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Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain

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Conference paper
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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Biosphere Reserves are laboratories of sustainability that provide local solutions to global challenges. They promote research, education and the creation of communities of practice that jointly generate knowledge that may be applicable in decision-making. The context of the global COVID-19 pandemic posed a great challenge to all teaching and learning processes and so to the co-creation of knowledge. In response, we developed an online teaching environment (webinar) to enhance the value of ecosystems and analyze the perception of youth, a key interest group in participatory governance of the territory, in relation to the provision of ecosystem services in the Biosphere Reserve in Indonesia. We took the experience of the Project “Ecosystem Services Assessment of the Basque Country” as a reference and developed a questionnaire on the perception of the provision of local ecosystem services. Our results contribute to establishing a baseline to understand the relationship of youth with the territory and to setting up an international scientific cooperation. This experience showed that the promotion of online solutions can help counteract the negative effects of the global pandemic on teaching and learning processes and also empower local actors in sharing local management in the territory.

ACS Style

Alberto Hernández-Salinas; María Viota; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández; Jasone Unzueta; Yohannes Purwanto; Johnny S. Tasirin; N. Gustaf F. Mamangkey; Fabiola B. Saroinsong. Promoting the Co-Creation of Knowledge under Physical Distancing Conditions through the Participation of Youth in the Bunaken-Tangkoko-Minahasa Biosphere Reserve (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 5, 21 .

AMA Style

Alberto Hernández-Salinas, María Viota, Miren Onaindia, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi, Lorena Peña, Beatriz Fernández, Jasone Unzueta, Yohannes Purwanto, Johnny S. Tasirin, N. Gustaf F. Mamangkey, Fabiola B. Saroinsong. Promoting the Co-Creation of Knowledge under Physical Distancing Conditions through the Participation of Youth in the Bunaken-Tangkoko-Minahasa Biosphere Reserve (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 5 (1):21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Hernández-Salinas; María Viota; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández; Jasone Unzueta; Yohannes Purwanto; Johnny S. Tasirin; N. Gustaf F. Mamangkey; Fabiola B. Saroinsong. 2020. "Promoting the Co-Creation of Knowledge under Physical Distancing Conditions through the Participation of Youth in the Bunaken-Tangkoko-Minahasa Biosphere Reserve (North Sulawesi, Indonesia)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1: 21.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Forests
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In the last decade, the population of the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) (WBW) in Navarre has been reduced mainly due to the loss of suitable habitat for this species from intensive forest management, leading almost to its extinction. This study aimed to identify the key structural elements of breeding habitats of the WBW and analyze their effect on the composition of the saproxylic fungi community within the habitats. In the Special Area of Conservation, namely Quinto Real in Navarre, 20 circular plots (500 m2) and 10 transects (150–300 m) were located inside and outside WBW territories. Within each sample plot, forest structure, deadwood, microhabitats, regeneration, and saproxylic fungi community were studied. The results showed that the key elements in the WBW territories were high trees, high diversity of deadwood (with a high presence of big and late-decay deadwood), high snag volume, and high microhabitat diversity. Although the past management is also evident in the variability of some of those characteristics, this species is well adapted to different structural and compositional conditions of the territory. The saproxylic fungi community was richer among the WBW territories, and in those areas, the presence of Fomes fomentarius was high, compared to non-WBW territories where it was not present. In conclusion, to maintain and protect the studied population, it is necessary to implement sustainable management that guarantees the conservation of the key elements for the WBW territories (structural heterogeneity and high deadwood diversity) in order to increase the suitability of the habitat for WBWs.

ACS Style

Ainhoa Urkijo-Letona; Susana Cárcamo; Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández De Manuel; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. Key Elements of the White-Backed Woodpecker’s (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) Habitat in Its European South-Western Limits. Forests 2020, 11, 831 .

AMA Style

Ainhoa Urkijo-Letona, Susana Cárcamo, Lorena Peña, Beatriz Fernández De Manuel, Miren Onaindia, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. Key Elements of the White-Backed Woodpecker’s (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) Habitat in Its European South-Western Limits. Forests. 2020; 11 (8):831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ainhoa Urkijo-Letona; Susana Cárcamo; Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández De Manuel; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. 2020. "Key Elements of the White-Backed Woodpecker’s (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) Habitat in Its European South-Western Limits." Forests 11, no. 8: 831.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Sustainable development has to be based on scientific knowledge, social agreements, and political decisions. This study aimed to analyse the implementation of the ecosystem services approach (ESA) in the spatial planning of the Basque Country, via the co-creation of knowledge. This paper uses a proposal for a regional green infrastructure (GI) to examine the co-creation of knowledge process. It addresses the community of practice; a process of co-creation of knowledge through workshops and meeting, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis using an online survey, and mapping and identification of the multifunctional areas that provide ecosystem services (ES) to develop a GI. Results indicate that ESA has been included in spatial planning actions at different scales (biosphere reserve, metropolitan area, and region). This subsequently created an avenue for understanding the political necessities at play, so that scientists can develop useful tools for sustainable development. The findings also draw attention to the importance of establishing a constructive and mutually comprehensible dialogue between politicians, technical experts and scientists. For ES to be part of spatial planning, ESA has to be taken into account at the beginning of the planning process. We conclude that building bridges between science and spatial planning can help establish science-based management guidelines and tools that help enhance the sustainability of the territory.

