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My research is concentrated on bird ecology, monitoring, conservation and behaviour. My studies are both descriptive and experimental, often applied ecological, and related on land use and management. I studies are conducted in cities; boreal forests, lakes and rivers,; and arctic areas. My main research fields are: urban ecology, wildlife biology, ornithology and conservation biology.
Project Goal: Study urbanization of birds
Current Stage: Data collection and management, publising
Urban planning and management need long-term population level studies for evaluating how urbanization influences biodiversity. Firstly, we reviewed the current population trends of the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) in Europe, and evaluated the usefulness of citizens’ science projects to monitor these species in Finland. Secondly, we conducted a long-term (1991–2020) winter field study in 31 urban settlements along a 950 km north–south extent in Finland to study how latitude, weather and urbanization influence on sparrow’s growth rates. The House Sparrow is declining in 15 countries, and increasing in 5, whereas the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is declining in 12 and increasing in 9 European countries. The trend of the House Sparrow was significantly negative in continental Europe. However, the trend of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow was not significant. Both species have declined simultaneously in six countries, whereas in four countries, their trends are opposite. Citizen-based, long-term (2006–2020) winter season project data indicated that House Sparrow has decreased, whereas Eurasian Tree Sparrow has increased in Finland. However, the short-term (2013–2020) breeding season citizen-based project data did not indicate significant changes in the occupation rate of sparrows. Our long-term (1991–2020) field study indicated that wintering populations of the House Sparrow have decreased, whereas the Eurasian Tree Sparrows have both expanded their wintering range and increased their population size. Based on our winter count data, latitude and weather did not significantly influence the growth rates of sparrows. When the human population increased within the study plot, House Sparrow populations decreased, and vice versa. There was also a trend that a decreasing number of feeding sites has decreased the House Sparrow numbers. Urban-related factors did not influence the growth rate of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Our results indicate that the colonization of a new, even closely related species does not influence negatively on earlier urbanized species. It is probable that the niches of these sparrow species are different enough for allowing them to co-occur. The House Sparrow mainly nests on buildings, whereas the Eurasian Tree Sparrow can easily accept, e.g., nest boxes. Urban planning should take care of both the food availability and nest sites availability for both sparrow species.
Jukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Differential Long-Term Population Responses of Two Closely Related Human-Associated Sparrow Species with Respect to Urbanization. Birds 2021, 2, 230 -249.
AMA StyleJukka Jokimäki, Jukka Suhonen, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Differential Long-Term Population Responses of Two Closely Related Human-Associated Sparrow Species with Respect to Urbanization. Birds. 2021; 2 (3):230-249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. 2021. "Differential Long-Term Population Responses of Two Closely Related Human-Associated Sparrow Species with Respect to Urbanization." Birds 2, no. 3: 230-249.
Knowing the ecological requirements of bird species is essential for their successful conservation. We studied the niche characteristics of birds in managed small-sized green spaces in the urban core areas of southern (Kavala, Greece) and northern Europe (Rovaniemi, Finland), during the breeding season, based on a set of 16 environmental variables and using Outlying Mean Index, a multivariate ordination technique. Overall, 26 bird species in Kavala and 15 in Rovaniemi were recorded in more than 5% of the green spaces and were used in detailed analyses. In both areas, bird species occupied different niches of varying marginality and breadth, indicating varying responses to urban environmental conditions. Birds showed high specialization in niche position, with 12 species in Kavala (46.2%) and six species in Rovaniemi (40.0%) having marginal niches. Niche breadth was narrower in Rovaniemi than in Kavala. Species in both communities were more strongly associated either with large green spaces located further away from the city center and having a high vegetation cover (urban adapters; e.g., Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), European Greenfinch (Chloris chloris), Eurasian Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)) or with green spaces located closer to the city center and having high gray area cover and anthropogenic disturbance level (urban exploiters; e.g., Western Jackdaw (Corvus monedula), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica)). The eleven species that were common to both study areas similarly used the environmental variables and had similar niches, indicating that birds respond similarly to urbanization irrespective of latitude. Sixteen species in Kavala and eleven species in Rovaniemi were identified as conservation priority species, based on their niche specialization level and conservation status. The management actions proposed for the conservation of priority species will also benefit other species with similar ecological requirements and ultimately help maintain diverse bird communities in small-sized green spaces in urban core areas.
Vasilios Liordos; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Evangelos Valsamidis; Vasileios Kontsiotis. Niche Analysis and Conservation of Bird Species Using Urban Core Areas. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6327 .
AMA StyleVasilios Liordos, Jukka Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Evangelos Valsamidis, Vasileios Kontsiotis. Niche Analysis and Conservation of Bird Species Using Urban Core Areas. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6327.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasilios Liordos; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Evangelos Valsamidis; Vasileios Kontsiotis. 2021. "Niche Analysis and Conservation of Bird Species Using Urban Core Areas." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6327.
