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Yingjun Zhang
College of Grassland Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

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Journal article
Published: 22 February 2021 in Agronomy
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Perennial grain crops intercropped with legumes are expected to use nitrogen (N) resources efficiently. A pot experiment using the 15N isotope dilution method demonstrated interspecific competition and use of N from the soil and N2 fixation in intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey, IWG) and white clover (Trifolium repens L., WC) intercrops at five species-relative frequencies and four levels of inorganic N fertilizer in a replacement series design. The proportion of N in WC derived from the atmosphere increased from 39.7% in a sole crop to 70.9% when intercropped with IWG, and 10.1% N in IWG transferred from WC. Intermediate wheatgrass showed high fitness with maintained high total dry matter production at low relative frequencies. Decreasing IWG-relative frequency only increased dry matter and N accumulation of WC, resulting in increased amounts of N2 fixed. Increased levels of N fertilization increased the proportion of N acquired from the fertilizer in IWG and WC but decreased the N fixed by WC and N absorbed by IWG from the soil. Our study indicates that WC supply sufficient fixed N2 for IWG intercrop biomass yields under appropriate levels of soil N fertility and species-relative frequencies.

ACS Style

Shoujiao Li; Erik Jensen; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang; Linda-Maria Dimitrova Mårtensson. Species Interactions and Nitrogen Use during Early Intercropping of Intermediate Wheatgrass with a White Clover Service Crop. Agronomy 2021, 11, 388 .

AMA Style

Shoujiao Li, Erik Jensen, Nan Liu, Yingjun Zhang, Linda-Maria Dimitrova Mårtensson. Species Interactions and Nitrogen Use during Early Intercropping of Intermediate Wheatgrass with a White Clover Service Crop. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):388.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shoujiao Li; Erik Jensen; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang; Linda-Maria Dimitrova Mårtensson. 2021. "Species Interactions and Nitrogen Use during Early Intercropping of Intermediate Wheatgrass with a White Clover Service Crop." Agronomy 11, no. 2: 388.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Field Crops Research
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Sustainable production of high-yielding and high-quality forages such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is critically important for fast-growing animal husbandry regions such as the North China Plain (NCP). Alfalfa production in this region is limited during the hot-rainy summer period from July–September, but these conditions may allow the production of intercropped silage maize (Zea mays L.) following spring harvests of alfalfa to boost the overall forage production. In this study, an alfalfa–silage maize (AM) relay intercropping system was evaluated in a field experiment from 2017 to 2019 to assess the impact of maize nitrogen (N) fertilization rates of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha–1 and maize plant densities of 30,000, 45,000, and 60,000 plants ha–1 on the forage yield and N uptake. The AM system was compared with alfalfa monocropping (AA) and silage maize monocropping (MM) controls. The 3-yr average land equivalent ratio (LER) and land equivalent ratio for nitrogen yield (LERN) of AM ranged from 1.05 to 1.37 relative to AA and MM, indicating that intercropping was advantageous for improving the overall forage production and N utilization. Intercropping reduced the maize yield by 23–30 % and the maize N yield by 26–35 % compared with the monocultured maize across 3 years. Increasing N fertilization and maize plant density often enhanced the maize yield and N uptake in the AM system. The alfalfa stand density in AM was negatively affected by the increased maize plant density and was 30–55 % lower than that in AA. Spring forage production of alfalfa in the AM and AA systems was similar in most cases, but yields in the AM system were reduced in 2018 and 2019 when maize was grown with the highest N rate (180 kg N ha–1) and the highest plant density (60,000 plants ha–1). On the basis of the system yield, N yield, and LER, the AM system with a maize plant density of 45,000 plants ha–1 fertilized at 120 kg N ha–1 was the most advantageous and could be recommended as an alternative cropping system in the NCP to increase forage yields with a relatively low input of N.

ACS Style

Ruixuan Xu; Haiming Zhao; Guibo Liu; Yongliang You; Lei Ma; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. Effects of nitrogen and maize plant density on forage yield and nitrogen uptake in an alfalfa–silage maize relay intercropping system in the North China Plain. Field Crops Research 2021, 263, 108068 .

AMA Style

Ruixuan Xu, Haiming Zhao, Guibo Liu, Yongliang You, Lei Ma, Nan Liu, Yingjun Zhang. Effects of nitrogen and maize plant density on forage yield and nitrogen uptake in an alfalfa–silage maize relay intercropping system in the North China Plain. Field Crops Research. 2021; 263 ():108068.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruixuan Xu; Haiming Zhao; Guibo Liu; Yongliang You; Lei Ma; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. 2021. "Effects of nitrogen and maize plant density on forage yield and nitrogen uptake in an alfalfa–silage maize relay intercropping system in the North China Plain." Field Crops Research 263, no. : 108068.

Research
Published: 02 December 2020 in Oikos
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Nutrient enrichment can reduce ecosystem stability, typically measured as temporal stability of a single function, e.g. plant productivity. Moreover, nutrient enrichment can alter plant‐soil interactions (e.g. mycorrhizal symbiosis) that determine plant community composition and productivity. Thus, it is likely that nutrient enrichment and interactions between plants and their soil communities co‐determine the stability in plant community composition and productivity. Yet our understanding as to how nutrient enrichment affects multiple facets of ecosystem stability, such as functional and compositional stability, and the role of above‐belowground interactions are still lacking. We tested how mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus (P) addition influenced multiple facets of ecosystem stability in a three‐year field study in a temperate steppe. Here we focused on the functional and compositional stability of plant community; functional stability is the temporal community variance in primary productivity; compositional stability is represented by compositional resistance, turnover, species extinction and invasion. Community variance was partitioned into population variance defined as community productivity weighted average of the species temporal variance in performance, and species synchrony defined as the degree of temporal positive covariation among species. Compared to treatments with mycorrhizal suppression, the intact AM fungal communities reduced community variance in primary productivity by reducing species synchrony at high levels of P addition. Species synchrony and population variance were linearly associated with community variance with the intact AM fungal communities, while these relationships were decoupled or weakened by mycorrhizal suppression. The intact AM fungal communities promoted the compositional resistance of plant communities by reducing compositional turnover, but this effect was suppressed by P addition. P addition increased the number of species extinctions and thus promoted compositional turnover. Our study shows P addition and AM fungal communities can jointly and independently modify the various components of ecosystem stability in terms of plant community productivity and composition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Gaowen Yang; Yingjun Zhang; Xin Yang; Nan Liu; Matthias C. Rillig; Stavros D. Veresoglou; Cameron Wagg. Mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus addition influence the stability of plant community composition and function in a temperate steppe. Oikos 2020, 130, 354 -365.

