Nanobodies are approximately 15-kDa proteins based on the smallest functional fragments of naturally occurring heavy chain–only antibodies and represent an attractive platform for the development of molecularly targeted agents for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Because the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in breast and ovarian carcinoma, as well as in other malignancies, HER2-specific Nanobodies may be valuable radiodiagnostics and therapeutics for these diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tumor-targeting potential of anti-HER2 5F7GGC Nanobody after radioiodination with the residualizing agent N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl 3-^125/131I-iodobenzoate (*I-SGMIB). Methods: The 5F7GGC Nanobody was radiolabeled using *I-SGMIB and, for comparison, with N^ε-(3-*I-iodobenzoyl)-Lys⁵-N^α-maleimido-Gly¹-GEEEK (*I-IB-Mal-d-GEEEK), another residualizing agent, and by direct radioiodination using IODO-GEN (¹²⁵I-Nanobody). The 3 labeled Nanobodies were evaluated in affinity measurements, and paired-label internalization assays were performed on HER2-expressing BT474M1 breast carcinoma cells and in paired-label tissue distribution measurements in mice bearing subcutaneous BT474M1 xenografts. Results: *I-SGMIB-Nanobody was produced in 50.4% ± 3.6% radiochemical yield and exhibited a dissociation constant of 1.5 ± 0.5 nM. Internalization assays demonstrated that intracellular retention of radioactivity was up to 1.5-fold higher for *I-SGMIB-Nanobody than for coincubated ¹²⁵I-Nanobody or *I-IB-Mal-d-GEEEK-Nanobody. Peak tumor uptake for *I-SGMIB-Nanobody was 24.50% ± 9.89% injected dose/g at 2 h, 2- to 4-fold higher than observed with other labeling methods, and was reduced by 90% with trastuzumab blocking, confirming the HER2 specificity of localization. Moreover, normal-organ clearance was fastest for *I-SGMIB-Nanobody, such that tumor–to–normal-organ ratios greater than 50:1 were reached by 24 h in all tissues except lungs and kidneys, for which the values were 10.4 ± 4.5 and 5.2 ± 1.5, respectively. Conclusion: Labeling anti-HER2 Nanobody 5F7GGC with *I-SGMIB yields a promising new conjugate for targeting HER2-expressing malignancies. Further research is needed to determine the potential utility of *I-SGMIB-5F7GGC labeled with ¹²⁴I, ¹²³I, and ¹³¹I for PET and SPECT imaging and for targeted radiotherapy, respectively.

This study evaluates the potential utility of a modular nanotransporter (MNT) for enhancing the nuclear delivery and cytotoxicity of the Auger electron emitter 125I in cancer cells that overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).