Sanna Marinin hallitus on sitoutunut luonnon monimuotoisuuden tilan parantamiseen ja luontokadon pysäyttämiseen. Lupaus on äärimmäisen tärkeä. Luonnon ekosysteemien heikennys uhkaa elintärkeiden eko-systeemipalveluiden tuotantoa sekä ihmisten terveyttä, hyvinvointia ja turvallisuutta. Maailman talousfoorumi on nostanut luontokadon viiden vakavimman ihmiskuntaa uhkaavan riskin joukkoon. Myös Suomen luontotyyppien ja lajiston uhanalaisuustilanne on hälyttävä. Hallituksen kehysriihessä päätetään hallitusohjelman toteuttamisesta ja lunastetaan vuoden 2019 eduskuntavaalien lupaukset luonto- ja ilmastotoimista. Myös EU:n uusi biodiversiteettistrategia velvoittaa Suomea panostamaan luonnonsuojeluun entistä enemmän.
Janne S. Kotiaho; Lassi Ahlvik; Christoffer Boström; Jaana Bäck; Irina Herzon; Jukka Jokimäki; Kirsi Pauliina Kallio; Liisa Kulmala; Aleksi Lehikoinen; Tiina M. Nieminen; Elina Oksanen; Minna Pappila; Juha Pöyry; Heli Saarikoski; Aki Sinkkonen; Ilari Sääksjärvi; Tarmo Ketola. Keskeiset keinot luontokadon pysäyttämiseksi. Suomen Luontopaneelin julkaisuja 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJanne S. Kotiaho, Lassi Ahlvik, Christoffer Boström, Jaana Bäck, Irina Herzon, Jukka Jokimäki, Kirsi Pauliina Kallio, Liisa Kulmala, Aleksi Lehikoinen, Tiina M. Nieminen, Elina Oksanen, Minna Pappila, Juha Pöyry, Heli Saarikoski, Aki Sinkkonen, Ilari Sääksjärvi, Tarmo Ketola. Keskeiset keinot luontokadon pysäyttämiseksi. Suomen Luontopaneelin julkaisuja. 2021; (2021/2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanne S. Kotiaho; Lassi Ahlvik; Christoffer Boström; Jaana Bäck; Irina Herzon; Jukka Jokimäki; Kirsi Pauliina Kallio; Liisa Kulmala; Aleksi Lehikoinen; Tiina M. Nieminen; Elina Oksanen; Minna Pappila; Juha Pöyry; Heli Saarikoski; Aki Sinkkonen; Ilari Sääksjärvi; Tarmo Ketola. 2021. "Keskeiset keinot luontokadon pysäyttämiseksi." Suomen Luontopaneelin julkaisuja , no. 2021/2: 1.
Suomi on toistaiseksi selvinnyt koronaviruksen (COVID-19) aiheuttamasta kriisistä taloudellisesti verrokkimaita paremmin, mutta työllisyystilanne on silti heikentynyt ympäri maata ja talouden ennustetaan supistuvan noin 4,7 prosenttia vuonna 20201. Negatiivisten talousvaikutusten minimoimiseksi hallitus on suuntaamassa EU:n elpymisvälineestä varoja käytettäväksi toimiin, jotka samanaikaisesti auttavat ratkaisemaan aikamme kahta merkittävää kriisiä: ilmastonmuutosta ja luontokatoa. Kyse on aidosti vakavista kriiseistä. Esimerkiksi Maailman talousfoorumi on listannut luonnon ekosysteemien romahduksen ja ilmastonmuutoksen torjunnan epäonnistumisen sekä vaikutuksiltaan että todennäköisyydeltään viiden vakavimman ihmiskuntaa uhkaavan riskin joukkoon. Elämämme on täysin riippuvainen ekosysteemien ja lajien olemassaolosta ja niiden toiminnasta. Suomen Luontopaneeli katsoo, että elvytystoimien pitää kokonaisuudessaan auttaa yhteiskuntaamme selviämään koronan aiheuttamasta talouden supistumisesta niin, että elvytystoimet samalla aikaansaavat siirtymän kohti hiilineutraaliutta ja luonnon kokonaisheikentymättömyyttä. Tässä kannanotossa Luontopaneeli arvioi ympäristöministeriön kestävän elvytyksen työryhmän ja Suomen ilmastopaneelin esittämien sekä muutamien muiden elvytystoimien luontovaikutuksia ja antaa suosituksia elvytystoimien mahdollisten haitallisten luontovaikutusten välttämiseksi. Kuvaan 1 (sivulla 3) on koottu Luontopaneelin näkemys eri toimenpiteiden luonnon monimuotoisuus- ja elvytysvaikutuksista. Lähtökohta ja tavoite on luonnon kokonaisheikentymättömyys (engl. “no net loss of the integrity of ecosystems”). Suomen maaekosysteemien, sisävesien ja meriluonnon tilan heikkeneminen tulee pysäyttää seuraavien vuosikymmenten kuluessa. Osa toimenpiteistä vaikuttaa luonnon monimuotoisuuteen suoraan, esimerkiksi maankäytön kautta, ja osa epäsuorasti ilmastonmuutoksen (ks. tietolaatikko s. 7 ), ilmansaasteiden (s. 10) tai rehevöittävien ravinteiden (s. 11) kautta. Moni taloutta elvyttävä ja hiilineutraaliutta edistävä toimi voi aiheuttaa luontohaittaa. Kyse ei ole vastakkainasettelusta vaan siitä, että aidosti hyvät toimet voivat olla elvyttävyys-, ilmasto- tai luontovaikutuksiltaan ristiriitaisia. Tällaiset toimet tulisi suunnitella niin, että ne ovat yhdenmukaisia luonnon kokonaisheikentymättömyystavoitteen kanssa. Väistämättömät haitat tulee hyvittää luonnolle ekologisilla kompensaatioilla (ks. s. 4). Tämän kannanoton tarkoitus on tunnistaa ristiriitoja ja löytää keinoja lieventää niitä. Jokaisen toimenpiteen vaikutukset on arvioitu ja niiden osalta on esitetty ehdotukset siitä, kuinka mahdollisia haitallisia luontovaikutuksia voidaan pienentää.