AMA Style

Gaowen Yang, Yingjun Zhang, Xin Yang, Nan Liu, Matthias C. Rillig, Stavros D. Veresoglou, Cameron Wagg. Mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus addition influence the stability of plant community composition and function in a temperate steppe. Oikos. 2020; 130 (3):354-365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gaowen Yang; Yingjun Zhang; Xin Yang; Nan Liu; Matthias C. Rillig; Stavros D. Veresoglou; Cameron Wagg. 2020. "Mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus addition influence the stability of plant community composition and function in a temperate steppe." Oikos 130, no. 3: 354-365.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2020 in Chinese Science Bulletin
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There are 400 million hectares of grasslands in China, accounting for about 40.7% of the Chinese territory, which provide fundamental ecological and economic benefits. However, more than 90% of this grassland ecosystem is threatened by degradation. This leads to the loss of biodiversity and a decrease in ecosystem functions, such as productivity, soil preservation and pest control. Currently, restoration of degraded grasslands is the most urgent task for grassland ecological management in China. No-tillage reseeding is one of the best practical technologies for grassland vegetation regeneration, because of the significant opportunity to improve productivity and plant diversity through establishing suitable species with minimum disturbance of the soil. Here we present a conceptual framework, which integrates plant-soil feedbacks, gap principles, and subclimax management models to guide our understanding of no-tillage reseeding. The key components of no-tillage reseeding in degraded grasslands consist of the selection of reseeding species, reseeding technology and reseeded grassland management. Native plants can affect the success of establishing species in revegetation due to competition for light, nutrients and water, and revegetation species with neutral or positive plant-soil feedbacks must be selected that can establish under these conditions. Our previous studies show that small light gaps can increase the performance of reseeded legumes, while larger light and soil gaps are needed for grass reseeding. Therefore, we predict that small gaps for legumes and large gaps for grasses will benefit these species respectively in no-tillage reseeding. According to the subclimax management model, suitable grassland management, for instance, mowing, grazing and fertilization, can maintain plant community composition, productivity and biodiversity, when the target species were successfully established. On the basis of this conceptual framework, no-tillage reseeding technology has been invented and applied in the semi-arid and semi-humid degraded grassland, and the plan for degraded grassland restoration nation-wide is proposed. We invented the “T” and “V” slot opener, which will result in minimal disturbance and help to maintain soil moisture after no-tillage reseeding. Given that plants differ in their ability to use soil nutrients; phosphorus, boron and molybdenum fertilization is recommended for legume reseeding and maintenance, while nitrogen fertilization can be applied to improve the performance of grasses. In summary, our study presents the scientific hypotheses and a framework for no-tillage reseeding technology, which will advance our understanding of successful grassland restoration and play an important role in sustainable grassland development in China.

ACS Style

Yingjun Zhang; Jiqiong Zhou; Gaowen Yang; Jingying Jing; Nan Liu. Theory and application of no-tillage reseeding in degraded grasslands. Chinese Science Bulletin 2020, 65, 1546 -1555.

AMA Style

Yingjun Zhang, Jiqiong Zhou, Gaowen Yang, Jingying Jing, Nan Liu. Theory and application of no-tillage reseeding in degraded grasslands. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2020; 65 (16):1546-1555.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yingjun Zhang; Jiqiong Zhou; Gaowen Yang; Jingying Jing; Nan Liu. 2020. "Theory and application of no-tillage reseeding in degraded grasslands." Chinese Science Bulletin 65, no. 16: 1546-1555.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
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Soil salinity of fields is often non-uniform. To obtain a better understanding of molecular response to non-uniform salt stress, we conducted transcriptomic analysis on the leaves and roots of alfalfa grown under 0/0, 200/200, and 0/200 mM NaCl treatments. A total of 233,742 unigenes were obtained from the assembled cDNA libraries. There were 98 and 710 unigenes identified as significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves of non-uniform and uniform salt treatment, respectively. Furthermore, there were 5178 DEGs in the roots under uniform salt stress, 273 DEGs in the non-saline side and 4616 in the high-saline side roots under non-uniform salt stress. Alfalfa treated with non-uniform salinity had greater dry weight and less salt damage compared to treatment with uniform salinity. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs in roots revealed that both sides of the non-uniform salinity were enriched in pathways related to “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “linoleic acid metabolism”; and “MAPK signaling pathway–plant” was also indicated as a key pathway in the high-saline roots. We also combined a set of important salt-response genes and found that roots from the non-saline side developed more roots with increased water uptake by altering the expression of aquaporins and genes related to growth regulation. Moreover, the hormone signal transduction and the antioxidant pathway probably play important roles in inducing more salt-related genes and increasing resistance to non-uniform salt stress on both sides of the roots.

