Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in cord blood measured at birth has been proposed as an indicator of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Elevated TSH levels at birth were associated with cognitive and psychomotor disorders among young children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of CH using cord blood TSH screening among 2501 newborn infants in the period from January to November 2016 in Bisha Province, Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted at King Abdullah Hospital, Bisha, which is a secondary care referral district general hospital with 400 beds. All neonates born in the designed period were included and screened according to the standard CH screening protocol. Data was collected from all neonates born in the designed period. The screening was performed according to the standard CH screening protocol. After birth, cord blood specimens were used. TSH was measured by Perkin Elmer ELISA machine. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). A p-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 1308 (52.3%) neonates were males, while 1193 (47.7%) were females. Serum TSH levels were ranged from 0.01-73.9 µU/ml. The mean ± SD was (7.60 ± 6.02 µU/ml); the cutoff point was 25 µU/ml. The prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism among Saudi neonates in Bisha Province is 1:834, which is the highest in the rejoin. The prevalence of hypothyroidism from the total screened population was (0.12%). We recommended screening with special consideration to those with high TSH in the primary screening.

Introduction: The implication of viral infection in alterations of vital cellular pathways and genomic integration and thus, human carcinogenesis is well documented in molecular epidemiology studies. EBV and CMV are two of the most studied human viruses for potential association with cancer risk, progression, and outcome. The contradicting reports as for the etiologic role of these viruses in breast cancer entailed the conduction of the current meta-analysisMaterial and methods: A thorough comprehensive electronic search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for relevant publications until February 28, 2021 based on predefined eligibility criteria. Extracted data from eligible studies were used to calculate the pooled effect size, heterogeneity, publication bias, sensitivity, and subgroup analyses for both viruses independently. Meta-analyses were performed using Prometa 3 software.Results: For EBV, a total of 19 studies were included, while 8 studies were included for CMV. A significantly high risk of breast cancer with EBV infection (OR = 5.04, 95%CI: 3.44 – 7.39, P < 0.05), a similar, though smaller risk with CMV (OR = 4.53, 95%CI: 2.04 – 10.03, P < 0.05). EBV studies in which viral genetic material was detected in fresh breast cancer tissue showed higher risk compared to studies relied upon FFPE specimen. Conversely, for CMV, the FFPE studies showed a higher risk compared to studies relying upon fresh breast cancer tissues.Conclusions: It can be inferred that infection with either of the two viruses increases the risk of breast cancer, suggesting an etiologic role of these viruses in breast carcinogenesis.