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Jm Norris
Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Journal article
Published: 07 August 2021 in Journal of Comparative Pathology
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In a histopathological study of the renal crest (RC) of kidneys of cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), 58/90 (64%) had epithelial proliferation. Of these, 33 cats had hyperplasia of the collecting duct (CD) epithelium (CDH) alone, eight had hyperplasia of the urothelium covering the RC (RCUH), of which one had concurrent abaxial renal pelvic urothelial hyperplasia (UH), and eight had both CDH and RCUH. CDH or RCUH were present in five cats with marked dysplasia of the CD epithelium (CDD) and four cats with invasive carcinomas, which also had epithelial dysplasia. All nine cats with marked dysplasia or neoplasia of the RC also had substantially altered RC contours due to focal haemorrhage, papillary necrosis or fibrosis. Three of the carcinomas had a strong desmoplastic response. In control cats, both urothelial (RC and renal pelvis) and tubular (CD and distal tubular) cells were immunopositive for cytokeratin (CK; AE1/AE3), tubular epithelial cells were positive for vimentin (Vim) and aquaporin 2 (Aq2), while urothelial cells were positive for p63. PAX8 immunolabelling was difficult to validate. CD and UH labelling was similar to control tissue. While urothelial dysplasia had the same immunolabelling pattern as UH and control tissue, CDD was generally immunonegative for Aq2. As immunolabelling of the four carcinomas did not distinguish between tubular and urothelial origin, with three positive for both Vim and p63, all were broadly designated as RC carcinomas. Overall, proliferative epithelial lesions are common in cats with CKD and form a continuum from simple hyperplasia to neoplasia of the urothelium or CD of the RC.

ACS Style

Joanna D. White; Katrina L. Bosward; Jacqueline M. Norris; Richard Malik; Scott A. Lindsay; Paul J. Canfield. Renal Crest Proliferative Lesions in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 2021, 187, 52 -62.

AMA Style

Joanna D. White, Katrina L. Bosward, Jacqueline M. Norris, Richard Malik, Scott A. Lindsay, Paul J. Canfield. Renal Crest Proliferative Lesions in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2021; 187 ():52-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joanna D. White; Katrina L. Bosward; Jacqueline M. Norris; Richard Malik; Scott A. Lindsay; Paul J. Canfield. 2021. "Renal Crest Proliferative Lesions in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease." Journal of Comparative Pathology 187, no. : 52-62.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2021 in Pathogens
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Rickettsioses are arthropod-borne zoonotic diseases, several of which occur in Australia. This study aimed to assess the exposure levels and risk factors for Rickettsia spp. among Australian wildlife rehabilitators (AWRs) using serology, PCR and a questionnaire. Antibody titres against Spotted Fever Group (SFG), Typhus Group (TG) and Scrub Typhus Group (STG) antigens were determined using an immunofluorescence assay. PCR targeting the gltA gene was performed on DNA extracts from whole blood and serum. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Of the 27 (22.1%; 27/122) seropositive participants all were seropositive for SFG, with 5/27 (4.1%) also positive for TG. Of the 27 positive sera, 14.8% (4/27) were further classified as exposure to R. australis, 3.7% (1/27) to R. honei, 3.7% (1/27) to R. felis and 77.8% (21/27) were classified as ‘indeterminate’—most of which (85.7%; 18/21) were indeterminate R. australis/R. honei exposures. Rickettsia DNA was not detected in whole blood or serum. Rehabilitators were more likely to be seropositive if more than one household member rehabilitated wildlife, were older than 50 years or had occupational animal contact. These findings suggest that AWRs are at increased risk of contracting Rickettsia-related illnesses, however the source of the increased seropositivity remains unclear.

ACS Style

Karen Mathews; David Phalen; Jacqueline Norris; John Stenos; Jenny-Ann Toribio; Nicholas Wood; Stephen Graves; Paul Sheehy; Chelsea Nguyen; Katrina Bosward. Serological Evidence of Exposure to Spotted Fever Group and Typhus Group Rickettsiae in Australian Wildlife Rehabilitators. Pathogens 2021, 10, 745 .