ACS Style

Xue Xiong; Yu-Qi Wei; Ji-Hui Chen; Nan Liu; Ying-Jun Zhang. Transcriptome analysis of genes and pathways associated with salt tolerance in alfalfa under non-uniform salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2020, 151, 323 -333.

AMA Style

Xue Xiong, Yu-Qi Wei, Ji-Hui Chen, Nan Liu, Ying-Jun Zhang. Transcriptome analysis of genes and pathways associated with salt tolerance in alfalfa under non-uniform salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020; 151 ():323-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xue Xiong; Yu-Qi Wei; Ji-Hui Chen; Nan Liu; Ying-Jun Zhang. 2020. "Transcriptome analysis of genes and pathways associated with salt tolerance in alfalfa under non-uniform salt stress." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 151, no. : 323-333.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2020 in Sustainability
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Intercropping is a globally accepted method of forage production and its effect on silage quality depends not only on forage combination but also fertilization strategy. In the present study, field intercropping of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) at five seed ratios (100:0, 75:25: 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 in %, based on seed weight) was applied under three N fertilizing levels (0, 50, and 100 kg/ha), and harvested for silage making and in vitro rumen degradation. As a result of intercropping, the actual proportions (based on dry matter) of alfalfa in mixtures were much closer to seed proportion of alfalfa in field, except 75:25 orchardgrass-alfalfa intercrops with no fertilization. The actual proportions of alfalfa in mixtures decreased by 3–13% with the increase of N level. Increases of alfalfa proportion in mixtures increased silage quality, nutrients degradability and CH4 emissions. Increasing N levels increased silage pH, concentration of butyric acid, and fiber fractions. In summary, inclusion of alfalfa at around 50% in orchardgrass-alfalfa silage mixtures were selected for favorable ensiling and higher forage use efficiency while also limiting CH4 emissions, compared to monocultures. The silage quality and feeding values of mixtures were influenced more by forage ratios than by N levels.

ACS Style

Zhulin Xue; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Shoujiao Li; Yingjun Zhang. Silage Fermentation and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa Intercrop Mixtures as Influenced by Forage Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizing Levels. Sustainability 2020, 12, 871 .

AMA Style

Zhulin Xue, Yanlu Wang, Hongjian Yang, Shoujiao Li, Yingjun Zhang. Silage Fermentation and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa Intercrop Mixtures as Influenced by Forage Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizing Levels. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhulin Xue; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Shoujiao Li; Yingjun Zhang. 2020. "Silage Fermentation and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa Intercrop Mixtures as Influenced by Forage Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizing Levels." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 871.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2019 in Animals
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of different forage ratios of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on in vitro rumen degradation and fermentation characteristics. Orchardgrass and alfalfa were harvested separately and prepared as hay and silage mixtures at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (w/w on a dry matter basis) and anaerobically incubated for 48 h with rumen fluid obtained from lactating dairy cows. Fermented residues and cultured fluids were used to determine nutrient degradability, fermentation parameters, and associative effect indices. Increasing the proportion of alfalfa in hay and silage mixtures quadratically increased in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD, up +5.14%) and marginally decreased in vitro neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD, down −1.79%). Meanwhile, increasing the proportion of alfalfa accelerated the rumen fermentation process (e.g., gas production) and remarkably enhanced the growth of rumen microbes as indicated by microbial protein production (MCP, 13.4% increase). Increments of rumen degradability and methane production were more pronounced in silage mixtures than hay mixtures. In combination, a forage ratio of 50:50 for orchardgrass and alfalfa is recommended for both hay and silage in order to improve the feed use potential in ruminants.

ACS Style

Zhulin Xue; Nan Liu; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Yuqi Wei; Philipe Moriel; Elizabeth Palmer; Yingjun Zhang. Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay. Animals 2019, 10, 59 .

AMA Style

Zhulin Xue, Nan Liu, Yanlu Wang, Hongjian Yang, Yuqi Wei, Philipe Moriel, Elizabeth Palmer, Yingjun Zhang. Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay. Animals. 2019; 10 (1):59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhulin Xue; Nan Liu; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Yuqi Wei; Philipe Moriel; Elizabeth Palmer; Yingjun Zhang. 2019. "Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay." Animals 10, no. 1: 59.

Regular article
Published: 21 December 2019 in New Phytologist
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The plant richness-productivity relationship is a central subject in ecology, yet the mechanisms behind this pattern remain debated. Soil fungi are closely associated with the dynamics of plant communities, however empirical evidence on how fungal communities integrate into the richness-productivity relationships of natural environments is lacking. We used Illumina high-throughput sequencing to identify rhizosphere fungal communities across a natural plant richness gradient at two sites with different fertility conditions, and related the subsequent information to plant richness and productivity to elucidate the role of fungal guilds in integrating the linkages of both plant components. Saprotrophs, mycorrhizal fungi and potential plant pathogens interacted differently between the sites, with saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungal abundances being positively correlated at the high-nutrient site and abundances of mycorrhizal fungi and potential plant pathogens being negatively correlated at the low-nutrient site. The synergistic associations between these fungal guilds with plant richness and productivity operated in concert to promote positive richness-productivity relationships. Our findings provide empirical evidence for the importance of soil fungal guilds in integrating the linkages of plant richness and productivity, and suggest that future work incorporating soil fungal communities into richness-productivity relationships would advance our mechanistic understanding of their linkages.

ACS Style

Wenqing Chen; Jianyu Wang; Zexin Meng; Ran Xu; Jun Chen; Yingjun Zhang; Tianming Hu. Fertility‐related interplay between fungal guilds underlies plant richness–productivity relationships in natural grasslands. New Phytologist 2019, 226, 1129 -1143.