ACS Style

Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández De Manuel; Leire Méndez-Fernández; María Viota; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Miren Onaindia. Co-Creation of Knowledge for Ecosystem Services Approach to Spatial Planning in the Basque Country. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5287 .

AMA Style

Lorena Peña, Beatriz Fernández De Manuel, Leire Méndez-Fernández, María Viota, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi, Miren Onaindia. Co-Creation of Knowledge for Ecosystem Services Approach to Spatial Planning in the Basque Country. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández De Manuel; Leire Méndez-Fernández; María Viota; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Miren Onaindia. 2020. "Co-Creation of Knowledge for Ecosystem Services Approach to Spatial Planning in the Basque Country." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5287.

Research article
Published: 30 November 2018 in Landscape Ecology
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Several case studies investigated the role of ecosystem services in participatory planning processes. However, no systematic study exists that cuts across a large number of empirical cases to identify the implications of using ecosystem services in participatory planning. This study explores the potential of the ecosystem services concept to act as a boundary concept (“new Esperanto”) to facilitate the integration of actors’ perceptions and objectives into planning goals. We analyzed eleven case studies to explore how the ecosystem services concept has been operationalized to support participatory planning processes, and to identify lessons from successful applications. We characterized the case studies according to contextual and methodological criteria. Each case study was assessed through a codified score card method in order to detect success or failure criteria in using the ecosystem services concept in participatory planning. We compared the case study criteria with the results of the balanced score card method. We identified several positive effects of applying the ecosystem services concept in participatory planning, including the facilitation of knowledge sharing and consideration of local experiences, the support towards a shared vision, and the increased awareness among local actors concerning their role as ecosystem services suppliers or beneficiaries. Among the drawbacks, we identified the risk of overemphasizing specific ecosystem goods or services during the process. We conclude by providing some recommendations to enhance future practice related to issues such as communication, use of local knowledge and integration of ecosystem services in existing legal instruments.

ACS Style

Marcin Spyra; Janina Kleemann; Nuket Ipek Cetin; Cesar Jesús Vázquez Navarrete; Christian Albert; Igone Palacios-Agundez; Ibone Ametzaga; Daniele La Rosa; Daniel Rozas-Vásquez; Blal Adem Esmail; Paolo Picchi; Davide Geneletti; Hannes J. König; Hongmi Koo; Leena Kopperoinen; Christine Fürst. The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes? Landscape Ecology 2018, 34, 1715 -1735.

AMA Style

Marcin Spyra, Janina Kleemann, Nuket Ipek Cetin, Cesar Jesús Vázquez Navarrete, Christian Albert, Igone Palacios-Agundez, Ibone Ametzaga, Daniele La Rosa, Daniel Rozas-Vásquez, Blal Adem Esmail, Paolo Picchi, Davide Geneletti, Hannes J. König, Hongmi Koo, Leena Kopperoinen, Christine Fürst. The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes? Landscape Ecology. 2018; 34 (7):1715-1735.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcin Spyra; Janina Kleemann; Nuket Ipek Cetin; Cesar Jesús Vázquez Navarrete; Christian Albert; Igone Palacios-Agundez; Ibone Ametzaga; Daniele La Rosa; Daniel Rozas-Vásquez; Blal Adem Esmail; Paolo Picchi; Davide Geneletti; Hannes J. König; Hongmi Koo; Leena Kopperoinen; Christine Fürst. 2018. "The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes?" Landscape Ecology 34, no. 7: 1715-1735.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2018 in Sustainability
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In the last decades, some European cities have undergone important changes in search of a more sustainable development. This is the case for the city of Bilbao (Bizkaia, Basque Country), where a Greenbelt has been maintained surrounding the urban areas allowing the periurban areas to deliver ecosystem services (ES) to society. However, the role of the different ecosystems in the provision of ES is not the same, which can lead to conflicts among them. The aim of this study is to analyze the synergies and trade-offs among the eight most important ES in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt (BMG) to orient their management strategies towards more multifunctional landscapes. We mapped the ES and overlapped them looking for the most relevant areas for the provision of multiple ES and areas that are mostly lacking ES provision. We identify also existing ES trade-offs and synergies between ES using correlations so that managers can prioritize preservation efforts of land use types in the rest of the area. The results show that provisioning ES had trade-offs with regulating and cultural ES and the latter showed synergies between them. The former are mainly delivered by semi-natural ecosystems, while regulating and cultural ES are delivered mainly by natural ecosystems. Moreover, the most relevant areas for the provision of multiple ES were proposed as potential components of a Green Infrastructure (GI). Their identification and ES bundles could help decision-makers to orient their management strategies towards sustainability in metropolitan areas.