AMA Style

Karen Mathews, David Phalen, Jacqueline Norris, John Stenos, Jenny-Ann Toribio, Nicholas Wood, Stephen Graves, Paul Sheehy, Chelsea Nguyen, Katrina Bosward. Serological Evidence of Exposure to Spotted Fever Group and Typhus Group Rickettsiae in Australian Wildlife Rehabilitators. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (6):745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karen Mathews; David Phalen; Jacqueline Norris; John Stenos; Jenny-Ann Toribio; Nicholas Wood; Stephen Graves; Paul Sheehy; Chelsea Nguyen; Katrina Bosward. 2021. "Serological Evidence of Exposure to Spotted Fever Group and Typhus Group Rickettsiae in Australian Wildlife Rehabilitators." Pathogens 10, no. 6: 745.

Guideline
Published: 29 March 2021 in Australian Veterinary Journal
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ACS Style

P Gray; R Jenner; J Norris; S Page; G Browning; the Australian Veterinary Association Ltd and Animal Medicines Australia. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for poultry. Australian Veterinary Journal 2021, 99, 181 -235.

AMA Style

P Gray, R Jenner, J Norris, S Page, G Browning, the Australian Veterinary Association Ltd and Animal Medicines Australia. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for poultry. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2021; 99 (6):181-235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P Gray; R Jenner; J Norris; S Page; G Browning; the Australian Veterinary Association Ltd and Animal Medicines Australia. 2021. "Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for poultry." Australian Veterinary Journal 99, no. 6: 181-235.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2021 in Viruses
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Although the antibody response induced by primary vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® FIV (three doses, 2–4 weeks apart) is well described, the antibody response induced by annual vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® FIV (single dose every 12 months after primary vaccination) and how it compares to the primary antibody response has not been studied. Residual blood samples from a primary FIV vaccination study (n = 11), and blood samples from cats given an annual FIV vaccination (n = 10), were utilized. Samples from all 21 cats were tested with a commercially available PCR assay (FIV RealPCRTM), an anti-p24 microsphere immunoassay (MIA), an anti-FIV transmembrane (TM; gp40) peptide ELISA, and a range of commercially available point-of-care (PoC) FIV antibody kits. PCR testing confirmed all 21 cats to be FIV-uninfected for the duration of this study. Results from MIA and ELISA testing showed that both vaccination regimes induced significant antibody responses against p24 and gp40, and both anti-p24 and anti-gp40 antibodies were variably present 12 months after FIV vaccination. The magnitude of the antibody response against both p24 and gp40 was significantly higher in the primary FIV vaccination group than in the annual FIV vaccination group. The differences in prime versus recall post-vaccinal antibody levels correlated with FIV PoC kit performance. Two FIV PoC kits that detect antibodies against gp40, namely Witness® and Anigen Rapid®, showed 100% specificity in cats recently administered an annual FIV vaccination, demonstrating that they can be used to accurately distinguish vaccination and infection in annually vaccinated cats. A third FIV PoC kit, SNAP® Combo, had 0% specificity in annually FIV-vaccinated cats, and should not be used in any cat with a possible history of FIV vaccination. This study outlines the antibody response to inactivated Fel-O-Vax® FIV whole-virus vaccine, and demonstrates how best to diagnose FIV infection in jurisdictions where FIV vaccination is practiced.

ACS Style

Mark Westman; Dennis Yang; Jennifer Green; Jacqueline Norris; Richard Malik; Yasmin Parr; Mike McDonald; Margaret Hosie; Sue VandeWoude; Craig Miller. Antibody Responses in Cats Following Primary and Annual Vaccination against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) with an Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® FIV). Viruses 2021, 13, 470 .