AMA Style

Wenqing Chen, Jianyu Wang, Zexin Meng, Ran Xu, Jun Chen, Yingjun Zhang, Tianming Hu. Fertility‐related interplay between fungal guilds underlies plant richness–productivity relationships in natural grasslands. New Phytologist. 2019; 226 (4):1129-1143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenqing Chen; Jianyu Wang; Zexin Meng; Ran Xu; Jun Chen; Yingjun Zhang; Tianming Hu. 2019. "Fertility‐related interplay between fungal guilds underlies plant richness–productivity relationships in natural grasslands." New Phytologist 226, no. 4: 1129-1143.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2019 in PeerJ
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Soil aggregate-size classes, structural units of soil, are the important factors regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover. However, the processes of litter C mineralization and storage in different aggregates-size classes are poorly understood, especially in the highly alkaline soils of north China. Here, we ask how four different aggregate sizes influence rates of C release (Cr) and SOC storage (Cs) in response to three types of plant litter added to an un-grazed natural grassland. Highly alkaline soil samples were separated into four dry aggregate classes of different sizes (2-4, 1-2, 0.25-1, and <0.25 mm). Three types of dry dead plant litter (leaf, stem, and all standing dead aboveground litter) of Leymus chinensis were added to each of the four aggregate class samples. Litter mass loss rate, Cr, and Cs were measured periodically during the 56-day incubation. The results showed that the mass loss in 1-2 mm aggregates was significantly greater than that in other size classes of soil aggregates on both day 28 and day 56. Macro-aggregates (1-2 mm) had the highest Cr of all treatments, whereas 0.25-1 mm aggregates had the lowest. In addition, a significant negative relationship was found between Cs/Cr and soil pH. After incubation for 28 and 56 days, the Cs was also highest in the 1-2 mm aggregates, which implied that the macro-aggregates had not only a higher CO2 release capacity, but also a greater litter C storage capacity than the micro-aggregates in the highly alkaline soils of north China.

ACS Style

Chao Yang; Jingjing Li; Yingjun Zhang. Soil aggregates indirectly influence litter carbon storage and release through soil pH in the highly alkaline soils of north China. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7949 .

AMA Style

Chao Yang, Jingjing Li, Yingjun Zhang. Soil aggregates indirectly influence litter carbon storage and release through soil pH in the highly alkaline soils of north China. PeerJ. 2019; 7 ():e7949.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Yang; Jingjing Li; Yingjun Zhang. 2019. "Soil aggregates indirectly influence litter carbon storage and release through soil pH in the highly alkaline soils of north China." PeerJ 7, no. : e7949.

Regular article
Published: 01 August 2019 in Plant and Soil
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Mowing and P-fertilization enhance legume seedling establishment, assisting in successful restoration of degraded grasslands. Legume establishment may influence soil chemical compounds and soil microbial assemblage to facilitate legume productivity. We aim to better understand these complex plant-soil-microbial interactions to improve grassland productivity following overgrazing. We conducted a 3-years Medicago falcata reseeding experiment was in semi-arid meadows, assessing responses of aboveground plant biomass, soil chemical compounds, and soil microbial community composition. Reseeded plots were mowed and/or P-fertilized. Application of both management practices increased grassland biomass compared with all other combinations. Soil chemical diversity predicted fungal alpha diversity, and fungal alpha diversity positively correlated with aboveground biomass. Our results indicate reseeded alfalfa directly altered bulk soil chemical compounds with subsequent alterations in grassland microbial communities. Soils contained chemical compounds with antifungal properties that indirectly improved grassland productivity via antagonism to pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, we found three specific compounds (5-methyltridecane, pentatriacontane, and N-tridecane) reduced microbial diversity. Here we demonstrate soil chemical compounds play an important role in shaping beneficial microbial communities to improve grassland biomass. These results may help direct beneficial soil microbial community composition through improved grassland management practices.

ACS Style

Jiqiong Zhou; Fengge Zhang; Yunqian Huo; Gail W. T. Wilson; Adam B. Cobb; Xixi Xu; Xue Xiong; Lin Liu; Yingjun Zhang. Following legume establishment, microbial and chemical associations facilitate improved productivity in degraded grasslands. Plant and Soil 2019, 443, 273 -292.

AMA Style

Jiqiong Zhou, Fengge Zhang, Yunqian Huo, Gail W. T. Wilson, Adam B. Cobb, Xixi Xu, Xue Xiong, Lin Liu, Yingjun Zhang. Following legume establishment, microbial and chemical associations facilitate improved productivity in degraded grasslands. Plant and Soil. 2019; 443 (1-2):273-292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiqiong Zhou; Fengge Zhang; Yunqian Huo; Gail W. T. Wilson; Adam B. Cobb; Xixi Xu; Xue Xiong; Lin Liu; Yingjun Zhang. 2019. "Following legume establishment, microbial and chemical associations facilitate improved productivity in degraded grasslands." Plant and Soil 443, no. 1-2: 273-292.

Regular article
Published: 24 May 2019 in Plant and Soil
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Soil fungi are considered to be key regulators of plant and soil relationships. The fairy rings (FRs) caused by basidiomycete fungi can influence plant productivity and soil nutrient and microbiome composition. We sought to explore the role of FRs in plant communities and soil properties for two types of grasslands in China. Plant and soil samples were collected from three concentric zones: outside the ring (OUT), on the ring (ON), and inside the ring (IN). Data were collected on plant productivity, plant diversity, soil properties, and soil bacterial diversity. We found that FRs significantly improved plant productivity and diversity in both alpine and temperate grasslands. In the alpine grassland, soil water content, pH and bacterial diversity were lower in the ON zone compared to the OUT zone. Likewise, in temperate grasslands, water content was lower in the ON zone compared to both OUT and IN zones. Also, soil pH and bacterial diversity were higher on the ON zone compared to other both zones. Based on our data, we believe that FR fungi increase plant productivity and diversity, and change the composition of soil bacterial species and diversity. We suggest that the effects of FR fungi on plants included the increase of the soil nutrient content and the effects of FR fungi on soil bacteria included the changes in soil water content and pH value.

