello; Aurelie Delavaud; Gy El Serafy; Simon Ferrier; Ilse R. Geijzendorffer; Gary N Geller; Walter Jetz; Eun-Shik Kim; Hyejin Kim; Corinne Martin; Melodie A McGeoch; Tuyeni H Mwampamba; Jeanne L Nel; Emily Nicholson; Nathalie Pettorelli; Michael E Schaepman; Andrew Skidmore; Isabel Sousa Pinto; Sheila Vergara; Petteri Vihervaara; Haigen Xu; Tetsukazu Yahara; Mike Gill; Henrique M Pereira. Monitoring biodiversity change through effective global coordination. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2017, 29, 158 -169.

AMA Style

Laetitia M Navarro, Néstor Fernández, Carlos Guerra, Rob Guralnick, W Daniel Kissling, Maria Cecilia Londoño, Frank Muller-Karger, Eren Turak, Patricia Balvanera, Mark J Costello, Aurelie Delavaud, Gy El Serafy, Simon Ferrier, Ilse R. Geijzendorffer, Gary N Geller, Walter Jetz, Eun-Shik Kim, Hyejin Kim, Corinne Martin, Melodie A McGeoch, Tuyeni H Mwampamba, Jeanne L Nel, Emily Nicholson, Nathalie Pettorelli, Michael E Schaepman, Andrew Skidmore, Isabel Sousa Pinto, Sheila Vergara, Petteri Vihervaara, Haigen Xu, Tetsukazu Yahara, Mike Gill, Henrique M Pereira. Monitoring biodiversity change through effective global coordination. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2017; 29 ():158-169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laetitia M Navarro; Néstor Fernández; Carlos Guerra; Rob Guralnick; W Daniel Kissling; Maria Cecilia Londoño; Frank Muller-Karger; Eren Turak; Patricia Balvanera; Mark J Costello; Aurelie Delavaud; Gy El Serafy; Simon Ferrier; Ilse R. Geijzendorffer; Gary N Geller; Walter Jetz; Eun-Shik Kim; Hyejin Kim; Corinne Martin; Melodie A McGeoch; Tuyeni H Mwampamba; Jeanne L Nel; Emily Nicholson; Nathalie Pettorelli; Michael E Schaepman; Andrew Skidmore; Isabel Sousa Pinto; Sheila Vergara; Petteri Vihervaara; Haigen Xu; Tetsukazu Yahara; Mike Gill; Henrique M Pereira. 2017. "Monitoring biodiversity change through effective global coordination." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 29, no. : 158-169.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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ACS Style

Steven A. Loiselle; Paul C. Frost; Eren Turak; Ian Thornhill. Citizen scientists supporting environmental research priorities. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 598, 937 .

AMA Style

Steven A. Loiselle, Paul C. Frost, Eren Turak, Ian Thornhill. Citizen scientists supporting environmental research priorities. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 598 ():937.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steven A. Loiselle; Paul C. Frost; Eren Turak; Ian Thornhill. 2017. "Citizen scientists supporting environmental research priorities." Science of The Total Environment 598, no. : 937.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Biological Conservation
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Eren Turak; James Brazill-Boast; Tim Cooney; Michael Drielsma; Jocelyn DelaCruz; Gillian Dunkerley; Miguel Fernandez; Simon Ferrier; Mike Gill; Hugh Jones; Terry Koen; John Leys; Melodie McGeoch; Jb Mihoub; Peter Scanes; Dirk Schmeller; Kristen Williams. Using the essential biodiversity variables framework to measure biodiversity change at national scale. Biological Conservation 2017, 213, 264 -271.