Lassi Ahlvik; Christoffer Boström; Jaana Bäck; Irina Herzon; Jukka Jokimäki; Kirsi Pauliina Kallio; Tarmo Ketola; Liisa Kulmala; Aleksi Lehikoinen; Tiina M. Nieminen; Elina Oksanen; Minna Pappila; Juha Pöyry; Heli Saarikoski; Aki Sinkkonen; Ilari Sääksjärvi; Janne S. Kotiaho. Luonnon monimuotoisuus ja vihreä elvytys. Suomen Luontopaneelin julkaisuja 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleLassi Ahlvik, Christoffer Boström, Jaana Bäck, Irina Herzon, Jukka Jokimäki, Kirsi Pauliina Kallio, Tarmo Ketola, Liisa Kulmala, Aleksi Lehikoinen, Tiina M. Nieminen, Elina Oksanen, Minna Pappila, Juha Pöyry, Heli Saarikoski, Aki Sinkkonen, Ilari Sääksjärvi, Janne S. Kotiaho. Luonnon monimuotoisuus ja vihreä elvytys. Suomen Luontopaneelin julkaisuja. 2021; (2021/1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLassi Ahlvik; Christoffer Boström; Jaana Bäck; Irina Herzon; Jukka Jokimäki; Kirsi Pauliina Kallio; Tarmo Ketola; Liisa Kulmala; Aleksi Lehikoinen; Tiina M. Nieminen; Elina Oksanen; Minna Pappila; Juha Pöyry; Heli Saarikoski; Aki Sinkkonen; Ilari Sääksjärvi; Janne S. Kotiaho. 2021. "Luonnon monimuotoisuus ja vihreä elvytys." Suomen Luontopaneelin julkaisuja , no. 2021/1: 1.
The new corona virus infection SARS-CoV2 which was later renamed COVID-19 is a pandemic affecting public health. The fear and the constraints imposed to control the pandemic may correspondingly influence leisure activities, such as birding, which is the practice of observing birds based on visual and acoustic cues. Birders are people who carry out birding observations around the globe and contribute to the massive data collection in citizen science projects. Contrasting to earlier COVID-19 studies, which have concentrated on clinical, pathological, and virological topics, this study focused on the behavioral changes of birders. A total of 4484 questionnaire survey responses from 97 countries were received. The questionnaire had an open-ended style. About 85% of respondents reported that COVID-19 has changed their birding behavior. The most significant change in birdwatchers’ behavior was related to the geographic coverage of birding activities, which became more local. People focused mostly on yard birding. In total, 12% of respondents (n = 542 cases) reported having more time for birding, whereas 8% (n = 356 cases) reported having less time for birding. Social interactions decreased since respondents, especially older people, changed their birding behavior toward birding alone or with their spouse. Women reported more often than men that they changed to birding alone or with their spouse, and women also reported more often about canceled fieldtrips or society meetings. Respondents from higher developed countries reported that they spend currently more time for birding, especially for birding alone or with their spouse, and birding at local hotspots. Our study suggests that long lockdowns with strict regulations may severely impact on leisure activities. In addition, a temporal and spatial shift in birding due to the pandemic may influence data quality in citizen science projects. As nature-based recreation will be directed more toward nearby sites, environmental management resources and actions need to be directed to sites that are located near the users, e.g., in urban and suburban areas. The results can be applied with caution to other nature-based recreational activities.
Christoph Randler; Piotr Tryjanowski; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Naomi Staller. SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) Pandemic Lockdown Influences Nature-Based Recreational Activity: The Case of Birders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7310 .