AMA Style

Mark Westman, Dennis Yang, Jennifer Green, Jacqueline Norris, Richard Malik, Yasmin Parr, Mike McDonald, Margaret Hosie, Sue VandeWoude, Craig Miller. Antibody Responses in Cats Following Primary and Annual Vaccination against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) with an Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® FIV). Viruses. 2021; 13 (3):470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Westman; Dennis Yang; Jennifer Green; Jacqueline Norris; Richard Malik; Yasmin Parr; Mike McDonald; Margaret Hosie; Sue VandeWoude; Craig Miller. 2021. "Antibody Responses in Cats Following Primary and Annual Vaccination against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) with an Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® FIV)." Viruses 13, no. 3: 470.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Viruses
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A field study undertaken in Australia compared the antibody responses induced in client-owned cats that had been vaccinated using two inactivated whole feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccines, the monovalent vaccine Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K and the polyvalent vaccine Fel-O-Vax® 5. Serum samples from 428 FeLV-uninfected cats (118 FeLV-vaccinated and 310 FeLV-unvaccinated) were tested for anti-FeLV neutralising antibodies (NAb) using a live virus neutralisation assay to identify 378 FeLV-unexposed (NAb-negative) and 50 FeLV-exposed (NAb-positive; abortive infections) cats, following by anti-surface unit (SU) FeLV-A and FeLV-B antibody ELISA testing. An additional 42 FeLV-infected cats (28 presumptively regressively infected, 14 presumptively progressively infected) were also tested for anti-SU antibodies. NAb-positive cats displayed significantly higher anti-SU antibody ELISA responses compared to NAb-negative cats (p < 0.001). FeLV-unexposed cats (NAb-negative) that had been vaccinated less than 18 months after a previous FeLV vaccination using the monovalent vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K) displayed higher anti-SU antibody ELISA responses than a comparable group vaccinated with the polyvalent vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® 5) (p < 0.001 for both anti-FeLV-A and FeLV-B SU antibody responses). This difference in anti-SU antibody responses between cats vaccinated with the monovalent or polyvalent vaccine, however, was not observed in cats that had been naturally exposed to FeLV (NAb-positive) (p = 0.33). It was postulated that vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® 5 primed the humoral response prior to FeLV exposure, such that antibody production increased when the animal was challenged, while vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K induced an immediate preparatory antibody response that did not quantitatively increase after FeLV exposure. These results raise questions about the comparable vaccine efficacy of the different FeLV vaccine formulations and correlates of protection.

ACS Style

Mark Westman; Jacqueline Norris; Richard Malik; Regina Hofmann-Lehmann; Yasmin Parr; Emma Armstrong; Mike McDonald; Evelyn Hall; Paul Sheehy; Margaret Hosie. Anti-SU Antibody Responses in Client-Owned Cats Following Vaccination against Feline Leukaemia Virus with Two Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccines (Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K and Fel-O-Vax® 5). Viruses 2021, 13, 240 .

AMA Style

Mark Westman, Jacqueline Norris, Richard Malik, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Yasmin Parr, Emma Armstrong, Mike McDonald, Evelyn Hall, Paul Sheehy, Margaret Hosie. Anti-SU Antibody Responses in Client-Owned Cats Following Vaccination against Feline Leukaemia Virus with Two Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccines (Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K and Fel-O-Vax® 5). Viruses. 2021; 13 (2):240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Westman; Jacqueline Norris; Richard Malik; Regina Hofmann-Lehmann; Yasmin Parr; Emma Armstrong; Mike McDonald; Evelyn Hall; Paul Sheehy; Margaret Hosie. 2021. "Anti-SU Antibody Responses in Client-Owned Cats Following Vaccination against Feline Leukaemia Virus with Two Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccines (Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K and Fel-O-Vax® 5)." Viruses 13, no. 2: 240.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Animals
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Dogs are important companions to people but can also present challenges to health and safety of communities if their populations are not effectively managed. Dog population management (DPM) is often undertaken by individual dog owners; however, some communities require additional DPM interventions, especially when veterinary services are unavailable or underutilised. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a DPM intervention conducted in 13 communities between September 2016 and November 2019 and assessed the utility of routinely collected data—program metrics and secondary data collected by local governments—to measure indicators of impacts. The intervention resulted in significant increases in the proportion of dogs presenting that were microchipped and surgically sterilised in participating communities. The intervention also resulted in significant reductions in dog attack incidents and euthanasia of dogs in council pounds in communities that participated for three or more years. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of DPM interventions is critical to determine if impacts are being achieved. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of a DPM intervention for community safety and dog welfare and highlights the utility of routinely collected data. We also suggest benchmarks for indicators of community engagement to guide planning and monitoring of similar interventions.

