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Jeremy S. Hoffman
Science Museum of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23220, USA

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Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Sustainability
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The urban heat island (UHI) effect is caused by intensive development practices in cities and the diminished presence of green space that results. The evolution of these phenomena has occurred over many decades. In many cities, historic zoning and redlining practices barred Black and minority groups from moving into predominately white areas and obtaining financial resources, a practice that still affects cities today, and has forced these already disadvantaged groups to live in some of the hottest areas. In this study, we used a new dataset on the spatial distribution of temperature during a heat wave in Richmond, Virginia to investigate potential associations between extreme heat and current and historical demographic, socioeconomic, and land use factors. We assessed these data at the census block level to determine if blocks with large differences in temperature also had significant variation in these covariates. The amount of canopy cover, percent impervious surface, and poverty level were all shown to be strong correlates of UHI when analyzed in conjunction with afternoon temperatures. We also found strong associations of historical policies and planning decisions with temperature using data from the University of Richmond’s Digital Scholarship Lab’s “Mapping Inequality” project. Finally, the Church Hill area of the city provided an interesting case study due to recent data suggesting the area’s gentrification. Differences in demographics, socioeconomic factors, and UHI were observed between north and (more gentrified) south Church Hill. Both in Church Hill and in Richmond overall, our research found that areas occupied by people of low socioeconomic status or minority groups disproportionately experienced extreme heat and corresponding impacts on health and quality of life.

ACS Style

Kelly Saverino; Emily Routman; Todd Lookingbill; Andre Eanes; Jeremy Hoffman; Rong Bao. Thermal Inequity in Richmond, VA: The Effect of an Unjust Evolution of the Urban Landscape on Urban Heat Islands. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1511 .

AMA Style

Kelly Saverino, Emily Routman, Todd Lookingbill, Andre Eanes, Jeremy Hoffman, Rong Bao. Thermal Inequity in Richmond, VA: The Effect of an Unjust Evolution of the Urban Landscape on Urban Heat Islands. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kelly Saverino; Emily Routman; Todd Lookingbill; Andre Eanes; Jeremy Hoffman; Rong Bao. 2021. "Thermal Inequity in Richmond, VA: The Effect of an Unjust Evolution of the Urban Landscape on Urban Heat Islands." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1511.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Air pollution and the urban heat island effect are consistently linked to numerous respiratory and heat-related illnesses. Additionally, these stressors disproportionately impact low-income and historically marginalized communities due to their proximity to emissions sources, lack of access to green space, and exposure to other adverse environmental conditions. Here, we use relatively low-cost stationary sensors to analyze PM2.5 and temperature data throughout the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the ten hottest days of 2019. For both hourly means within the ten hottest days of 2019 and daily means for the entire record for the year, the temperature was found to exhibit a positive correlation with PM2.5. Analysis of hourly means on the ten hottest days yielded a diurnal pattern in which PM2.5 levels peaked in the early morning and reached their minima in the mid-afternoon. Spatially, sites exhibiting higher temperatures consistently had higher PM2.5 readings, with vulnerable communities in the east end and more intensely developed parts of the city experiencing significantly higher temperatures and PM2.5 concentrations than the suburban neighborhoods in the west end. These findings suggest an uneven distribution of air pollution in Richmond during extreme heat events that are similar in pattern but less pronounced than the temperature differences during these events, although further investigation is required to verify the extent of this relationship. As other studies have found both of these environmental stressors to correlate with the distribution of green space and other land-use factors in cities, innovative and sustainable planning decisions are crucial to the mitigation of these issues of inequity going forward.

ACS Style

Andre Eanes; Todd Lookingbill; Jeremy Hoffman; Kelly Saverino; Stephen Fong. Assessing Inequitable Urban Heat Islands and Air Pollution Disparities with Low-Cost Sensors in Richmond, Virginia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10089 .