AMA StyleChristoph Randler, Piotr Tryjanowski, Jukka Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Naomi Staller. SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) Pandemic Lockdown Influences Nature-Based Recreational Activity: The Case of Birders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Randler; Piotr Tryjanowski; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Naomi Staller. 2020. "SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) Pandemic Lockdown Influences Nature-Based Recreational Activity: The Case of Birders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7310.
Before I started to produce this Editorial article for the new ornithological open access journal, Birds, of the MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), I read a fascinating book about the history of ornithology by Michael Walters
Jukka Jokimäki. A New Opening by the MDPI with the Birds Journal. Birds 2020, 1, 1 -4.
AMA StyleJukka Jokimäki. A New Opening by the MDPI with the Birds Journal. Birds. 2020; 1 (1):1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Jokimäki. 2020. "A New Opening by the MDPI with the Birds Journal." Birds 1, no. 1: 1-4.
Urbanization is affecting avian biodiversity across the planet and potentially increasing species vulnerability to climate change. Identifying the resilience of urban bird communities to climate change is critical for making conservation decisions. This study explores the pattern in bird communities across nine European cities and examines the projected impact of climate change in order to detect communities facing a higher risk of functional change in the future. First, generalized linear mixed models were used to explore the potential resilience of urban bird communities in nine European cities and the effects of land cover, latitude, abundance of potential predators (dogs and cats), and bird species richness in each trophic guild. Bird community resilience was represented by an index of functional evenness, because it indicates relatively uniform functional space within the species assemblages. Second, bird community resilience in each city was compared with projected changes in temperature and precipitation for the year 2070 to explore potential future threats to conservation. The results showed that community resilience was not significantly associated with land use or abundance of predator. The number of granivorous and granivorous-insectivorous species increases the potential resilience of the community, while the numbers of insectivores, carnivores, and omnivores was negatively correlated with resilience. Of the nine cities, Madrid and Toledo (Spain) are projected to experience the largest change in temperature and precipitation, although their bird communities are characterized by relative high resilience. In contrast, Rovaniemi, at the Arctic Circle (Finland) is projected to experience the second highest increase in temperature among the focused cities, and their bird communities are characterized by low resilience. These findings indicate the importance of future research on the combined effect of functional diversity of species assemblages and climate change on urban biodiversity.
Federico Morelli; Yanina Benedetti; Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo; Piotr Tryjanowski; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Tomás Pérez-Contreras; Philipp Sprau; Jukka Suhonen; Reuven Yosef; Mario Díaz; Anders Pape Møller. Insurance for the future? Potential avian community resilience in cities across Europe. Climatic Change 2020, 159, 195 -214.
AMA StyleFederico Morelli, Yanina Benedetti, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Piotr Tryjanowski, Jukka Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Tomás Pérez-Contreras, Philipp Sprau, Jukka Suhonen, Reuven Yosef, Mario Díaz, Anders Pape Møller. Insurance for the future? Potential avian community resilience in cities across Europe. Climatic Change. 2020; 159 (2):195-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederico Morelli; Yanina Benedetti; Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo; Piotr Tryjanowski; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Tomás Pérez-Contreras; Philipp Sprau; Jukka Suhonen; Reuven Yosef; Mario Díaz; Anders Pape Møller. 2020. "Insurance for the future? Potential avian community resilience in cities across Europe." Climatic Change 159, no. 2: 195-214.
Urban areas are expanding globally as a consequence of human population increases, with overall negative effects on biodiversity. To prevent the further loss of biodiversity, it is urgent to understand the mechanisms behind this loss to develop evidence-based sustainable solutions to preserve biodiversity in urban landscapes. The two extreme urban development types along a continuum, land-sparing (large, continuous green areas and high-density housing) and land-sharing (small, fragmented green areas and low-density housing) have been the recent focus of debates regarding the pattern of urban development. However, in this context, there is no information on the mechanisms behind the observed biodiversity changes. One of the main mechanisms proposed to explain urban biodiversity loss is the alteration of predator-prey interactions. Using ground-nesting birds as a model system and data from nine European cities, we experimentally tested the effects of these two extreme urban development types on artificial ground nest survival and whether nest survival correlates with the local abundance of ground-nesting birds and their nest predators. Nest survival (n = 554) was lower in land-sharing than in land-sparing urban areas. Nest survival decreased with increasing numbers of local predators (cats and corvids) and with nest visibility. Correspondingly, relative abundance of ground-nesting birds was greater in land-sparing than in land-sharing urban areas, though overall bird species richness was unaffected by the pattern of urban development. We provide the first evidence that predator-prey interactions differ between the two extreme urban development types. Changing interactions may explain the higher proportion of ground-nesting birds in land-sparing areas, and suggest a limitation of the land-sharing model. Nest predator control and the provision of more green-covered urban habitats may also improve conservation of sensitive birds in cities. Our findings provide information on how to further expand our cities without severe loss of urban-sensitive species and give support for land-sparing over land-sharing urban development.
Jukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Yanina Benedetti; Mario Diaz; Marja‐Liisa Kaisanlahti‐Jokimäki; Federico Morelli; Tomás Pérez‐Contreras; Enrique Rubio; Philipp Sprau; Piotr Tryjanowski; Juan Diego Ibánez‐Álamo. Land‐sharing vs. land‐sparing urban development modulate predator–prey interactions in Europe. Ecological Applications 2019, 30, e02049 .
AMA StyleJukka Jokimäki, Jukka Suhonen, Yanina Benedetti, Mario Diaz, Marja‐Liisa Kaisanlahti‐Jokimäki, Federico Morelli, Tomás Pérez‐Contreras, Enrique Rubio, Philipp Sprau, Piotr Tryjanowski, Juan Diego Ibánez‐Álamo. Land‐sharing vs. land‐sparing urban development modulate predator–prey interactions in Europe. Ecological Applications. 2019; 30 (3):e02049.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Yanina Benedetti; Mario Diaz; Marja‐Liisa Kaisanlahti‐Jokimäki; Federico Morelli; Tomás Pérez‐Contreras; Enrique Rubio; Philipp Sprau; Piotr Tryjanowski; Juan Diego Ibánez‐Álamo. 2019. "Land‐sharing vs. land‐sparing urban development modulate predator–prey interactions in Europe." Ecological Applications 30, no. 3: e02049.
Urbanization, one of the most extreme human-induced environmental changes, is negatively affecting biodiversity worldwide, strongly suggesting that we should reconcile urban development with conservation. Urbanization can follow two extreme types of development within a continuum: land sharing (buildings mixed with dispersed green space) or land sparing (buildings interspersed with green patches that concentrate biodiversity-supporting vegetation). Recent local-scale studies indicate that biodiversity is typically favored by land sparing. We investigated which of these two types of urbanization is associated with a higher taxonomic (i.e. species richness), functional, and phylogenetic diversity of birds. To do so, we collected information on breeding and wintering bird assemblages in 45 land-sharing and 45 land-sparing areas in nine European cities, which provide the first attempt to explore this question using a large geographical scale and temporal replication. We found that land-sharing urban areas were significantly associated with a higher taxonomic and functional diversity of birds during winter, but not during the breeding season (with only a marginally significant effect for functional diversity). We found no association between the type of urban development and phylogenetic diversity. Our findings indicate that not all components of avian diversity are similarly affected by these two means of urban planning and highlight the importance of integrating the temporal perspective into this kind of studies. Our results also offer useful information to the current debate about the trade-off between biodiversity conservation and human well-being in the context of land sharing and sparing urban practices. In addition, we found that certain small-scale urban landscape characteristics (i.e. few impervious surfaces, high water or tree cover) and human practices (i.e. bird feeders or plants with berries) can help maintaining more diverse urban bird assemblages. We provide specific suggestions for both policymakers and citizens that hopefully will help to create more biodiversity-friendly cities in the future.
Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo; Federico Morelli; Yanina Benedetti; Enrique Rubio; Jukka Jokimäki; Tomás Pérez-Contreras; Philipp Sprau; Jukka Suhonen; Piotr Tryjanowski; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Anders Pape Møller; Mario Díaz. Biodiversity within the city: Effects of land sharing and land sparing urban development on avian diversity. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 707, 135477 .
AMA StyleJuan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Federico Morelli, Yanina Benedetti, Enrique Rubio, Jukka Jokimäki, Tomás Pérez-Contreras, Philipp Sprau, Jukka Suhonen, Piotr Tryjanowski, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Anders Pape Møller, Mario Díaz. Biodiversity within the city: Effects of land sharing and land sparing urban development on avian diversity. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 707 ():135477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo; Federico Morelli; Yanina Benedetti; Enrique Rubio; Jukka Jokimäki; Tomás Pérez-Contreras; Philipp Sprau; Jukka Suhonen; Piotr Tryjanowski; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Anders Pape Møller; Mario Díaz. 2019. "Biodiversity within the city: Effects of land sharing and land sparing urban development on avian diversity." Science of The Total Environment 707, no. : 135477.
Urbanization is negatively affecting biodiversity worldwide, and general ecological patterns may also differ between urban and more natural areas. The main aim of this study was to examine if urbanization has effects on the wintering species occupancy frequency distribution (SOFD) and species abundance–occupancy relationship (SAOR), and if the observed patterns varied between winters, different sizes of towns, and regionally in Finland. In this study, temporal variation of the SOFD and SAOR patterns was studied in 29 town and village centers along a 950-km (60–68°N) latitudinal gradient during mid-winters in Finland. Wintering birds were counted during three winters (1991–1992, 1999–2000, and 2009–2010) from the same study sites and with the same survey methods. A total of 35 wintering bird species and 13,285 individuals were detected. The bimodal symmetric SOFD pattern explained best the distribution of species in the pooled data, and the observed pattern was constant between the study winters, different sizes of towns, and towns located in southern and northern Finland. Three species (Parus major, Pica pica, and Passer domesticus) were core species during all winters, irrespective of the size of town or latitude. There was a slightly higher number of species belonging in satellite species group in the southern than in the northern towns. No changes of species from the core to satellite species were detected, and vice versa. However, the occupancy rate of some species belonging to the intermediate species group either moved toward satellite species or core species across winters. The SAOR pattern was positive and stable over study winters and did not differ between different sizes of towns or town location. Our results indicated that urbanization leads a structure of winter bird community, where there are few widely distributed sedentary core species and many partially migratory or migratory satellite species with a restricted distribution. Our results also demonstrated that urbanization stabilizes between-winter community structure, probably because of intensive winter feeding activities. Our results give support to the metapopulation model, which predicts a bimodal SOFD pattern.