ACS Style

Gemma C Ma; Ann-Margret Withers; Jessica Spencer; Jacqueline M Norris; Michael P Ward. Evaluation of a Dog Population Management Intervention: Measuring Indicators of Impact. Animals 2020, 10, 1061 .

AMA Style

Gemma C Ma, Ann-Margret Withers, Jessica Spencer, Jacqueline M Norris, Michael P Ward. Evaluation of a Dog Population Management Intervention: Measuring Indicators of Impact. Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1061.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gemma C Ma; Ann-Margret Withers; Jessica Spencer; Jacqueline M Norris; Michael P Ward. 2020. "Evaluation of a Dog Population Management Intervention: Measuring Indicators of Impact." Animals 10, no. 6: 1061.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2020 in Animals
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The pharmacokinetic profile of mefloquine was investigated as a preliminary study towards a potential treatment for feline coronavirus infections (such as feline infectious peritonitis) or feline calicivirus infections. Mefloquine was administered at 62.5 mg orally to seven clinically healthy cats twice weekly for four doses and mefloquine plasma concentrations over 336 h were measured using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) after a single oral dose of mefloquine was 2.71 ug/mL and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) was 15 h. The elimination half-life was 224 h. The plasma concentration reached a higher level at 4.06 ug/mL when mefloquine was administered with food. Adverse effects of dosing included vomiting following administration without food in some cats. Mild increases in serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), but not creatinine, concentrations were observed. Mefloquine may provide a safe effective treatment for feline coronavirus and feline calicivirus infections in cats.

ACS Style

Jane Yu; Benjamin Kimble; Jacqueline M. Norris; Merran Govendir. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Oral Administration of Mefloquine to Clinically Normal Cats: A Preliminary In-Vivo Study of a Potential Treatment for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). Animals 2020, 10, 1000 .

AMA Style

Jane Yu, Benjamin Kimble, Jacqueline M. Norris, Merran Govendir. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Oral Administration of Mefloquine to Clinically Normal Cats: A Preliminary In-Vivo Study of a Potential Treatment for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1000.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jane Yu; Benjamin Kimble; Jacqueline M. Norris; Merran Govendir. 2020. "Pharmacokinetic Profile of Oral Administration of Mefloquine to Clinically Normal Cats: A Preliminary In-Vivo Study of a Potential Treatment for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)." Animals 10, no. 6: 1000.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in Animals
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Dogs are important companions to people in many societies; however, dogs can also be associated with risks to public health and safety. Dog population management is therefore an important consideration globally. This study aimed to better understand the role of dogs in Aboriginal communities and the barriers to accessing veterinary services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 85 dog owners from nine Aboriginal communities across New South Wales, Australia. Many positive aspects of dog ownership were identified and few negatives. Dogs are considered an important part of family and community life and many dogs are allowed indoors (63.4%), even sharing beds with their owners. Most dogs were kept for companionship (84.7%) and/or as guard dogs (45.9%) and all respondents considered their dog part of their family. However, respondents had low levels of engagement with mainstream veterinary services, and many respondents identified significant barriers to accessing veterinary services, especially cost and transport. This study demonstrates the important and positive role of dogs in Aboriginal families and communities but also highlights a significant veterinary service gap. Our findings demonstrate that different perspectives on the role of dogs necessitates a different, culturally inclusive approach to dog management interventions.

ACS Style

Gemma C Ma; Jason Ford; Lillian Lucas; Jacqueline M Norris; Jessica Spencer; Ann-Margret Withers; Michael P Ward. “They Reckon They’re Man’s Best Friend and I Believe That.” Understanding Relationships with Dogs in Australian Aboriginal Communities to Inform Effective Dog Population Management. Animals 2020, 10, 810 .