ACS Style

Chao Yang; Jingjing Li; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. Effects of fairy ring fungi on plants and soil in the alpine and temperate grasslands of China. Plant and Soil 2019, 441, 499 -510.

AMA Style

Chao Yang, Jingjing Li, Nan Liu, Yingjun Zhang. Effects of fairy ring fungi on plants and soil in the alpine and temperate grasslands of China. Plant and Soil. 2019; 441 (1-2):499-510.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Yang; Jingjing Li; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. 2019. "Effects of fairy ring fungi on plants and soil in the alpine and temperate grasslands of China." Plant and Soil 441, no. 1-2: 499-510.

Research article
Published: 06 January 2019 in Land Degradation & Development
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Seeding legumes into degraded grasslands may effectively replace nitrogen fertilization and restore ecosystem stability by retaining or increasing native plant species diversity while increasing forage production. However, previous research indicated limited legume persistence and potential plant community diversity loss following seeding of legumes into grasslands, constraining successful restoration of degraded grasslands. Our research defined optimal management thresholds for successful legume establishment, reconciling both environmental conservation and production priorities. Large areas of degraded steppe in Inner Mongolia, northeast China, were seeded to either native alfalfa (yellow‐flowered alfalfa: Medicago falcata L.); cultivated alfalfa (purple‐flowered alfalfa: Medicago sativa L.); or left non‐seeded (control). Within each seeded area, management treatments (P‐fertilization or mowing) were assigned to plots in the second year of alfalfa establishment. Our results indicated P amendments and mowing improve native alfalfa establishment, increasing plant productivity while maintaining diverse plant communities, thereby successfully rehabilitating degraded meadow steppe grasslands. However, cultivated alfalfa was not persistent under any management treatment. Alfalfa shoot N and P concentration was linearly related to plant‐available P, indicating P‐fertilization differentially benefits alfalfa compared to the dominate C3 grass, Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. Mowing, successsfully increased plant species diversity and plant species asynchrony; however, mowing did not alter the temporal stability of plant community productivity, potentially maintaining or enhancing ecosystem stability. Our research showed promise that native alfalfa seeding combined with P‐fertilization and mowing can restore degraded grasslands to support both forage production and diverse plant communities.

ACS Style

Jiqiong Zhou; Gail W.T. Wilson; Adam B. Cobb; Gaowen Yang; Yingjun Zhang. Phosphorus and mowing improve native alfalfa establishment, facilitating restoration of grassland productivity and diversity. Land Degradation & Development 2019, 30, 647 -657.

AMA Style

Jiqiong Zhou, Gail W.T. Wilson, Adam B. Cobb, Gaowen Yang, Yingjun Zhang. Phosphorus and mowing improve native alfalfa establishment, facilitating restoration of grassland productivity and diversity. Land Degradation & Development. 2019; 30 (6):647-657.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiqiong Zhou; Gail W.T. Wilson; Adam B. Cobb; Gaowen Yang; Yingjun Zhang. 2019. "Phosphorus and mowing improve native alfalfa establishment, facilitating restoration of grassland productivity and diversity." Land Degradation & Development 30, no. 6: 647-657.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2018 in Geoderma
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Soil aggregate size significantly impacts microbial communities and soil respiration. Soil total porosity and pH can regulate the distribution of soil bacteria and fungal communities within aggregates, thereby influencing soil respiration. However, it is unclear how it affects the microbial community composition distributed in soil aggregates, especially for fungal communities. The roles of soil total porosity and pH in controlling the microbial composition of soil aggregates are also unknown. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA and ITS gene regions to target bacterial and fungal members of aggregate samples of four sizes (2–4 mm, 1–2 mm, 0.25–1 mm and <0.25 mm). Our results showed that high respiration occurred in soil aggregates of 2–4 mm and 1–2 mm when there was high soil total porosity and low soil pH than in aggregates of 0.25–1 mm and <0.25 mm. Moreover, soil aggregates of 2–4 mm and 1–2 mm were dominated by four bacterial families (Oxalobacteraceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Cytophagaceae and Gemmatimonadaceae) and two fungal families (Lasiosphaeriaceae and Rhizophlyctidaceae), while the 0.25–1 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates were dominated by two bacterial families (Bacillaceae and Clostridiaceae) and one fungal family (Nectriaceae). Our results suggest that soil organic carbon and total porosity positively influenced the bacterial Shannon index, which led to a further positive influence on soil aggregate respiration, while soil pH positively affected the soil fungal Shannon index, leading to increased negative control of the respiration of soil aggregates.

ACS Style

Chao Yang; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. Soil aggregates regulate the impact of soil bacterial and fungal communities on soil respiration. Geoderma 2018, 337, 444 -452.