ACS Style

Lorena Peña; Miren Onaindia; Beatriz Fernández De Manuel; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga. Analysing the Synergies and Trade-Offs between Ecosystem Services to Reorient Land Use Planning in Metropolitan Bilbao (Northern Spain). Sustainability 2018, 10, 4376 .

AMA Style

Lorena Peña, Miren Onaindia, Beatriz Fernández De Manuel, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi, Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga. Analysing the Synergies and Trade-Offs between Ecosystem Services to Reorient Land Use Planning in Metropolitan Bilbao (Northern Spain). Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorena Peña; Miren Onaindia; Beatriz Fernández De Manuel; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga. 2018. "Analysing the Synergies and Trade-Offs between Ecosystem Services to Reorient Land Use Planning in Metropolitan Bilbao (Northern Spain)." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4376.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2018 in Land Use Policy
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New solutions are necessary for the reconciliation of food production and environmental conservation. This study focuses on determining the synergies and trade-offs between agrological capacity and ecosystem services (ES) in an industrialized region in northern Iberian Peninsula in order to improve an efficient use of soils. The methodology provided here allows the mapping of the best areas for equilibrating both agrological capacity and provision of ES. We specifically determine the most suitable areas to develop new agricultural activities with the greatest efficacy. Results highlight the synergies between agrological capacity, habitat maintenance, pollination, and aesthetic values. Moreover, the creation of new grasslands and croplands in productive soils occupied by forest plantations would enhance agriculture, some ES, and landscape multi-functionality. However, decreasing the area of forest plantations in favour of agricultural lands would create trade-offs with carbon storage. These trade-offs could be relativized if actual environmental and economical situations are taken into account. Based on the results obtained applying the proposed methodology, policy-makers have the opportunity to manage a transition towards more sustainable land use through specific actions while increasing local food security.

ACS Style

Miren Onaindia; Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández de Manuel; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Iosu Madariaga; Igone Palacios-Agúndez; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. Land use efficiency through analysis of agrological capacity and ecosystem services in an industrialized region (Biscay, Spain). Land Use Policy 2018, 78, 650 -661.

AMA Style

Miren Onaindia, Lorena Peña, Beatriz Fernández de Manuel, Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Iosu Madariaga, Igone Palacios-Agúndez, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. Land use efficiency through analysis of agrological capacity and ecosystem services in an industrialized region (Biscay, Spain). Land Use Policy. 2018; 78 ():650-661.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miren Onaindia; Lorena Peña; Beatriz Fernández de Manuel; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Iosu Madariaga; Igone Palacios-Agúndez; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. 2018. "Land use efficiency through analysis of agrological capacity and ecosystem services in an industrialized region (Biscay, Spain)." Land Use Policy 78, no. : 650-661.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2018 in Forests
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The contributions of green infrastructure (GI) to human well-being have been widely recognised; however, pathways for its systematic implementation are missing. Local governments can play a crucial role in the conservation of GI, and a formal recognition of this role in budgeting systems would foster the inclusion of GI in their agenda. The aim of this study is to identify the principal components of GI at the local level to form a basis for a compensatory economic scheme. We identified the principal components of GI based on the mapping of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision. Furthermore, we analysed the potentiality of an incentive mechanism to promote GI based on the protection status of GI. Finally, an incentive mechanism to promote GI at the municipality level was proposed. The results showed that the GI of Biscay is mainly composed of the natural forests presented in the area, and that 50% of the principal components of the GI are not protected. Furthermore, one third of the protected principal components of the GI only has protection at the municipality level. So, we propose a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)-like scheme at the municipality level based on the cover of natural forests, where the objective is the conservation and promotion of the GI.

ACS Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Lorena Peña; Igone Palacios-Agundez; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. Identifying Green Infrastructure as a Basis for an Incentive Mechanism at the Municipality Level in Biscay (Basque Country). Forests 2018, 9, 22 .

AMA Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Lorena Peña, Igone Palacios-Agundez, Ibone Ametzaga, Miren Onaindia, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. Identifying Green Infrastructure as a Basis for an Incentive Mechanism at the Municipality Level in Biscay (Basque Country). Forests. 2018; 9 (1):22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Lorena Peña; Igone Palacios-Agundez; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. 2018. "Identifying Green Infrastructure as a Basis for an Incentive Mechanism at the Municipality Level in Biscay (Basque Country)." Forests 9, no. 1: 22.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2017 in Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems
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To sustain cultural ecosystem services and cultural heritage it is important to go in depth in the science policy interface, because efficient governance mechanisms emerge from the cooperation of scientists and practitioners. In the Basque Country, we are on the road towards adaptive and resilient landscape management through an integrative approach that enhances the link between science, policy-making and society. Key elements of this approach are: The establishment from the outset of a transdisciplinar community of practice; the creation of specific transdisciplinar working groups to go in depth with concrete applicability measures; a strong outreach strategy and educational programs development; and last but not least, the involvement of stakeholders at multiple stage of the process. Diverse research lines are carried out during the process (e.g. mapping ecosystems services, analyzing social perceptions), whose results are combined to help identify response options for sustainable landscape. Relevant policy implementations of the results of this broad research are already taking place in the Basque Country. The proved utility of this working mechanism makes key agents to continue involved, and to attract more agents into the process. These transdisciplinary processes facilitate the creation of synergies and win-win solutions towards sustainable management of cultural ecosystem services.