AMA Style

Eren Turak, James Brazill-Boast, Tim Cooney, Michael Drielsma, Jocelyn DelaCruz, Gillian Dunkerley, Miguel Fernandez, Simon Ferrier, Mike Gill, Hugh Jones, Terry Koen, John Leys, Melodie McGeoch, Jb Mihoub, Peter Scanes, Dirk Schmeller, Kristen Williams. Using the essential biodiversity variables framework to measure biodiversity change at national scale. Biological Conservation. 2017; 213 ():264-271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eren Turak; James Brazill-Boast; Tim Cooney; Michael Drielsma; Jocelyn DelaCruz; Gillian Dunkerley; Miguel Fernandez; Simon Ferrier; Mike Gill; Hugh Jones; Terry Koen; John Leys; Melodie McGeoch; Jb Mihoub; Peter Scanes; Dirk Schmeller; Kristen Williams. 2017. "Using the essential biodiversity variables framework to measure biodiversity change at national scale." Biological Conservation 213, no. : 264-271.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Biological Conservation
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Eren Turak; Eugenie Regan; Mark John Costello. Measuring and reporting biodiversity change. Biological Conservation 2017, 213, 249 -251.

AMA Style

Eren Turak, Eugenie Regan, Mark John Costello. Measuring and reporting biodiversity change. Biological Conservation. 2017; 213 ():249-251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eren Turak; Eugenie Regan; Mark John Costello. 2017. "Measuring and reporting biodiversity change." Biological Conservation 213, no. : 249-251.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Biological Conservation
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To meet collective obligations towards biodiversity conservation and monitoring, it is essential that the world's governments and non-governmental organisations as well as the research community tap all possible sources of data and information, including new, fast-growing sources such as citizen science (CS), in which volunteers participate in some or all aspects of environmental assessments. Through compilation of a database on CS and community-based monitoring (CBM, a subset of CS) programs, we assess where contributions from CS and CBM are significant and where opportunities for growth exist. We use the Essential Biodiversity Variable framework to describe the range of biodiversity data needed to track progress towards global biodiversity targets, and we assess strengths and gaps in geographical and taxonomic coverage. Our results show that existing CS and CBM data particularly provide large-scale data on species distribution and population abundance, species traits such as phenology, and ecosystem function variables such as primary and secondary productivity. Only birds, Lepidoptera and plants are monitored at scale. Most CS schemes are found in Europe, North America, South Africa, India, and Australia. We then explore what can be learned from successful CS/CBM programs that would facilitate the scaling up of current efforts, how existing strengths in data coverage can be better exploited, and the strategies that could maximise the synergies between CS/CBM and other approaches for monitoring biodiversity, in particular from remote sensing. More and better targeted funding will be needed, if CS/CBM programs are to contribute further to international biodiversity monitoring

ACS Style

Mark Chandler; Linda See; Kyle Copas; Astrid M.Z. Bonde; Bernat Claramunt López; Finn Danielsen; Jan Kristoffer Legind; Siro Masinde; Abraham J. Miller-Rushing; Greg Newman; Alyssa Rosemartin; Eren Turak. Contribution of citizen science towards international biodiversity monitoring. Biological Conservation 2017, 213, 280 -294.

AMA Style

Mark Chandler, Linda See, Kyle Copas, Astrid M.Z. Bonde, Bernat Claramunt López, Finn Danielsen, Jan Kristoffer Legind, Siro Masinde, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Greg Newman, Alyssa Rosemartin, Eren Turak. Contribution of citizen science towards international biodiversity monitoring. Biological Conservation. 2017; 213 ():280-294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Chandler; Linda See; Kyle Copas; Astrid M.Z. Bonde; Bernat Claramunt López; Finn Danielsen; Jan Kristoffer Legind; Siro Masinde; Abraham J. Miller-Rushing; Greg Newman; Alyssa Rosemartin; Eren Turak. 2017. "Contribution of citizen science towards international biodiversity monitoring." Biological Conservation 213, no. : 280-294.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Biological Conservation
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A critical requirement in assessing progress towards global biodiversity targets is improving our capacity to measure changes in biodiversity. Global biodiversity declined between 2000 and 2010, and there are indications that the decline was greater in freshwater than in terrestrial or marine systems. However, the data, tools and methods available during that decade were inadequate to reliably quantify this decline. Recent advances in freshwater monitoring make a global assessment now close to becoming feasible. Here we identify priorities for freshwater biodiversity assessment for 2020 and 2030, based on the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) framework. We identify 22 priority activities for 2020 under three of the EBV classes (species populations, community composition, and ecosystem structure), which include: a globally systematic approach to collecting and assessing species data, collating existing and new data within global platforms, coordinated effort towards mapping wetland extent at high spatial resolution, linking in-situ data to modelling across regions, and mobilising citizen science for the collection and verification of data. Accomplishing these will allow the state of global biodiversity to be assessed according to a Red List Index with expanded geographic and taxonomic cover, an improved freshwater Living Planet Index with a greater number and phylogenetic range of species, measures of alpha and beta diversity, and globally-consistent estimates of wetland extent. To assess variables in the other EBV classes (genetic composition, species traits, and ecosystem function) we identify 15 priorities, which include development of environmental DNA methods, species-traits databases, eco-informatics and modelling over the next 15 years.No Full Tex

