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Non-metropolitan cities are subject to growing attention in Latin American urban studies. However, there is no research that critically analyses the territorial, epistemological and methodological approaches that have been adopted within this line of academic work. This article deals with this knowledge gap, arguing that specialised literature tends to approach non-metropolitan places as mini-metropolises that replicate urban phenomena observed in large cities on a lesser scale or as unique places that are unexplained by existing urban theory. We refer respectively to these two tendencies as ‘trickle-down urban theory’ and ‘singularisation theory’, and examine their impact on Latin American urban studies in spatial, epistemological and methodological terms. The article ends by suggesting a research agenda based on comparative studies of cities of differing sizes as a way to generate a more integrative urban theory.
Luis Vergara; Gonzalo Salazar. Non-metropolitan cities in Latin American urban studies: between ‘trickle-down urban theory’ and ‘singularisation theory’. International Development Planning Review 2021, 43, 321 -344.
AMA StyleLuis Vergara, Gonzalo Salazar. Non-metropolitan cities in Latin American urban studies: between ‘trickle-down urban theory’ and ‘singularisation theory’. International Development Planning Review. 2021; 43 (3):321-344.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Vergara; Gonzalo Salazar. 2021. "Non-metropolitan cities in Latin American urban studies: between ‘trickle-down urban theory’ and ‘singularisation theory’." International Development Planning Review 43, no. 3: 321-344.
In the current global scenario, in which mobility has been strongly impacted, it is relevant to highlight certain mobility experiences of Indigenous Latin American peoples, in which new cultural and geographical elements justify revisiting this phenomenon. In this context, the mobility of the Aymara ethnic group offers an opportunity for such a second look. Although the subject has been approached from the perspectives of internal migration processes and physical movement, as in other Latin American cases, studies have omitted some important aspects for its analysis, such as the practices, meanings, and political implications associated with mobility. Based on the new mobility paradigm, this article seeks to strengthen the perspective on mobility by researching rural-urban mobility practices and their meaning regarding the experiences of Aymara people who migrated from the rural municipality of Putre to settle in the city of Arica from the 1950s. At the same time, it is shown that these Aymara mobility practices imply spatiotemporal dynamics that are key for the construction of place, and allow for a widening of base elements that should be considered in the new mobility paradigm. This research is based on five years of ethnography, including mobile accompaniment and semi-structured interviews. This methodological approach has allowed researchers to explore how elements related to physical and symbolic mobility have constantly constructed relational spaces within the Arica and Parinacota region over time. This shows that mobility does not only refer to physical movement, but to politics, emotions, culture, and memory as well. From these results, the article examines and discusses key elements related to physical and symbolic mobility, and their implications in political and intercultural terms.
Gonzalo Salazar; Paloma González. New Mobility Paradigm and Indigenous Construction of Places: Physical and Symbolic Mobility of Aymara Groups in the Urbanization Process, Chile. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4382 .
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Paloma González. New Mobility Paradigm and Indigenous Construction of Places: Physical and Symbolic Mobility of Aymara Groups in the Urbanization Process, Chile. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4382.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Paloma González. 2021. "New Mobility Paradigm and Indigenous Construction of Places: Physical and Symbolic Mobility of Aymara Groups in the Urbanization Process, Chile." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4382.
The current ecological crisis and its most obvious planetary expression, climate change, represents true limitations to current ways of life, especially regarding the management of so-called common goods. This implies a critical revision of the philosophical basis that sustains current socio-ecological dynamics. First of all, this article enquires into modern “anti-commons” philosophy: the “possessive individualism” of processes for the cordoning off and privatization of common goods. Secondly, collective sustainability actions are critically reviewed. Such actions are considered to have veered in one way or another from their original intentions, due mainly to paradigmatic limitations stemming from the modern “anti-commons” agenda. Finally, a reflexive analysis is made in order to progress towards a pro-commons sustainability agenda in order to: (1) make effective fulfillment of global sustainability agreements obligatory; and (2) valuate and promote institutions of collective action for government of the commons on a local scale.
Gonzalo Salazar; Nicolás Cerna. Sustainability and the Future of the Commons. An Epistemological Examination. Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment 2019, 111 -119.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Nicolás Cerna. Sustainability and the Future of the Commons. An Epistemological Examination. Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment. 2019; ():111-119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Nicolás Cerna. 2019. "Sustainability and the Future of the Commons. An Epistemological Examination." Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment , no. : 111-119.
El trabajo es una contribución al debate de las ciudades intermedias y sus dinámicas de intermediación. Si bien se reconocen como importantes los aspectos centrales de este debate, se cuestiona su tendencia a homogenizar las ciudades intermedias. Por el contrario, se plantea que es necesario comprender las ciudades intermedias desde las practicas socio-espaciales, en donde la definición de lugar asoma como elemental para entender las dinámicas de intermediación y la unicidad de cada una de estas ciudades. El área de estudio es la región de La Araucanía de Chile, específicamente las ciudades de Angol, Victoria y Villarrica. A partir de atributos claves de la condición de lugar propuestos por Massey (2012), se examinan empíricamente prácticas y tensiones socio-espaciales constitutivas de las dinámicas de intermediación. Este acercamiento aporta en una comprensión de las ciudades intermedias y sus respectivos procesos de intermediación de forma más apropiada y poco desarrollado en la literatura especializada.