ACS Style

Igone Palacios-Agundez; Lorena Peña; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Miren Onaindia. Sustainable landscape management based on cultural ecosystem services. Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems 2017, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Igone Palacios-Agundez, Lorena Peña, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi, Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Miren Onaindia. Sustainable landscape management based on cultural ecosystem services. Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems. 2017; 3 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Igone Palacios-Agundez; Lorena Peña; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Miren Onaindia. 2017. "Sustainable landscape management based on cultural ecosystem services." Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems 3, no. 1: 1.

Original paper
Published: 29 August 2017 in European Journal of Forest Research
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There is broad consensus on restoration of native woodlands in places where intensive forestry is nowadays not profitable. However, this consensus is lost when stakeholders need to implement forest management practices as restoration tool, especially because there is a substantial lack of empirical evidence about its feasibility. In this context, we assess the impact of two different harvest treatments on understorey plant species composition of Pinus radiata plantations as tools to recover native woodland vegetation in northern Iberian Peninsula. Here, common clear-cut treatment and restoration-clear-cut where only pine trees were removed (i.e. reducing the disturbance effect over understorey vegetation) were compared against understorey plant species composition of young and old plantations and restored tracks. The aim was to identify which treatment is more suitable to recover native woodland vegetation. The results reveal that both clear-cuts maintained species composition plus important understorey native species, some of them being restoration targets. However, both clear-cuts showed diversity reductions compared with old plantations, although there were not apparent retention effects on compositional change towards native communities at least two years after harvest. It seems that the remaining vegetation established by natural succession after both clear-cut treatments could be used to achieve initial restoration objectives for some native tree and understorey plant species at relatively low costs. In any case, it would be interesting to implement supplementary management measures to accelerate this conversion, such as invasive species elimination or target species seeding, to maintain local biodiversity and introduce native woodland species not present in the area.

ACS Style

Josu G. Alday; Elene Etxeberria; Ibone Ametzaga. Conversion of Pinus radiata plantations to native forest after harvest operations: a north Iberian Peninsula case study. European Journal of Forest Research 2017, 136, 801 -810.

AMA Style

Josu G. Alday, Elene Etxeberria, Ibone Ametzaga. Conversion of Pinus radiata plantations to native forest after harvest operations: a north Iberian Peninsula case study. European Journal of Forest Research. 2017; 136 (5):801-810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Josu G. Alday; Elene Etxeberria; Ibone Ametzaga. 2017. "Conversion of Pinus radiata plantations to native forest after harvest operations: a north Iberian Peninsula case study." European Journal of Forest Research 136, no. 5: 801-810.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2014 in Landscape Ecology
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The conflict between conservation and timber production is shifting in regions such as Biscay (Basque Country, northern Spain) where planted forests are no longer profitable without public subsidies and environmentalist claim that public subsidies should be reoriented to the regeneration of natural forest. This paper develops an approach that integrates scientific knowledge and stakeholders’ demands to provide decision-making guidelines for the development of new landscape planning strategies while considering ecosystem services. First, a participatory process was conducted to develop a community vision for the region’s sustainable future considering the opportunities and constrains provided by the landscape and its ecosystems. In the participatory process forest management was considered an important driver for the region`s landscape development and forest multi-functionality was envisioned as a feasible attractive alternative. The participatory process identified a knowledge gap on the synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and carbon storage and how these depend on different forest types. Second, to study the existing synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and carbon storage and disentangle the identified knowledge gap, a GIS-based research was conducted based on spatially explicit indicators. Our spatial analysis results showed that natural forests’ contribution to biodiversity and carbon storage is higher than that of the plantations with exotic species in the region. The results from the spatial analysis converged with those from the participatory process in the suitability of promoting, where possible and appropriate, natural forest ecosystems restoration. This iterative learning and decision making process is already showing its effectiveness for decision making, with concrete examples of how the results obtained with the applied approach are being included in planning and decision-making processes.

ACS Style

Igone Palacios-Agundez; Beatriz Fernandez DE Manuel; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Lorena Peña; Ibone Ametzaga; Josu G. Alday; Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga; Iosu Madariaga; Xabier Arana; Miren Onaindia. Integrating stakeholders’ demands and scientific knowledge on ecosystem services in landscape planning. Landscape Ecology 2014, 29, 1423 -1433.