ACS Style

Eren Turak; Ian Harrison; David Dudgeon; Robin Abell; Alex Bush; William Darwall; Colin Finlayson; Simon Ferrier; Jörg Freyhof; Virgilio Hermoso; Diego Juffe-Bignoli; Simon Linke; Jeanne Nel; Harmony Patricio; Jamie Pittock; Rajeev Raghavan; Carmen Revenga; John Simaika; Aaike De Wever. Essential Biodiversity Variables for measuring change in global freshwater biodiversity. Biological Conservation 2017, 213, 272 -279.

AMA Style

Eren Turak, Ian Harrison, David Dudgeon, Robin Abell, Alex Bush, William Darwall, Colin Finlayson, Simon Ferrier, Jörg Freyhof, Virgilio Hermoso, Diego Juffe-Bignoli, Simon Linke, Jeanne Nel, Harmony Patricio, Jamie Pittock, Rajeev Raghavan, Carmen Revenga, John Simaika, Aaike De Wever. Essential Biodiversity Variables for measuring change in global freshwater biodiversity. Biological Conservation. 2017; 213 ():272-279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eren Turak; Ian Harrison; David Dudgeon; Robin Abell; Alex Bush; William Darwall; Colin Finlayson; Simon Ferrier; Jörg Freyhof; Virgilio Hermoso; Diego Juffe-Bignoli; Simon Linke; Jeanne Nel; Harmony Patricio; Jamie Pittock; Rajeev Raghavan; Carmen Revenga; John Simaika; Aaike De Wever. 2017. "Essential Biodiversity Variables for measuring change in global freshwater biodiversity." Biological Conservation 213, no. : 272-279.

Review
Published: 02 August 2017 in Biological Reviews
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Much biodiversity data is collected worldwide, but it remains challenging to assemble the scattered knowledge for assessing biodiversity status and trends. The concept of Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) was introduced to structure biodiversity monitoring globally, and to harmonize and standardize biodiversity data from disparate sources to capture a minimum set of critical variables required to study, report and manage biodiversity change. Here, we assess the challenges of a ‘Big Data’ approach to building global EBV data products across taxa and spatiotemporal scales, focusing on species distribution and abundance. The majority of currently available data on species distributions derives from incidentally reported observations or from surveys where presence‐only or presence–absence data are sampled repeatedly with standardized protocols. Most abundance data come from opportunistic population counts or from population time series using standardized protocols (e.g. repeated surveys of the same population from single or multiple sites). Enormous complexity exists in integrating these heterogeneous, multi‐source data sets across space, time, taxa and different sampling methods. Integration of such data into global EBV data products requires correcting biases introduced by imperfect detection and varying sampling effort, dealing with different spatial resolution and extents, harmonizing measurement units from different data sources or sampling methods, applying statistical tools and models for spatial inter‐ or extrapolation, and quantifying sources of uncertainty and errors in data and models. To support the development of EBVs by the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), we identify 11 key workflow steps that will operationalize the process of building EBV data products within and across research infrastructures worldwide. These workflow steps take multiple sequential activities into account, including identification and aggregation of various raw data sources, data quality control, taxonomic name matching and statistical modelling of integrated data. We illustrate these steps with concrete examples from existing citizen science and professional monitoring projects, including eBird, the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring network, the Living Planet Index and the Baltic Sea zooplankton monitoring. The identified workflow steps are applicable to both terrestrial and aquatic systems and a broad range of spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales. They depend on clear, findable and accessible metadata, and we provide an overview of current data and metadata standards. Several challenges remain to be solved for building global EBV data products: (i) developing tools and models for combining heterogeneous, multi‐source data sets and filling data gaps in geographic, temporal and taxonomic coverage, (ii) integrating emerging methods and technologies for data collection such as citizen science, sensor networks, DNA‐based techniques and satellite remote sensing, (iii) solving major technical issues related to data product structure, data storage, execution of workflows and the production process/cycle as well as approaching technical interoperability among research infrastructures, (iv) allowing semantic interoperability by developing and adopting standards and tools for capturing consistent data and metadata, and (v) ensuring legal interoperability by endorsing open data or data that are free from restrictions on use, modification and sharing. Addressing these challenges is critical for biodiversity research and for assessing progress towards conservation policy targets and sustainable development goals.