AMA Style

Chao Yang, Nan Liu, Yingjun Zhang. Soil aggregates regulate the impact of soil bacterial and fungal communities on soil respiration. Geoderma. 2018; 337 ():444-452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Yang; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. 2018. "Soil aggregates regulate the impact of soil bacterial and fungal communities on soil respiration." Geoderma 337, no. : 444-452.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2018 in Soil Biology and Biochemistry
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Soil fungal communities are critical to decomposition, nutrient cycling and the maintenance of plant diversity and abundance. However, despite global increases in reactive nitrogen (N) inputs to terrestrial ecosystems, due to anthropogenic activities, an explicit evaluation of the direct (resource availability) and indirect (acidification and plant community changes) effects of N enrichment on soil fungal communities in grassland ecosystems remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used Illumina sequencing of the ITS1 barcode region to elucidate the responses of soil fungal communities using a 7-year simulated N deposition experiment that spanned a broad range of N addition rates and made a systematic evaluation of the role and relative importance of N availability, plant community and soil acidification as drivers of soil fungal diversity in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem. Our results showed that N enrichment led to significant declines in soil fungal alpha diversity and promoted strong shifts in beta diversity (community composition) in both surface and subsurface soil layers. We found that N addition-induced soil acidification overwhelmed the effects of increased N availability and plant community changes, and played a primary role in shaping the observed changes in fungal alpha and beta diversity in surface soil. Conversely, in the subsurface soil layer, both fungal alpha and beta diversity were primarily controlled by N addition-induced changes in plant community attributes (i.e., aboveground plant productivity and plant community composition). Thus, our work illustrates the consistent responses of surface and subsurface soil fungal diversity (both alpha and beta diversity) to N addition that are mediated by different mechanisms and provides an integrated insight into how N enrichment could alter soil fungal diversity in semi-arid grassland in future scenarios of elevated N deposition.

ACS Style

Wenqing Chen; Ran Xu; Jun Chen; Xianping Yuan; Lei Zhou; Tianyuan Tan; Jinrui Fan; Yingjun Zhang; Tianming Hu. Consistent responses of surface- and subsurface soil fungal diversity to N enrichment are mediated differently by acidification and plant community in a semi-arid grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2018, 127, 110 -119.

AMA Style

Wenqing Chen, Ran Xu, Jun Chen, Xianping Yuan, Lei Zhou, Tianyuan Tan, Jinrui Fan, Yingjun Zhang, Tianming Hu. Consistent responses of surface- and subsurface soil fungal diversity to N enrichment are mediated differently by acidification and plant community in a semi-arid grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2018; 127 ():110-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenqing Chen; Ran Xu; Jun Chen; Xianping Yuan; Lei Zhou; Tianyuan Tan; Jinrui Fan; Yingjun Zhang; Tianming Hu. 2018. "Consistent responses of surface- and subsurface soil fungal diversity to N enrichment are mediated differently by acidification and plant community in a semi-arid grassland." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 127, no. : 110-119.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2018 in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
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A split-root system was established to investigate the effects of uniform (0/0, 50/50, and 200/200 mM salt [NaCl]) and non-uniform (0/200 and 50/200 mM NaCl) salt stress on growth, ion regulation, and the antioxidant defense system of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by comparing a salt-tolerant (Zhongmu No.1) and salt-sensitive (Algonquin) cultivar. We found that non-uniform salinity was associated with greater plant growth rate and shoot dry weight, lower leaf Na+ concentration, higher leaf potassium cation (K+) concentration, lower lipid peroxidation, and greater superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activities, compared to uniform salt stress in both alfalfa cultivars. Under non-uniform salinity, a significant increase in Na+ concentration and Na+ efflux and a decline in K+ efflux in the no-saline or low-saline part of the roots alleviated salt damage. Our results also demonstrated that proline and antioxidant enzymes accumulated in both the no- or low-saline and high-saline roots, revealing that osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense had systemic rather than localized effects in alfalfa plants, and there was a functional equilibrium within the root system under non-uniform salt stress. The salt-tolerant cultivar Zhongmu No.1 exhibited greater levels of growth compared to Algonquin under both uniform and non-uniform salt stress, with Na+ tolerance and efflux abilities more effective and greater antioxidant defense capacity evident for cultivar Zhongmu No.1.

ACS Style

Xue Xiong; Nan Liu; Yu-Qi Wei; Yi-Xian Bi; Jian-Chuan Luo; Rui-Xuan Xu; Ji-Qiong Zhou; Ying-Jun Zhang. Effects of non-uniform root zone salinity on growth, ion regulation, and antioxidant defense system in two alfalfa cultivars. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2018, 132, 434 -444.

AMA Style

Xue Xiong, Nan Liu, Yu-Qi Wei, Yi-Xian Bi, Jian-Chuan Luo, Rui-Xuan Xu, Ji-Qiong Zhou, Ying-Jun Zhang. Effects of non-uniform root zone salinity on growth, ion regulation, and antioxidant defense system in two alfalfa cultivars. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018; 132 ():434-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xue Xiong; Nan Liu; Yu-Qi Wei; Yi-Xian Bi; Jian-Chuan Luo; Rui-Xuan Xu; Ji-Qiong Zhou; Ying-Jun Zhang. 2018. "Effects of non-uniform root zone salinity on growth, ion regulation, and antioxidant defense system in two alfalfa cultivars." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 132, no. : 434-444.