AMA Style

Igone Palacios-Agundez, Beatriz Fernandez DE Manuel, Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Lorena Peña, Ibone Ametzaga, Josu G. Alday, Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga, Iosu Madariaga, Xabier Arana, Miren Onaindia. Integrating stakeholders’ demands and scientific knowledge on ecosystem services in landscape planning. Landscape Ecology. 2014; 29 (8):1423-1433.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Igone Palacios-Agundez; Beatriz Fernandez DE Manuel; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Lorena Peña; Ibone Ametzaga; Josu G. Alday; Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga; Iosu Madariaga; Xabier Arana; Miren Onaindia. 2014. "Integrating stakeholders’ demands and scientific knowledge on ecosystem services in landscape planning." Landscape Ecology 29, no. 8: 1423-1433.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2013 in Forest Ecology and Management
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ACS Style

Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Mikel San Sebastián; Anaïs Mitxelena; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Lorena Peña; Josu G. Alday. Can understorey native woodland plant species regenerate under exotic pine plantations using natural succession? Forest Ecology and Management 2013, 308, 136 -144.

AMA Style

Miren Onaindia, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi, Mikel San Sebastián, Anaïs Mitxelena, Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Lorena Peña, Josu G. Alday. Can understorey native woodland plant species regenerate under exotic pine plantations using natural succession? Forest Ecology and Management. 2013; 308 ():136-144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Mikel San Sebastián; Anaïs Mitxelena; Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Lorena Peña; Josu G. Alday. 2013. "Can understorey native woodland plant species regenerate under exotic pine plantations using natural succession?" Forest Ecology and Management 308, no. : 136-144.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2013 in Journal of Environmental Management
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The rapid transformation of natural forest areas into fast-growing exotic species plantations, where the main objective is timber and pulp production, has led to a neglect of other services forests provide in many parts of the world. One example of such a problem is the county of Biscay, where the management of these plantations has negative impacts on the environment, creating the necessity to evaluate alternative tree species for use in forestry. The actual crisis in the forest sector of the region could be an opportunity to change to native species plantations that could help restore ecosystem structure and function. However, forest managers of the region are using the current interest on carbon sequestration by forest to persist with the "pine and eucalyptus culture", arguing that these species provide a big C sequestration service. Moreover, they are promoting the expansion of eucalyptus plantations to obtain biomass for the pulp and paper industry and for bioenergy. The aim of this paper is to answer the following questions: Is this argument used by the foresters well-founded? or, could the use of native species in plantations improve the C sequestration service in Biscay while avoiding the environmental problems the actual plantations cause? To answer these questions we created three alternative future scenarios: a) the Services scenario, where there is a substitution of fast-growing exotic plantations by native broadleaf species plantations; b) the Biomass scenario, where there is a bet on eucalyptus plantations; and c) the Business as usual scenario. The changes in the C stock in living biomass in these scenarios have been simulated by a hybrid approach utilising inventories and models, and the period considered was 150 years. Our results show that the substitution of existing exotic plantations by plantations of native species has the greatest potential for increasing C sequestration. Although short- and mid-term outcomes may differ, when the long-term (more than 50 years) is considered, the C stock in the living biomass in the Services scenario is the greatest, accumulating 38% more C than the Business as usual scenario and 70% more C than the Biomass scenario at the end of the study period. Thus, changing pine and eucalyptus by native species in plantations, while solving some of the environmental problems of the actual plantations, sequesters more C in the long-term. As C sequestration initiatives only make sense if there is a good chance of long-term persistence of the C stocks created, there is no C sequestration argument for the foresters to continue with the actual policy of the use of fast-growing exotic species.

ACS Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Ibone Amezaga; Miren Onaindia. Use of native species to improve carbon sequestration and contribute towards solving the environmental problems of the timberlands in Biscay, northern Spain. Journal of Environmental Management 2013, 120, 18 -26.