ACS Style

W. Daniel Kissling; Jorge A. Ahumada; Anne Bowser; Miguel Fernandez; Néstor Fernández; Enrique Alonso García; Robert P. Guralnick; Nick J. B. Isaac; Steve Kelling; Wouter Los; Louise McRae; Jb Mihoub; Matthias Obst; Monica Santamaria; Andrew K. Skidmore; Kristen Williams; Donat Agosti; Daniel Amariles; Christos Arvanitidis; Lucy Bastin; Francesca Deleo; Willi Egloff; Jane Elith; Donald Hobern; David Martin; Henrique M. Pereira; Graziano Pesole; Johannes Peterseil; Hannu Saarenmaa; Dmitry Schigel; Dirk Schmeller; Nicola Segata; Eren Turak; Paul F. Uhlir; Brian Wee; Alex R. Hardisty. Building essential biodiversity variables ( EBV s) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale. Biological Reviews 2017, 93, 600 -625.

AMA Style

W. Daniel Kissling, Jorge A. Ahumada, Anne Bowser, Miguel Fernandez, Néstor Fernández, Enrique Alonso García, Robert P. Guralnick, Nick J. B. Isaac, Steve Kelling, Wouter Los, Louise McRae, Jb Mihoub, Matthias Obst, Monica Santamaria, Andrew K. Skidmore, Kristen Williams, Donat Agosti, Daniel Amariles, Christos Arvanitidis, Lucy Bastin, Francesca Deleo, Willi Egloff, Jane Elith, Donald Hobern, David Martin, Henrique M. Pereira, Graziano Pesole, Johannes Peterseil, Hannu Saarenmaa, Dmitry Schigel, Dirk Schmeller, Nicola Segata, Eren Turak, Paul F. Uhlir, Brian Wee, Alex R. Hardisty. Building essential biodiversity variables ( EBV s) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale. Biological Reviews. 2017; 93 (1):600-625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. Daniel Kissling; Jorge A. Ahumada; Anne Bowser; Miguel Fernandez; Néstor Fernández; Enrique Alonso García; Robert P. Guralnick; Nick J. B. Isaac; Steve Kelling; Wouter Los; Louise McRae; Jb Mihoub; Matthias Obst; Monica Santamaria; Andrew K. Skidmore; Kristen Williams; Donat Agosti; Daniel Amariles; Christos Arvanitidis; Lucy Bastin; Francesca Deleo; Willi Egloff; Jane Elith; Donald Hobern; David Martin; Henrique M. Pereira; Graziano Pesole; Johannes Peterseil; Hannu Saarenmaa; Dmitry Schigel; Dirk Schmeller; Nicola Segata; Eren Turak; Paul F. Uhlir; Brian Wee; Alex R. Hardisty. 2017. "Building essential biodiversity variables ( EBV s) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale." Biological Reviews 93, no. 1: 600-625.