Gonzalo Salazar; Martín Fonck; Luis Vergara. Ciudades intermedias: dinámicas de intermediación desde la noción de lugar. El caso de la región de la Araucanía, Chile. Revista de geografía Norte Grande 2018, 109 -130.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Martín Fonck, Luis Vergara. Ciudades intermedias: dinámicas de intermediación desde la noción de lugar. El caso de la región de la Araucanía, Chile. Revista de geografía Norte Grande. 2018; (70):109-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Martín Fonck; Luis Vergara. 2018. "Ciudades intermedias: dinámicas de intermediación desde la noción de lugar. El caso de la región de la Araucanía, Chile." Revista de geografía Norte Grande , no. 70: 109-130.
Based on the argument that the complex environmental crisis is essentially an epistemological and ethical crisis, the intention in this chapter is double: first, to synthesise a new epistemology of design—one that we call an ecology of design by attending to the problem of how are we to understand the systemic relationship between individuals and their environment and comprehend the praxis of design as an integral part of it. And second, to synthesise the essential element for design to become ecological, which it is argued that only occurs when its praxis is mainly commanded by the emotion and ecology of love. Love is described as the biological and ecological foundation of what makes us human beings and therefore as the main human disposition from which a truly ecological ethics and ecological consciousness in design praxis may emerge. First, the chapter examines how design is part of an ecology of living which is epistemologically constructed as a reaction to modern rationale. Then, based on Maturana’s notion of human existence in conversation, the chapter suggests that design is a human form of conversing and synthesises four implications that are constitutive of this condition. After dealing with an epistemological dimension of design as conversation, the chapter synthesises the notion of an ecology of love. Based on the exploration of several philosophical and scientific accounts, the article examines some essential aspects of an ecology of love that informs an ethical and collaborative form of designing.
Gonzalo Salazar; Seaton Baxter. Ecological Design as an Ecology of Love: Epistemological and Ethical Implications. Design Research Foundations 2018, 453 -472.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Seaton Baxter. Ecological Design as an Ecology of Love: Epistemological and Ethical Implications. Design Research Foundations. 2018; ():453-472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Seaton Baxter. 2018. "Ecological Design as an Ecology of Love: Epistemological and Ethical Implications." Design Research Foundations , no. : 453-472.
Las ciudades intermedias se caracterizan por una gran cantidad de interacciones con su territorio circundante y con otras ciudades, lo que implica un desafío para sus gobiernos locales. El presente trabajo aborda estos desafíos desde los procesos de intermediación y en las distintas escalas que generan las prácticas espaciales. La metodología empleada es mixta, con el trabajo estructurado a partir del enfoque cualitativo de metodologías móviles, complementado con un análisis de conmutaciones intercomunales. Los resultados dan cuenta de que en los principales nodos de intermediación de la región, los gobiernos locales enfrentan importantes desafíos derivados de los procesos mismos de intermediación, específicamente en materia de vialidad y crecimiento urbano, a la vez que subestiman la relevancia de las dinámicas interculturales en el territorio. Se concluye que abordar estos elementos es fundamental para comprender los procesos escalares que enfrentan los gobiernos locales, para así poder planificar en dirección a la sustentabilidad local.
Gonzalo Salazar; Felipe Irarrazaval; Martín Fonck. Ciudades intermedias y gobiernos locales: desfases escalares en la Región de La Araucanía, Chile. EURE (Santiago) 2017, 43, 161 -184.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Felipe Irarrazaval, Martín Fonck. Ciudades intermedias y gobiernos locales: desfases escalares en la Región de La Araucanía, Chile. EURE (Santiago). 2017; 43 (130):161-184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Felipe Irarrazaval; Martín Fonck. 2017. "Ciudades intermedias y gobiernos locales: desfases escalares en la Región de La Araucanía, Chile." EURE (Santiago) 43, no. 130: 161-184.
Intermediate cities have had a key role in urban dynamics and development in Latin America since the second half of the twentieth century, yet the theoretical and methodological approaches to research about these types of city have not been suited to their complexity. Most research on them reduces to demographic criteria, overlooking the fact that they are characterised by intense socio-spatial interactions with their surrounding rural areas and other nearby urban centres. This is a serious shortcoming in terms of the potential use of such research for urban planning, and the resulting development processes of these cities. The present work proposes that while research based on the physical patterns of the movement of people (including commuting) are relevant, it is necessary to delve deeper into the process of mobility in order to improve the comprehension of intermediate cities in Latin America. First, the article illustrates the weak points of traditional approaches to intermediate cities and from this proposes that the theoretical and methodological contributions of the new mobility paradigm (Sheller and Urry 2006, Environment and Planning A 38 207–26) can contribute considerably to the study of such cities, as well as the phenomena of intermediation inherent to them. The article then introduces a new methodological proposal, based on mixed mobile methods, that contributes to empirical research and understanding of intermediate cities. An empirical application of the methodology is performed in Chile, specifically in the city of Villarrica in the La Araucanía Region. Based on this application, the article provides some important conclusions regarding the research experience and the theoretical and methodological approach necessary to attend to the socio-spatial complexity of intermediate cities in Latin America.