Research article
Published: 10 September 2018 in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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DNA-barcoding approaches to estimate the diet compositions of grazing animals have received significant attention, and particularly when combined with next-generation sequencing, these techniques have substantially improved in recent years. In this study, the identity and species composition of plant material ingested by Mongolian sheep were estimated through the use of 350 bp ITS2 gene sequences of the vegetation found in fecal samples. Four diets were formulated using varying amounts of eight plant species that are common in the grasslands of northern China. Sixteen Mongolian sheep were taken from pastures and randomly assigned to four groups, and each group received one of four diets. Each sheep was randomly assigned to one of 16 confinement pens and fed its respective diet for 12 consecutive days. Fecal samples were removed from each pen from days 7–12, preserved, and composited for each pen. All herbage species included in the daily diets were detected in each fecal sample, with the exception of Phragmites australis. Moreover, 12 additional different plant species were retrieved from feces of the experimental sheep. The obtained data provided preliminary support for the use of the ITS2 barcode to determine which plants were consumed. Moreover, the proportions of the herbage DNA sequences recovered from sheep feces and those of the herbage masses in the daily diets did not completely match. These results indicate that the non-Gramineae DNA sequences amplified with ITS2 primers (including those of Chenopodium album, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia tanacetifolia, and Medicago sativa) far exceeded those of the Gramineae species (including Leymus chinensis and Puccinellia distans), which constitute the largest share of the experimental diets. A significant positive correlation (Spearman’s ρ = 0.376, P = 0.003) between the actual herbage mass proportions in the experimental diets and the herbage-DNA-sequence proportions provided sufficiently favorable support for the further investigation of DNA barcoding for the quantification of plants in feces. A significant regression coefficient was found between the relative DNA-sequence proportions of L. chinensis (R2 = 0.82, P < 0.0001), P. distans (R2 = 0.64, P = 0.0017), and C. album (R2 = 0.98, P < 0.0001) and their respective herbage mass proportions. The quantitative relationship can be expressed by the linear-regression equations y = 0.90x – 0.22, y = 0.98x – 0.03, and y = 5.00x – 0.25, respectively. Thus, these results demonstrate that dietary-DNA-barcoding methods exhibited potential in providing valuable quantitative information regarding food-item components. However, it should be noted that this explorative data needs to be further improved by using additional genes and by creating a sophisticated reference database, thus enhancing both quality and accuracy of the obtained results.

ACS Style

Yanping Guo; Hao Zhang; Wenqing Chen; Yingjun Zhang. Herbivore-Diet Analysis Based on Illumina MiSeq Sequencing: The Potential Use of an ITS2-Barcoding Approach to Establish Qualitative and Quantitative Predictions of Diet Composition of Mongolian Sheep. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2018, 66, 9858 -9867.

AMA Style

Yanping Guo, Hao Zhang, Wenqing Chen, Yingjun Zhang. Herbivore-Diet Analysis Based on Illumina MiSeq Sequencing: The Potential Use of an ITS2-Barcoding Approach to Establish Qualitative and Quantitative Predictions of Diet Composition of Mongolian Sheep. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2018; 66 (37):9858-9867.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanping Guo; Hao Zhang; Wenqing Chen; Yingjun Zhang. 2018. "Herbivore-Diet Analysis Based on Illumina MiSeq Sequencing: The Potential Use of an ITS2-Barcoding Approach to Establish Qualitative and Quantitative Predictions of Diet Composition of Mongolian Sheep." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, no. 37: 9858-9867.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2018 in BMC Ecology
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Forage nutritive value plays an important role in livestock nutrition and maintaining sustainable grassland ecosystems, and grazing management can affect the quality of forage. In this study, we investigated the effects of different grazing intensities on the nutritive values of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev, Artemisia spp. and Carex duriuscula C. A. Mey in the steppes of China during the growing seasons from 2011 to 2013. Five grazing management treatments were implemented: (1) rest grazing in spring, heavy grazing in summer and moderate grazing in autumn (RHM), (2) rest grazing in spring, moderate grazing in summer and heavy grazing in autumn (RMH), (3) heavy grazing though all seasons (HHH), (4) heavy grazing in spring and summer and moderate grazing in autumn (HHM) and (5) continuous moderate grazing in all seasons (MMM). There were significant effects of year, season, treatment, and year × season and year × treatment interactions only on the crude protein of L. chinensis (P < 0.05). The crude protein concentrations of L. chinensis in the plots of constant high grazing pressure (HHH) and reduced grazing pressure in the last grazing stage (HHM) were higher than with deferred grazing (RMH and RHM, P < 0.05) in spring from 2011 to 2012. For Artemisia spp. and C. duriuscula, the crude protein concentration in HHH was higher than that in RMH (P < 0.05) in the summer of 2011. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) for ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and Ca concentration for any of the grasses in spring and summer from 2011 to 2013 under the different grazing management treatments. The nutritive value of L. chinensis was more responsive to grazing disturbance than Artemisia spp. and C. duriuscula, and heavy grazing maintained a relatively high crude protein content in all species. Seasonal and interannual seasonal differences in grazing management combinations were two of the most important factors in determining the variability of forage nutritive value, including crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and calcium, for L. chinensis, Artemisia spp. and C. duriuscula. We suggest that moderate grazing should be adopted to ensure the quality and yield of forage and promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry.

ACS Style

Xiajie Zhai; Yingjun Zhang; Kun Wang; Qian Chen; Shuiyan Li; Ding Huang. Grazing effects on the nutritive value of dominant species in steppe grasslands of northern China. BMC Ecology 2018, 18, 30 .

AMA Style

Xiajie Zhai, Yingjun Zhang, Kun Wang, Qian Chen, Shuiyan Li, Ding Huang. Grazing effects on the nutritive value of dominant species in steppe grasslands of northern China. BMC Ecology. 2018; 18 (1):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiajie Zhai; Yingjun Zhang; Kun Wang; Qian Chen; Shuiyan Li; Ding Huang. 2018. "Grazing effects on the nutritive value of dominant species in steppe grasslands of northern China." BMC Ecology 18, no. 1: 30.

Regular article
Published: 23 August 2018 in Plant and Soil
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are abundant in grassland ecosystem. We assessed AM hyphal contributions to soil CO2 efflux across plant functional groups to better quantify AM fungal influences on soil carbon dynamics. We conducted a field experiment using in-growth mesocosms to partition soil CO2 efflux from roots, AM hyphae, and free-living soil microbes associated with C3 grasses, C4 grasses, forbs, and diverse plant communities from May to August in 2017. AM hyphae contributed <10% to total soil respiration in forb communities and diverse plant communities but accounted for as much as 32% in C3 grasses. Plant functional groups differed in hyphal production efficiencies (the ratio of AM hyphal length to aboveground biomass), with the lowest in C3 grasses (0.47 ± 0.15 m g−1) and the greatest in forbs (3.27 ± 0.55 m g−1). Mowing reduced hyphal production efficiency of C4 grasses and forbs but did not affect total soil respiration. AM hyphal and microbial respiration peaked at the middle of the growing season, however there was no significant seasonal variation in root respiration. AM hyphal respiration is an important pathway of carbon flux from plants to atmosphere. Shifts in plant community composition can influence soil carbon processes by regulating hyphal production and respiration.