Jukka Suhonen; Jukka Jokimäki. Temporally Stable Species Occupancy Frequency Distribution and Abundance–Occupancy Relationship Patterns in Urban Wintering Bird Assemblages. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2019, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleJukka Suhonen, Jukka Jokimäki. Temporally Stable Species Occupancy Frequency Distribution and Abundance–Occupancy Relationship Patterns in Urban Wintering Bird Assemblages. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2019; 7 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Suhonen; Jukka Jokimäki. 2019. "Temporally Stable Species Occupancy Frequency Distribution and Abundance–Occupancy Relationship Patterns in Urban Wintering Bird Assemblages." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7, no. : 1.
Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals take flight when approached by a potential (human) predator, is a tool for understanding predator-prey interactions. Among the factors affecting FID, tests of effects of group size (i.e., number of potential prey) on FID have yielded contrasting results. Group size or flock size could either affect FID negatively (i.e., the dilution effect caused by the presence of many individuals) or positively (i.e., increased vigilance due to more eyes scanning for predators). These effects may be associated with gregarious species, because such species should be better adapted to exploiting information from other individuals in the group than nongregarious species. Sociality may explain why earlier findings on group size versus FID have yielded different conclusions. Here, we analyzed how flock size affected bird FID in eight European countries. A phylogenetic generalized least square regression model was used to investigate changes in escape behavior of bird species in relation to number of individuals in the flock, starting distance, diet, latitude, and type of habitat. Flock size of different bird species influenced how species responded to perceived threats. We found that gregarious birds reacted to a potential predator earlier (longer FID) when aggregated in large flocks. These results support a higher vigilance arising from many eyes scanning in birds, suggesting that sociality may be a key factor in the evolution of antipredator behavior both in urban and rural areas. Finally, future studies comparing FID must pay explicit attention to the number of individuals in flocks of gregarious species.
Federico Morelli; Yanina Benedetti; Mario Díaz; Tomas Grim; Juan Diego Ibáñez‐Álamo; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja‐Liisa Kaisanlahti‐Jokimäki; Kunter Tätte; Gábor Markó; Yiting Jiang; Piotr Tryjanowski; Anders Pape Møller. Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds. Ecology and Evolution 2019, 9, 6096 -6104.
AMA StyleFederico Morelli, Yanina Benedetti, Mario Díaz, Tomas Grim, Juan Diego Ibáñez‐Álamo, Jukka Jokimäki, Marja‐Liisa Kaisanlahti‐Jokimäki, Kunter Tätte, Gábor Markó, Yiting Jiang, Piotr Tryjanowski, Anders Pape Møller. Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds. Ecology and Evolution. 2019; 9 (10):6096-6104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederico Morelli; Yanina Benedetti; Mario Díaz; Tomas Grim; Juan Diego Ibáñez‐Álamo; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja‐Liisa Kaisanlahti‐Jokimäki; Kunter Tätte; Gábor Markó; Yiting Jiang; Piotr Tryjanowski; Anders Pape Møller. 2019. "Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 10: 6096-6104.
Temporal dynamics of local assemblages depend on the species richness and the total abundance of individuals as well as local departure and arrival rates of species. We used urban bird survey data collected from the same 31 study plots and methods during three winters (1991–1992; 1999–2000 and 2009–2010) to analyze the temporal relationship between bird species richness and total number of individuals (abundance). We also evaluated local departures and arrivals of species in each assemblage. In total, 13,812 individuals of 35 species were detected. The temporal variation in bird species richness followed the variation in the total number of individuals. The numbers of local departure and arrival events were similar. Also, the mean number of individuals of the recently arrived species (8.6) was almost the same as the mean number of individuals of the departed species (8.2). Risk of species departure was inversely related to number of individuals. Local species richness increased by one species when the total abundance of individuals increased by around 125 individuals and vice versa. Our results highlight the important role of local population departures and arrivals in determining the local species richness-abundance dynamics in human-dominated landscapes. Local species richness patterns depend on the total number of individuals as well as both the departure-arrival dynamics of individual species as well as the dynamics of all the species together. Our results support the more individuals hypothesis, which suggests that individual-rich assemblages have more species.
