Failure of tissues and organs resulting from degenerative diseases or trauma has caused huge economic and health concerns around the world. Tissue engineering represents the only possibility to revert this scenario owing to its potential to regenerate or replace damaged tissues and organs. In a regeneration strategy, biomaterials play a key role promoting new tissue formation by providing adequate space for cell accommodation and appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues to support cell proliferation and differentiation. Among other physical cues, the architectural features of the biomaterial as a kind of instructive stimuli can influence cellular behaviors and guide cells towards a specific tissue organization. Thus, the optimization of biomaterial micro/nano architecture, through different manufacturing techniques, is a crucial strategy for a successful regenerative therapy. Over the last decades, many micro/nanostructured biomaterials have been developed to mimic the defined structure of ECM of various soft and hard tissues. This review intends to provide an overview of the relevant studies on micro/nanostructured scaffolds created for soft and hard tissue regeneration and highlights their biological effects, with a particular focus on striated muscle, cartilage, and bone tissue engineering applications.

Second- and third-harmonic generation in single-walled carbon nanotube films is experimentally\ud investigated with the fundamental 1064 nm radiation from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.\ud Measurements were performed both on commercially available carbon nanotubes and on samples of\ud carbon nanotubes grown with a catalyst-free method. Third-harmonic generation was observed in\ud both samples while only the sample grown with a catalyst-free method generated a second-harmonic\ud signal. The quantum yield of second- and third-harmonic signal was proven to scale, respectively,\ud with the second and third power of the pump pulse energy up to intensities of 109 W/cm2. © 200

This paper aims to analyse the state-of-the-art of graphene-based materials and devices designed for use in space. The goal is to summarise emerging research studies, contextualise promising findings, and discuss underway strategies to address some specific space-related problems. To complete our overview of graphene-based technology and address the relevance of graphene in the wide scenario of the space economy, we also provide an analysis of worldwide patents and the scientific literature for aerospace applications in the period 2010–2021. We analysed global trends, country distributions, top assignees, and funding sponsors, evidencing a general increase for the period considered. These indicators, integrated with market information, provide a clear evaluation of the related technology trends and readiness levels.

Diamond films have been obtained on Ta polycrystalline substrates from mixtures of methane and hydrogen by the hot-filament chemical vapor deposition technique. The structural characteristics of the polycrystalline deposits have been investigated by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), while the surface morphologies have been observed by scanning electron microscopy or carbon replica transmission electron microscopy. For one of the films, the formation of thermal spikes during the deposition process yielded a structure giving a RHEED pattern with d spacings and intensities not corresponding to the already identified carbon and diamond phases. On the base of the RHEED pattern the observed phase has been identified as a face-centered-cubic lattice, belonging to the space group F4̄3m and ascribed to a so-called X-diamond polytype.

Carbon nanotubes films have been prepared by low-velocity spraying of carbon nanosized particles on heated Si substrate. Studies reveal that by properly choosing the deposition temperature, well-aligned carbon nanotubes are self-assembled from the particles without a catalyst. Raman scattering and reflection high-energy electron diffraction show that the tubes are bundles of single-wall nanotubes. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. © 2002 American Institute of Physic