AMA Style

Andre Eanes, Todd Lookingbill, Jeremy Hoffman, Kelly Saverino, Stephen Fong. Assessing Inequitable Urban Heat Islands and Air Pollution Disparities with Low-Cost Sensors in Richmond, Virginia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10089.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andre Eanes; Todd Lookingbill; Jeremy Hoffman; Kelly Saverino; Stephen Fong. 2020. "Assessing Inequitable Urban Heat Islands and Air Pollution Disparities with Low-Cost Sensors in Richmond, Virginia." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10089.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2020 in Climate
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The increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of heat waves due to human-caused climate change puts historically underserved populations in a heightened state of precarity, as studies observe that vulnerable communities—especially those within urban areas in the United States—are disproportionately exposed to extreme heat. Lacking, however, are insights into fundamental questions about the role of historical housing policies in cauterizing current exposure to climate inequities like intra-urban heat. Here, we explore the relationship between “redlining”, or the historical practice of refusing home loans or insurance to whole neighborhoods based on a racially motivated perception of safety for investment, with present-day summertime intra-urban land surface temperature anomalies. Through a spatial analysis of 108 urban areas in the United States, we ask two questions: (1) how do historically redlined neighborhoods relate to current patterns of intra-urban heat? and (2) do these patterns vary by US Census Bureau region? Our results reveal that 94% of studied areas display consistent city-scale patterns of elevated land surface temperatures in formerly redlined areas relative to their non-redlined neighbors by as much as 7 °C. Regionally, Southeast and Western cities display the greatest differences while Midwest cities display the least. Nationally, land surface temperatures in redlined areas are approximately 2.6 °C warmer than in non-redlined areas. While these trends are partly attributable to the relative preponderance of impervious land cover to tree canopy in these areas, which we also examine, other factors may also be driving these differences. This study reveals that historical housing policies may, in fact, be directly responsible for disproportionate exposure to current heat events.

ACS Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman; Vivek Shandas; Nicholas Pendleton. The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat: A Study of 108 US Urban Areas. Climate 2020, 8, 12 .

AMA Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman, Vivek Shandas, Nicholas Pendleton. The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat: A Study of 108 US Urban Areas. Climate. 2020; 8 (1):12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman; Vivek Shandas; Nicholas Pendleton. 2020. "The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat: A Study of 108 US Urban Areas." Climate 8, no. 1: 12.

Articles
Published: 02 January 2020 in Journal of Museum Education
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Science and technology centers continue to emerge as hubs for building climate change and resiliency literacy in communities around the United States. What’s less clear, however, is how these institutions foster and sustain climate action based on this acquired literacy. The Science Museum of Virginia developed, delivered, and evaluated climate science and resiliency-themed programming over a three year period, connecting with audiences from “K to grey.” Hyper-localization of climate change, accomplished by leading a small-scale community-based participatory research campaign (also known as “citizen science”) to assess the City of Richmond’s urban heat island effect, improved audience literacy and recall of adaptation and resilience solutions. When further nested within curriculum aligned with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Steps to Resilience Framework, hyper-localization produced additional learning and behavioral outcomes that bridged the gap from literacy to action. We posit that our model can inspire similar adaptation and resilience action-oriented programs in urban areas around the country.

ACS Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman. Learn, Prepare, Act: “Throwing Shade” on Climate Change. Journal of Museum Education 2020, 45, 28 -41.

AMA Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman. Learn, Prepare, Act: “Throwing Shade” on Climate Change. Journal of Museum Education. 2020; 45 (1):28-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman. 2020. "Learn, Prepare, Act: “Throwing Shade” on Climate Change." Journal of Museum Education 45, no. 1: 28-41.

Journal article
Published: 03 January 2019 in Climate
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The emergence of urban heat as a climate-induced health stressor is receiving increasing attention among researchers, practitioners, and climate educators. However, the measurement of urban heat poses several challenges with current methods leveraging either ground based, in situ observations, or satellite-derived surface temperatures estimated from land use emissivity. While both techniques contain inherent advantages and biases to predicting temperatures, their integration may offer an opportunity to improve the spatial resolution and global application of urban heat measurements. Using a combination of ground-based measurements, machine learning techniques, and spatial analysis, we addressed three research questions: (1) How much do ambient temperatures vary across time and space in a metropolitan region? (2) To what extent can the integration of ground-based measurements and satellite imagery help to predict temperatures? (3) What landscape features consistently amplify and temper heat? We applied our analysis to the cities of Baltimore, Maryland, and Richmond, Virginia, and the District of Columbia using geocomputational machine learning processes on data collected on days when maximum air temperatures were above the 90th percentile of historic averages. Our results suggest that the urban microclimate was highly variable across all of the cities—with differences of up to 10 °C between coolest and warmest locations at the same time—and that these air temperatures were primarily dependent on underlying landscape features. Additionally, we found that integrating satellite data with ground-based measures provided highly accurate and precise descriptions of temperatures in all three study regions. These results suggest that accurately identifying areas of extreme urban heat hazards for any region is possible through integrating ground-based temperature and satellite data.