Jukka Suhonen; Jukka Jokimäki. Long-term species richness-abundance dynamics in relation to species departures and arrivals in wintering urban bird assemblages. European Journal of Ecology 2019, 5, 1 -10.
AMA StyleJukka Suhonen, Jukka Jokimäki. Long-term species richness-abundance dynamics in relation to species departures and arrivals in wintering urban bird assemblages. European Journal of Ecology. 2019; 5 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Suhonen; Jukka Jokimäki. 2019. "Long-term species richness-abundance dynamics in relation to species departures and arrivals in wintering urban bird assemblages." European Journal of Ecology 5, no. 1: 1-10.
Natural habitats and species richness have decreased due to the urbanization. The main aim of this study was to determine whether heavily urbanized town centers can also harbor threatened bird species. Twenty-six threatened species nested in the most urbanized areas of European towns. Species-rich areas had a high number of threatened species, indicating that overall species richness could be used as a surrogate for the large number of threatened bird species. Threatened species were more likely to be found in town centers as their distribution range increased. Neither landscape nor plot-level variables explained the species richness of threatened species, which was likely due to the homogeneous habitat structure of urban core zone areas in Europe. The occurrence of Falco tinnunculus increased with increases in human density within a built-up area. The occurrence of Hirundo rustica and Muscicapa striata decreased with increases in the proportion of built-up areas in the surrounding landscape. The occurrence of Delichon urbica and Muscicapa striata decreased with increases in habitat diversity and the proportion of buildings in the study plot. The most common threatened bird species nested in cavities or buildings. The availability of suitable nesting sites or protection from predators can support the occurrence of cavity nesters in towns. We suggest that modern architecture should account for the breeding habitat needs of cavity-nesting species in building design and that urban green management must consider the occurrence of old trees with cavities or alternatively use nest boxes to support the occurrence of threatened, cavity-nesting bird species.
Jukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Urban core areas are important for species conservation: A European-level analysis of breeding bird species. Landscape and Urban Planning 2018, 178, 73 -81.
AMA StyleJukka Jokimäki, Jukka Suhonen, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Urban core areas are important for species conservation: A European-level analysis of breeding bird species. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2018; 178 ():73-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. 2018. "Urban core areas are important for species conservation: A European-level analysis of breeding bird species." Landscape and Urban Planning 178, no. : 73-81.
Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity.
Peter Mikula; Mario Díaz; Tomáš Albrecht; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Gal Kroitero; Anders Pape Møller; Piotr Tryjanowski; Reuven Yosef; Martin Hromada. Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 13989 .
AMA StylePeter Mikula, Mario Díaz, Tomáš Albrecht, Jukka Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Gal Kroitero, Anders Pape Møller, Piotr Tryjanowski, Reuven Yosef, Martin Hromada. Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):13989.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Mikula; Mario Díaz; Tomáš Albrecht; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Gal Kroitero; Anders Pape Møller; Piotr Tryjanowski; Reuven Yosef; Martin Hromada. 2018. "Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 13989.
Recent studies showed contrasting results about the homogenising force of urbanisation on bird community composition at large and regional scales. We studied whether urbanisation promotes the homogenisation of wintering bird communities and if this varies when comparing towns located within a specific region and towns located in two different biomes of two countries. We used both similarity indices based on the presence/absence data and the abundance data in comparing communities. Processes governing bird community dissimilarity between urbanisation levels were examined with the partitioning of Sörensen index in species turnover and nestedness. We made bird surveys in town centres and suburban habitats of three cities located in the Pampean region of Argentina and in the boreal region of Finland using a single-visit study plot method. Rarefacted species richness did not differ amongst the town centres between the countries, but it was higher in the suburban areas of Argentina than in Finland. At the country-level comparison, we found a higher similarity amongst the town centres than amongst the suburban areas; whereas at the regional comparison, similarity between town centres was comparable to the similarity between suburban areas. The use of an abundance-based index produced a higher similarity between town centre communities of both countries than when using a presence-based index. The dissimilarity between habitats in Argentina was related to nestedness and to species turnover in Finland. Our results indicate that urban-based biotic homogenisation of bird communities is dependent on the scale used, being more evident when comparing cities of different biomes where the same and abundant bird species, such as sparrows and doves, dominate. At the regional scale, quite a high beta-diversity can still be found within urban habitats. Processes of community dissimilarity between urban habitats may differ according to the regional pool of species, being more related to nestedness toward the tropics.
Lucas M. Leveau; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Scale dependence of biotic homogenisation by urbanisation: a comparison of urban bird communities between central Argentina and northern Finland. European Journal of Ecology 2017, 3, 1 -18.
AMA StyleLucas M. Leveau, Jukka Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Scale dependence of biotic homogenisation by urbanisation: a comparison of urban bird communities between central Argentina and northern Finland. European Journal of Ecology. 2017; 3 (2):1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucas M. Leveau; Jukka Jokimäki; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. 2017. "Scale dependence of biotic homogenisation by urbanisation: a comparison of urban bird communities between central Argentina and northern Finland." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 2: 1-18.