ACS Style

Weiyang Gui; Haiyan Ren; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang; Adam B. Cobb; Gail W. T. Wilson; Xiao Sun; Jian Hu; Yan Xiao; Fengge Zhang; Gaowen Yang. Plant functional group influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance and hyphal contribution to soil CO2 efflux in temperate grasslands. Plant and Soil 2018, 432, 157 -170.

AMA Style

Weiyang Gui, Haiyan Ren, Nan Liu, Yingjun Zhang, Adam B. Cobb, Gail W. T. Wilson, Xiao Sun, Jian Hu, Yan Xiao, Fengge Zhang, Gaowen Yang. Plant functional group influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance and hyphal contribution to soil CO2 efflux in temperate grasslands. Plant and Soil. 2018; 432 (1-2):157-170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiyang Gui; Haiyan Ren; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang; Adam B. Cobb; Gail W. T. Wilson; Xiao Sun; Jian Hu; Yan Xiao; Fengge Zhang; Gaowen Yang. 2018. "Plant functional group influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance and hyphal contribution to soil CO2 efflux in temperate grasslands." Plant and Soil 432, no. 1-2: 157-170.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Fungal Ecology
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The Redfield ratio (or stoichiometry) is widely used as a reference to differentiate between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in plankton and in the deep oceanic waters. Whether the Redfield ratio is applicable to plant and soil fungal growth is rarely considered. Fairy rings (FRs) caused by Agaricus gennadii can influence plant productivity and soil nutrient composition. However, the internal mechanisms associated with the optimal Redfield N: P ratio remain unclear. Changes in plant and soil stoichiometry in three concentric zones of FRs occurring in the temperate steppe of China, namely outside the ring (Out), on the ring (On), and inside the ring (In), were assessed in order to confirm the effects of FR fungi on plants and soil and explain the mechanisms using nutrient stoichiometry. We observed a significantly higher aboveground biomass only in the On zone. The plant N: P ratio was 14.5, 10.4, and 7.3 in the Out, On, and In zones, respectively. This indicates that the limiting element of the aboveground biomass was P in the Out zone and N in the In zone, while the On zone possessed an optimal plant N: P ratio and relatively high aboveground biomass. As with the plant N: P ratio, the On and In zones displayed a significantly lower soil inorganic N: available P ratio than the Out zone. The plant N: P ratio was highly positively correlated with the soil inorganic N: available P ratio. Our results suggest that FR fungi with low N: P ratio shift the soil ecosystem from P- to N-limited, thereby accelerating the uptake of soil N by plants. As with the plant N: P ratio, the soil inorganic N: available P ratio can also be used to evaluate whether N or P is more limiting for plant production in grassland ecosystems.

ACS Style

Chao Yang; Jingjing Li; Fengge Zhang; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. The optimal Redfield N: P ratio caused by fairy ring fungi stimulates plant productivity in the temperate steppe of China. Fungal Ecology 2018, 34, 91 -98.

AMA Style

Chao Yang, Jingjing Li, Fengge Zhang, Nan Liu, Yingjun Zhang. The optimal Redfield N: P ratio caused by fairy ring fungi stimulates plant productivity in the temperate steppe of China. Fungal Ecology. 2018; 34 ():91-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Yang; Jingjing Li; Fengge Zhang; Nan Liu; Yingjun Zhang. 2018. "The optimal Redfield N: P ratio caused by fairy ring fungi stimulates plant productivity in the temperate steppe of China." Fungal Ecology 34, no. : 91-98.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2018 in 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics)
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Crops are greatly affected by the temperature of farmland surface during their growing period. It is feasible to investigate the growth status of crops based on temperature information. For serving the research of crop growth status, the component temperature (e.g. temperature of vegetation and temperature of soil) are in need to be obtained. In this study, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) temperature measurement system with a thermal infrared (TIR) imager and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is assembled and applied to measure the brightness temperatures of farmland surface. The target areas were photographed by the UAV temperature measurement system according to a pre-set route, and obtain TIR and visible images. The component temperatures are obtained from the TIR image as following processes: (1) When shaded components are negligible at noon, two components, i.e. vegetation and soil, are divided by the OTSU algorithm; and (2) When shaded components cannot be ignored in the morning and afternoon, various components, i.e. vegetation, soil and concrete, the TIR image is divided into soil, vegetation and concrete by the corresponding classified visible images; Then, each of the components is divided into light and shaded components by the OTSU algorithm; thus, four components are obtained, including sunlit vegetation, shaded vegetation, sunlit soil, and shaded soil. The derived component temperatures can serve as inputs to agricultural and water resource models.

ACS Style

Yingjun Zhang; Ji Zhou; Lingxuan Meng; Mingsong Li; Lirong Ding; Jin Ma. A Method for Deriving Plant Temperature from UAV TIR Image. 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics) 2018, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Yingjun Zhang, Ji Zhou, Lingxuan Meng, Mingsong Li, Lirong Ding, Jin Ma. A Method for Deriving Plant Temperature from UAV TIR Image. 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). 2018; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yingjun Zhang; Ji Zhou; Lingxuan Meng; Mingsong Li; Lirong Ding; Jin Ma. 2018. "A Method for Deriving Plant Temperature from UAV TIR Image." 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics) , no. : 1-5.