AMA Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Ibone Amezaga, Miren Onaindia. Use of native species to improve carbon sequestration and contribute towards solving the environmental problems of the timberlands in Biscay, northern Spain. Journal of Environmental Management. 2013; 120 ():18-26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Ibone Amezaga; Miren Onaindia. 2013. "Use of native species to improve carbon sequestration and contribute towards solving the environmental problems of the timberlands in Biscay, northern Spain." Journal of Environmental Management 120, no. : 18-26.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2012 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Fragmentation of natural habitats is one of the main causes of the loss of biodiversity. However, all plants do not respond to habitat fragmentation in the same way due to differences in species traits. We studied the effect of patch size and isolation on the biodiversity of vegetation in the mixed-oak forests in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The aim was to evaluate whether all the growth-forms of vegetation are equally affected by forest fragmentation in order to improve the management strategies to restore this type of vegetation. This study has shown that the effect of the area and spatial isolation of the patches was not the same for the different growth-forms. Fragmentation had a mainly negative effect on the richness and diversity of forest specialist species, especially ferns and herbaceous growth-forms. Moreover, the presence and/or cover of woodland herbaceous species (such as Lamiastrum galeobdolon and Helleborus viridis) and of woodland ferns (namely Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Asplenium trichomanes, Polystichum setiferum, Dryopteris affinis) were negatively affected by patch size, possibly due to the reduction of habitat quality. These species have been replaced by more generalist species (such as Cardamine pratensis, Cirsium sp., Pulmonaria longifolia or Rumex acetosella) in small patches. Patch isolation had a negative effect on the presence of forest specialist species (namely, L. galeobdolon, Frangula alnus, Hypericum androsaemum, A. adiantum-nigrum and Athyrium filix-femina) and favored colonization by more generalist species such as Cirsium sp., Calluna vulgaris, Erica arborea or Ulex sp. Thus, in this region special attention should be paid to the conservation of forest specialist species, especially ferns and herbs. In conservation policy focused on forest specialist species, the most valuable species in forest ecosystems, conservation of large forest areas should be promoted.

ACS Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia. Does forest fragmentation affect the same way all growth-forms? Journal of Environmental Management 2012, 94, 125 -131.

AMA Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Ibone Ametzaga, Miren Onaindia. Does forest fragmentation affect the same way all growth-forms? Journal of Environmental Management. 2012; 94 (1):125-131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia. 2012. "Does forest fragmentation affect the same way all growth-forms?" Journal of Environmental Management 94, no. 1: 125-131.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2011 in Annals of Forest Science
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Landscape structure is crucial for forest conservation in regions where the natural forest is fragmented. Practical conservation is currently shifting from local stands to a landscape perspective, although few studies have tested the relative effects of different spatial scales on plant species composition and diversity in forests. We studied vascular plants and 17 predictor variables related to landscape (i.e. patch size or the surrounding landscape matrix) and stand conditions (i.e. soil pH and stand structure) in 50 semi-natural beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in the northern Iberian Peninsula. We analysed the effect of landscape heterogeneity and stand-associated environmental conditions on plant species composition and diversity. Moreover, we studied the influence of these scales on the diversity of different life forms. Plant species composition and diversity responded primarily to suitable habitat proportions in the surrounding landscape and secondarily to soil pH. The response to these factors differed among life forms. Species diversity, especially tree and shrub diversity, increased with increases in the proportion of ecologically similar habitat in the surrounding landscape (forests dominated by Quercus spp.). Species diversity (primarily herb diversity) also increased with increasing soil pH. Future landscape management should seek to produce a heterogeneous matrix comprising patches of natural, unmanaged and managed deciduous forest and including other traditional uses and forest plantations.

ACS Style

Lorena Peña; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia. At which spatial scale are plant species composition and diversity affected in beech forests? Annals of Forest Science 2011, 68, 1351 -1362.

AMA Style

Lorena Peña, Ibone Ametzaga, Miren Onaindia. At which spatial scale are plant species composition and diversity affected in beech forests? Annals of Forest Science. 2011; 68 (8):1351-1362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorena Peña; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia. 2011. "At which spatial scale are plant species composition and diversity affected in beech forests?" Annals of Forest Science 68, no. 8: 1351-1362.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2011 in Natural Areas Journal
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Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia. Efficacy of Management Policies on Protection and Recovery of Natural Ecosystems in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. Natural Areas Journal 2011, 31, 358 -367.

AMA Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Ibone Ametzaga, Miren Onaindia. Efficacy of Management Policies on Protection and Recovery of Natural Ecosystems in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. Natural Areas Journal. 2011; 31 (4):358-367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Ibone Ametzaga; Miren Onaindia. 2011. "Efficacy of Management Policies on Protection and Recovery of Natural Ecosystems in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve." Natural Areas Journal 31, no. 4: 358-367.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2010 in Journal of Environmental Management
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The application of lime or liming materials to acid-soil grasslands might help mitigate soil acidity, a major constraint to forage productivity in many temperate mountainous grasslands. Nowadays, in these mountainous grasslands, it is essential to promote agricultural practices to increase forage yield and nutritive value while preserving biodiversity and agroecosystem functioning. Two different field experiments were conducted in the Gorbeia Natural Park, northern Spain: (i) one in a calcareous mountainous grassland (Arraba) and (ii) the other in a siliceous mountainous grassland (Kurtzegan) to study the effects of a single application of two liming products, i.e. 2429 kg lime (164.3% CaCO3) ha−1 and 4734 kg calcareous sand (84.3% CaCO3) ha−1, applied one month before the beginning of the sheep grazing season (May–October), on soil chemical (pH, organic C, total N, C/N ratio, %Al saturation, Olsen P, exchangeable K+ and Ca2+) and biological parameters (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase activity) as well as on botanical diversity (graminoids, forbs, shrubs) and forage yield and nutritive value (crude protein, modified acid detergent fibre, digestibility). Untreated control plots were also included in the experiment. Soil sampling was carried out at the end of the sheep grazing season (6 months after liming treatment), while botanical composition was determined one year after treatments application. Although no increase in soil pH was observed in Arraba, liming significantly increased dehydrogenase activity (an indicator of soil microbial activity) by 30.4 and 86.7% at Arraba and Kurtzegan site, respectively. Liming treatments significantly improved forage yield and nutritive value in Arraba but not in Kurtzegan. Furthermore, no differences in soil biological quality, evaluated using the “treated-soil quality index” as proposed in this work, were observed between treated and untreated soils, and between the two different lime treatments (lime, calcareous sand). It was concluded that, in acid-soil temperate mountainous grasslands, moderate liming treatments have no negative short-term effects either on soil quality or botanical composition, while resulting in improvements in forage yield and nutritive value under some conditions.