Jukka Jokimäki; Vesa Selonen; Aleksi Lehikoinen; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. The role of urban habitats in the abundance of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris, L.) in Finland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2017, 27, 100 -108.
AMA StyleJukka Jokimäki, Vesa Selonen, Aleksi Lehikoinen, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. The role of urban habitats in the abundance of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris, L.) in Finland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2017; 27 ():100-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Jokimäki; Vesa Selonen; Aleksi Lehikoinen; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. 2017. "The role of urban habitats in the abundance of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris, L.) in Finland." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 27, no. : 100-108.
Jukka Suhonen; Jukka Jokimäki; Roosa Lassila; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Pilar Carbó-Ramírez. Effects of roads on fruit crop and removal rate from rowanberry trees (Sorbus aucuparia) by birds in urban areas of Finland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2017, 27, 148 -154.
AMA StyleJukka Suhonen, Jukka Jokimäki, Roosa Lassila, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Pilar Carbó-Ramírez. Effects of roads on fruit crop and removal rate from rowanberry trees (Sorbus aucuparia) by birds in urban areas of Finland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2017; 27 ():148-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Suhonen; Jukka Jokimäki; Roosa Lassila; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki; Pilar Carbó-Ramírez. 2017. "Effects of roads on fruit crop and removal rate from rowanberry trees (Sorbus aucuparia) by birds in urban areas of Finland." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 27, no. : 148-154.
Behavioral adjustment is a key factor that facilitates species’ coexistence with humans in a rapidly urbanizing world. Because urban animals often experience reduced predation risk compared to their rural counterparts, and because escape behaviour is energetically costly, we expect that urban environments will select for increased tolerance to humans. Many studies have supported this expectation by demonstrating that urban birds have reduced flight initiation distance (FID = predator-prey distance when escape by the prey begins) than rural birds. Here we advanced this approach and, for the first time, assessed how 32 species of birds, found in 92 paired urban-rural populations, along a 3,900 km latitudinal gradient across Europe, changed their predation risk assessment and escape strategy as a function of living in urban areas. We found that urban birds took longer than rural birds to be alerted to human approaches, and urban birds tolerated closer human approach than rural birds. While both rural and urban populations take longer to be aware of an approaching human as latitude increased, this behavioral change with latitude is more intense in urban birds (for a given unit of latitude, urban birds increased their distance more than rural birds). We also found that as mean alert distance was shorter, urban birds escaped more quickly from approaching humans, but there was no such a relationship in rural populations. Although both rural and urban populations tended to escape more quickly as latitude increased, urban birds delayed their escape more at low latitudes when compared with rural birds. These results suggest that urban birds in Europe live under lower predation risk than their rural counterparts. Furthermore, the patterns found in our study indicate that birds prioritize the reduction of on-going monitoring costs when predation risk is low. We conclude that splitting escape variables into constituent components may provide additional and complementary information on the underlying causes of escape. This new approach is essential for understanding, predicting, and managing wildlife in a rapidly urbanizing world.
Diogo S. M. Samia; Daniel Blumstein; Mario Díaz; Tomas Grim; Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo; Jukka Jokimäki; Kunter Tätte; Gábor Markó; Piotr Tryjanowski; Anders Pape Møller. Rural-Urban Differences in Escape Behavior of European Birds across a Latitudinal Gradient. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2017, 5, 1 .
AMA StyleDiogo S. M. Samia, Daniel Blumstein, Mario Díaz, Tomas Grim, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Jukka Jokimäki, Kunter Tätte, Gábor Markó, Piotr Tryjanowski, Anders Pape Møller. Rural-Urban Differences in Escape Behavior of European Birds across a Latitudinal Gradient. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2017; 5 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiogo S. M. Samia; Daniel Blumstein; Mario Díaz; Tomas Grim; Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo; Jukka Jokimäki; Kunter Tätte; Gábor Markó; Piotr Tryjanowski; Anders Pape Møller. 2017. "Rural-Urban Differences in Escape Behavior of European Birds across a Latitudinal Gradient." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5, no. : 1.
Jukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Timo Vuorisalo; László Kövér; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Urbanization and nest-site selection of the Black-billed Magpie ( Pica pica ) populations in two Finnish cities: From a persecuted species to an urban exploiter. Landscape and Urban Planning 2017, 157, 577 -585.
AMA StyleJukka Jokimäki, Jukka Suhonen, Timo Vuorisalo, László Kövér, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. Urbanization and nest-site selection of the Black-billed Magpie ( Pica pica ) populations in two Finnish cities: From a persecuted species to an urban exploiter. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2017; 157 ():577-585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Jokimäki; Jukka Suhonen; Timo Vuorisalo; László Kövér; Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. 2017. "Urbanization and nest-site selection of the Black-billed Magpie ( Pica pica ) populations in two Finnish cities: From a persecuted species to an urban exploiter." Landscape and Urban Planning 157, no. : 577-585.