We demonstrate experimentally an optical process in which the spin angular momentum carried by a circularly polarized light beam is converted into orbital angular momentum, leading to the generation of helical modes with a wave-front helicity controlled by the input polarization. This phenomenon requires the interaction of light with matter that is both optically inhomogeneous and anisotropic. The underlying physics is also associated with the so-called Pancharatnam-Berry geometrical phases involved in any inhomogeneous transformation of the optical polarization.

We report the realization of a Pancharatnam-Berry phase optical element [Z. Bomzon, G. Biener, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, Opt. Lett. 27, 1141 (2002)], for wave front shaping working in the visible spectral domain, based on patterned liquid crystal technology. This device generates helical modes of visible light with the possibility of electro-optically switching between opposite helicities by controlling the handedness of the input circular polarization. By cascading this approach, fast switching among multiple wave front helicities can be achieved, with potential applications to multistate optical information encoding. The approach demonstrated here can be generalized to other polarization-controlled devices for wave front shaping, such as switchable lenses, beam splitters, and holographic elements.

The so-called “polar catastrophe,” a sudden electronic reconstruction taking place to compensate for the interfacial ionic polar discontinuity, is currently considered as a likely factor to explain the surprising conductivity of the interface between the insulators ${\text{LaAlO}}_3$ and ${\text{SrTiO}}_3$. We applied optical second harmonic generation, a technique that a priori can detect both mobile and localized interfacial electrons, to investigating the electronic polar reconstructions taking place at the interface. As the ${\text{LaAlO}}_3$ film thickness is increased, we identify two abrupt electronic rearrangements: the first takes place at a thickness of 3 unit cells, in the insulating state; the second occurs at a thickness of 4–6 unit cells, i.e., just above the threshold for which the samples become conducting. Two possible physical scenarios behind these observations are proposed. The first is based on an electronic transfer into localized electronic states at the interface that acts as a precursor of the conductivity onset. In the second scenario, the signal variations are attributed to the strong ionic relaxations taking place in the ${\text{LaAlO}}_3$ layer.

Multiferroics and magnetoelectrics with coexisting and coupled multiple ferroic orders are materials promising new technological advances. While most studies have focused on single-phase or heterostructures of inorganic materials, a new class of materials called metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been recently proposed as candidate materials demonstrating interesting new routes for multiferroism and magnetoelectric coupling. Herein, we report on the origin of multiferroicity of (CH₃)₂NH₂Mn(HCOO)₃ via direct observation of ferroelectric domains using second-harmonic generation techniques. For the first time, we observe how these domains are organized (sized in micrometer range), and how they are mutually affected by applied electric and magnetic fields. Calculations provide an estimate of the electric polarization and give insights into its microscopic origin.

The phenomenon of photoinduced molecular reorientation of absorbing nematic liquid crystals is analyzed in a macroscopic general framework and with a specific molecular model. The photoinduced torque responsible for the reorientation is shown to describe a transfer of angular momentum from the molecule center-of-mass degrees of freedom to the rotational ones, mediated by molecular friction. As a consequence, a photoinduced stress tensor is predicted to develop together with the torque in the illuminated fluid. A molecular expression of the photoinduced torque is derived with a rigorous procedure, valid both for a pure material and for a dye–liquid-crystal mixture. This torque expression corrects those reported in previous works on the same subject. The photoinduced torque is evaluated analytically in a simple approximate limit.