ACS Style

Iker Mijangos; Isabel Albizu; Lur Epelde; Ibone Ametzaga; Sorkunde Mendarte; Carlos Garbisu. Effects of liming on soil properties and plant performance of temperate mountainous grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management 2010, 91, 2066 -2074.

AMA Style

Iker Mijangos, Isabel Albizu, Lur Epelde, Ibone Ametzaga, Sorkunde Mendarte, Carlos Garbisu. Effects of liming on soil properties and plant performance of temperate mountainous grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management. 2010; 91 (10):2066-2074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iker Mijangos; Isabel Albizu; Lur Epelde; Ibone Ametzaga; Sorkunde Mendarte; Carlos Garbisu. 2010. "Effects of liming on soil properties and plant performance of temperate mountainous grasslands." Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 10: 2066-2074.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2008 in Soil Biology and Biochemistry
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Most studies on the interactions between aboveground vegetation and belowground soil diversity have been carried out in microcosms or manipulated field plots. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between forest vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity (calculated from the activity of soil enzymes) in naturally developed plant communities of native mixed-oak forests without imposing any disturbances to already existing plant–soil relationships. In order to do so, five different vegetation types, i.e., herbaceous plants, climbing plants, trees, shrubs, and ferns, were considered. Correlations between plant diversity, soil physicochemical properties, and soil enzyme activities were determined. Soil physicochemical parameters appeared strongly correlated with both enzyme activities (e.g., pH was positively correlated with amidase and arylsulphatase, and negatively with acid phosphatase; OM content was positively correlated with β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease, and negatively with amidase; total N was positively correlated with β-glucosidase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase, and negatively with amidase) and soil functional diversity. For ferns, strong correlations between enzyme activities and plant diversity indexes were found (i.e., dehydrogenase was positively correlated with species richness and Shannon's diversity; acid and alkaline phosphatase were negatively correlated with Shannon's diversity; acid phosphatase was also negatively correlated with species richness). Most interestingly, herbaceous plants and ferns showed a strong positive correlation between Shannon's plant diversity and soil functional diversity. Furthermore, herbaceous plants showed a strong positive correlation between species richness and soil functional diversity. Although these correlations between plant diversity and soil functional diversity might possibly be due to the fact that higher values of plant richness and diversity result in a greater habitat heterogeneity in the soil, current knowledge on the topic is mixed and very incomplete and, then, one must be extremely cautious when interpreting such correlations.

ACS Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga; Iker Mijangos; Carlos Garbisu. Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2008, 40, 49 -60.

AMA Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz, Miren Onaindia, Ibone Ametzaga, Iker Mijangos, Carlos Garbisu. Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2008; 40 (1):49-60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz; Miren Onaindia; Ibone Ametzaga; Iker Mijangos; Carlos Garbisu. 2008. "Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 1: 49-60.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2004 in Rangeland Ecology & Management
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Ibone Amezaga; Sorkunde Mendarte; Isabel Albizu; Gerardo Besga; Carlos Garbisu; Miren Onaindia. Grazing Intensity, Aspect, and Slope Effects on Limestone Grassland Structure. Rangeland Ecology & Management 2004, 57, 606 .