ACS Style

Vivek Shandas; Jackson Voelkel; Joseph Williams; Jeremy Hoffman. Integrating Satellite and Ground Measurements for Predicting Locations of Extreme Urban Heat. Climate 2019, 7, 5 .

AMA Style

Vivek Shandas, Jackson Voelkel, Joseph Williams, Jeremy Hoffman. Integrating Satellite and Ground Measurements for Predicting Locations of Extreme Urban Heat. Climate. 2019; 7 (1):5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vivek Shandas; Jackson Voelkel; Joseph Williams; Jeremy Hoffman. 2019. "Integrating Satellite and Ground Measurements for Predicting Locations of Extreme Urban Heat." Climate 7, no. 1: 5.

Report
Published: 19 January 2017 in Science
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The last interglaciation (LIG, 129 to 116 thousand years ago) was the most recent time in Earth’s history when global mean sea level was substantially higher than it is at present. However, reconstructions of LIG global temperature remain uncertain, with estimates ranging from no significant difference to nearly 2°C warmer than present-day temperatures. Here we use a network of sea-surface temperature (SST) records to reconstruct spatiotemporal variability in regional and global SSTs during the LIG. Our results indicate that peak LIG global mean annual SSTs were 0.5 ± 0.3°C warmer than the climatological mean from 1870 to 1889 and indistinguishable from the 1995 to 2014 mean. LIG warming in the extratropical latitudes occurred in response to boreal insolation and the bipolar seesaw, whereas tropical SSTs were slightly cooler than the 1870 to 1889 mean in response to reduced mean annual insolation.

ACS Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman; Peter U. Clark; Andrew C. Parnell; Feng He. Regional and global sea-surface temperatures during the last interglaciation. Science 2017, 355, 276 -279.

AMA Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman, Peter U. Clark, Andrew C. Parnell, Feng He. Regional and global sea-surface temperatures during the last interglaciation. Science. 2017; 355 (6322):276-279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman; Peter U. Clark; Andrew C. Parnell; Feng He. 2017. "Regional and global sea-surface temperatures during the last interglaciation." Science 355, no. 6322: 276-279.

Climate
Published: 20 September 2012 in Geophysical Research Letters
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[1] The 8.2 ka event was the last deglacial abrupt climate event. A reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) attributed to the drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz may have caused the event, but the freshwater signature of Lake Agassiz discharge has yet to be identified in δ18O of foraminiferal calcite records from the Labrador Sea, calling into question the connection between freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic and AMOC strength. Using Mg/Ca‐paleothermometry, we demonstrate that ∼3°C of near‐surface ocean cooling masked an ∼1.0‰ decrease in western Labrador Seaδ18O of seawater concurrent with Lake Agassiz drainage. Comparison with North Atlantic δ18O of seawater records shows that the freshwater discharge was transported to regions of deep‐water formation where it could perturb AMOC and force the 8.2 ka event.

ACS Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman; Anders E. Carlson; Kelsey Winsor; Gary P. Klinkhammer; Allegra N. LeGrande; John T. Andrews; Jeffrey C. Strasser. Linking the 8.2 ka event and its freshwater forcing in the Labrador Sea. Geophysical Research Letters 2012, 39, 1 .

AMA Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman, Anders E. Carlson, Kelsey Winsor, Gary P. Klinkhammer, Allegra N. LeGrande, John T. Andrews, Jeffrey C. Strasser. Linking the 8.2 ka event and its freshwater forcing in the Labrador Sea. Geophysical Research Letters. 2012; 39 (18):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeremy S. Hoffman; Anders E. Carlson; Kelsey Winsor; Gary P. Klinkhammer; Allegra N. LeGrande; John T. Andrews; Jeffrey C. Strasser. 2012. "Linking the 8.2 ka event and its freshwater forcing in the Labrador Sea." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 18: 1.