Gonzalo Salazar; Felipe Irarrazaval Irarrazaval; Martín Fonck. Exploring intermediate cities in Latin America: mixed mobile methods for mobility assessment in Villarrica, Chile. The Geographical Journal 2017, 183, 247 -260.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Felipe Irarrazaval Irarrazaval, Martín Fonck. Exploring intermediate cities in Latin America: mixed mobile methods for mobility assessment in Villarrica, Chile. The Geographical Journal. 2017; 183 (3):247-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Felipe Irarrazaval Irarrazaval; Martín Fonck. 2017. "Exploring intermediate cities in Latin America: mixed mobile methods for mobility assessment in Villarrica, Chile." The Geographical Journal 183, no. 3: 247-260.
Gonzalo Salazar; Martín Fonck; Felipe Irarrazaval Irarrazaval. PAISAJES EN MOVIMIENTO: SENTIDOS DE LUGAR Y PRÁCTICAS INTERCULTURALES EN CIUDADES DE LA REGIÓN DE LA ARAUCANÍA, CHILE. Chungará (Arica) 2017, 49, 251 -264.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Martín Fonck, Felipe Irarrazaval Irarrazaval. PAISAJES EN MOVIMIENTO: SENTIDOS DE LUGAR Y PRÁCTICAS INTERCULTURALES EN CIUDADES DE LA REGIÓN DE LA ARAUCANÍA, CHILE. Chungará (Arica). 2017; 49 (2):251-264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Martín Fonck; Felipe Irarrazaval Irarrazaval. 2017. "PAISAJES EN MOVIMIENTO: SENTIDOS DE LUGAR Y PRÁCTICAS INTERCULTURALES EN CIUDADES DE LA REGIÓN DE LA ARAUCANÍA, CHILE." Chungará (Arica) 49, no. 2: 251-264.
As a reaction to the complex global crisis, the notion of ecological urbanism has emerged in order to understand and attend the inaccuracy between the urban system and the environment of which it is a part. This article suggests that the form we perceive the city-nature relation deeply determines the praxis of urbanism arguing that the problem of ecological urbanism is essentially epistemological and ethical. Accordingly, the article introduces the concept of “landscape ecosophy” through which not only is possible to understand the indivisible connection of perception and socio-ecological practices, but also help us to reconnect the praxis of urbanism with a relational epistemology and landscape. The article empirically seeks to interpret how the Villarrica and Pucón urban system inhabitants in the Araucanía Region of Chile perceive and relate with the mountain and lacustrine landscapes in their daily practices of inhabitation. To achieve this, an ethnographic methodology is used. The discussion central line is represented by the question, ‘So close, but so far?’, as in spite of the fact that both cities are deeply connected to the landscape, their socio-cultural constructions are defined by the notions of disconnection and a lack of awareness. On the other hand, in a sort of circular causality, the article also identifies how certain urban initiatives may not only imply a reconnection between the urban system and the landscape of which it is a part, but also contribute to trigger the emergence of deeper landscape ecosophies.
Gonzalo Salazar; Daniela Jalabert. Towards a landscape ecosophy. Interpreting how the Villarrica-Pucón urban system inhabitants in the Araucanía region of Chile perceive and relate with the dynamics of Landscape. urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana 2015, 8, 28 -41.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Daniela Jalabert. Towards a landscape ecosophy. Interpreting how the Villarrica-Pucón urban system inhabitants in the Araucanía region of Chile perceive and relate with the dynamics of Landscape. urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana. 2015; 8 (1):28-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Daniela Jalabert. 2015. "Towards a landscape ecosophy. Interpreting how the Villarrica-Pucón urban system inhabitants in the Araucanía region of Chile perceive and relate with the dynamics of Landscape." urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana 8, no. 1: 28-41.
The notion of ecological design has rightly been around for decades, yet a genuine praxis of designing ecologically has been slow to emerge. We believe this is a problem about how we understand our perception of and relationship with the other, the rest of nature and ourselves. This paper attempts to synthesize a new epistemology of design which we refer to as an ecology of design and in which we try to understand the systemic relationships which constitute the human ecology of living and in which the practice of design forms an integral part. We use the ideas of some phenomenological philosophers and bio-cognitive scientists to explain the systemic dynamics of the ecology of design and, mainly through Humberto Maturana's notion of conversation, we suggest a new cognitive basis of design directed by human embodied and ecological emotion. We conclude with some implications for a praxis of ecological design with a special focus on an ethical domain of design.
Gonzalo Salazar; Seaton Baxter. Towards an Ecology of Design Praxis. The Design Journal 2015, 18, 421 -438.
AMA StyleGonzalo Salazar, Seaton Baxter. Towards an Ecology of Design Praxis. The Design Journal. 2015; 18 (3):421-438.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Salazar; Seaton Baxter. 2015. "Towards an Ecology of Design Praxis." The Design Journal 18, no. 3: 421-438.