AMA Style

Ibone Amezaga, Sorkunde Mendarte, Isabel Albizu, Gerardo Besga, Carlos Garbisu, Miren Onaindia. Grazing Intensity, Aspect, and Slope Effects on Limestone Grassland Structure. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 2004; 57 (6):606.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibone Amezaga; Sorkunde Mendarte; Isabel Albizu; Gerardo Besga; Carlos Garbisu; Miren Onaindia. 2004. "Grazing Intensity, Aspect, and Slope Effects on Limestone Grassland Structure." Rangeland Ecology & Management 57, no. 6: 606.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2004 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Plant species composition and vertical structure of oak-mixed Atlantic woodlands differing on disturbance regime were studied in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Four different disturbance groups were considered depending on the time since last thinning and the presence/absence of grazers. Plant species cover varied among disturbance groups for 17 out of the total 47 species present in the study area. In general, disturbance by clear-cutting favoured the cover of Betula alba, Castanea sativa and Quercus robur. The shrub species most affected by disturbance were heathers. Among these, the most drastic effect was found for Calluna vulgaris, Daboecia cantabrica and Erica vagans which disappeared in those woodlands subjected to grazing. Several nemoral species, such as Vaccinium myrtillus, Blechnum spicant and Lamiastrum galeobdolon, were absent in these same grazed forests. By contrast, generalist species, such as Ruscus aculeatus, Geranium robertianum and Veronica officinalis, were mostly present in the grazed woodlands. Diversity was measured as Species Richness as well as with the Shannon’s and Simpson’s indices. Plant species richness did not vary with disturbance treatment, however, it was highest for trees and shrubs at those woodlands in an advanced stage of regeneration, and for herbs in the lowest and highest disturbance groups. Besides, only the third vertical layer (2.5–10 m) was affected by disturbance treatment. Simpson’s was the best index to explain the observed differences in the structure of woodlands subjected to unalike levels of disturbance. Species diversity was highest in woodlands with lowest disturbance or in an advanced state of regeneration. Woodlands with lowest disturbance had the highest diversity of trees and those woodlands in an advanced state of regeneration showed the highest diversity of shrub species. Regarding vertical structure, diversity was mostly affected in the intermediate layer (2.5–10 m), with highest values found in woodlands at the lowest disturbance group, i.e. at least 100 years of no disturbance. Two indices of evenness, i.e. Pielou’s and Simpson’s were also calculated in this study. Results here presented suggest that plant species composition, percent cover of individual plant species, and the Simpson’s diversity index (applied considering the different growth-forms and vertical layers) are suitable and complementary indices to evaluate disturbance at the studied woodlands.

ACS Style

Miren Onaindia; Izaskun Dominguez; Isabel Albizu; Carlos Garbisu; Ibone Amezaga. Vegetation diversity and vertical structure as indicators of forest disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management 2004, 195, 341 -354.

AMA Style

Miren Onaindia, Izaskun Dominguez, Isabel Albizu, Carlos Garbisu, Ibone Amezaga. Vegetation diversity and vertical structure as indicators of forest disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management. 2004; 195 (3):341-354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miren Onaindia; Izaskun Dominguez; Isabel Albizu; Carlos Garbisu; Ibone Amezaga. 2004. "Vegetation diversity and vertical structure as indicators of forest disturbance." Forest Ecology and Management 195, no. 3: 341-354.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2004 in Rangeland Ecology & Management
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Three treatments were used to evaluate the effect of grazing intensity (ca 30% and 50% herbage removal), aspect (north and south), and slope ( 10% and 10%-30%) on plant community structure of mountain grasslands in the Basque Country (Spain). Plant species richness was not significantly affected by grazing intensity, aspect, or slope. Although plant species composition was similar (Sorensen's similarity index = 0.87) between both grazing intensities, species frequency and cover were affected by grazing intensity. Festuca rubra L. and Agrostis capillaris L. were the most common species under both grazing pressures. Moderate grazing intensity (50% herbage removal) plots contained a greater number of plant species with a frequency of more than 50%. The lowest cover for F. rubra corresponded to low grazing intensity, north aspects, and steeper slopes. The lowest cover for A. capillaris was found under low grazing intensity (30% herbage removal) and steeper slopes. Danthonia decumbens (L.) P. C., Potentilla erecta (L.) Räuschal, and Trifolium repens L. were significantly affected by aspect and grazing intensity. Low grazing intensity on sites with northern aspects and steep slopes favored Agrostis curtisii Kerguélen, a species with a low nutritional value. A. capillaris, A. curtisii, P. erecta, and T. repens were sensitive to soil properties and aspect. Nitrogen and K soil concentrations were significantly higher in areas with low grazing intensity, most likely due to greater dead herbage accumulation. Significant (P 0.05) correlations between plant species and soil pH or P concentration were found in areas with low grazing intensity. Reduction in grazing intensity together with the effect of slope and northern aspect has resulted in changes in plant community structure, leading to increases in forages with lower nutritional value.

ACS Style

Ibone Amezaga; Sorkunde Mendarte; Isabel Albizu; Society for Range Management. Grazing Intensity, Aspect, and Slope Effects on Limestone Grassland Structure. Rangeland Ecology & Management 2004, 57, 606-612 .

AMA Style

Ibone Amezaga, Sorkunde Mendarte, Isabel Albizu, Society for Range Management. Grazing Intensity, Aspect, and Slope Effects on Limestone Grassland Structure. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 2004; 57 (6):606-612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibone Amezaga; Sorkunde Mendarte; Isabel Albizu; Society for Range Management. 2004. "Grazing Intensity, Aspect, and Slope Effects on Limestone Grassland Structure." Rangeland Ecology & Management 57, no. 6: 606-612.