AMA Style

Gemma C Ma, Jason Ford, Lillian Lucas, Jacqueline M Norris, Jessica Spencer, Ann-Margret Withers, Michael P Ward. “They Reckon They’re Man’s Best Friend and I Believe That.” Understanding Relationships with Dogs in Australian Aboriginal Communities to Inform Effective Dog Population Management. Animals. 2020; 10 (5):810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gemma C Ma; Jason Ford; Lillian Lucas; Jacqueline M Norris; Jessica Spencer; Ann-Margret Withers; Michael P Ward. 2020. "“They Reckon They’re Man’s Best Friend and I Believe That.” Understanding Relationships with Dogs in Australian Aboriginal Communities to Inform Effective Dog Population Management." Animals 10, no. 5: 810.

Original article
Published: 29 April 2020 in Zoonoses and Public Health
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The discovery of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in cattery‐confined breeding cats indicating prior or current exposure (Shapiro et al., 2015) prompted an investigation into possible sources of infection. One hypothesis was that raw meat diets containing reservoir species may provide a source of C. burnetii transmission. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether C. burnetii DNA was present in raw meat sold exclusively for companion animal consumption. The sample population consisted of raw meat packages (n = 58) of primarily kangaroo origin, with three to four aliquots (50–120 mg) randomly selected from each package. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole tissue in each of these aliquots using a modified protocol. Three quantitative PCR assays were used for the detection of C. burnetii targeting the IS1111 gene, the heat shock operon htpAB and the C. burnetii outer membrane protein‐coding gene, com1. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in 25/58 samples (43%) using the IS1111, htpAB and/or com1 PCR assays and confirmed by DNA sequencing. All samples amplifying a product in the com1 assay also amplified a product in the htpAB and IS1111 assays. A total of 17/58 (29%) packets were positive with all three genes, 4/58 (7%) were positive with two genes (IS1111 and htpAB) and 4/58 (7%) were positive with the IS1111 gene only. Coxiella burnetii DNA was five times more likely to be found in offal than skeletal muscle meat samples. All meat samples in which C. burnetii DNA was found were from kangaroo tissues, while samples labelled as non‐kangaroo meat (n = 4) were negative. Multi‐locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) identified three different genotypes of C. burnetii that have all been identified previously from Australian human clinical Q fever cases. Further investigations are required to determine the potential role of certain raw meats in the transmission of C. burnetii to cats and humans.

ACS Style

Amanda Shapiro; Katrina Bosward; Karen Mathews; Gemma Vincent; John Stenos; Mythili Tadepalli; Jacqueline Norris. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in raw meat intended for pet consumption. Zoonoses and Public Health 2020, 67, 443 -452.

AMA Style

Amanda Shapiro, Katrina Bosward, Karen Mathews, Gemma Vincent, John Stenos, Mythili Tadepalli, Jacqueline Norris. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in raw meat intended for pet consumption. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2020; 67 (4):443-452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amanda Shapiro; Katrina Bosward; Karen Mathews; Gemma Vincent; John Stenos; Mythili Tadepalli; Jacqueline Norris. 2020. "Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in raw meat intended for pet consumption." Zoonoses and Public Health 67, no. 4: 443-452.

Research article
Published: 14 April 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic, fatal, viral-induced, immune-mediated disease of cats caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Mefloquine, a human anti-malarial agent, has been shown to inhibit FIPV in vitro. As a first step to evaluate its efficacy and safety profile as a potential FIP treatment for cats, mefloquine underwent incubation in feline, canine and common brush-tailed possum microsomes and phase I metabolism cofactors to determine its rate of phase I depletion. Tramadol was used as a phase I positive control as it undergoes this reaction in both dogs and cats. Using the substrate depletion method, the in vitro intrinsic clearance (mean ± S.D.) of mefloquine by pooled feline and common brush-tailed possum microsomes was 4.5 ± 0.35 and 18.25 ± 3.18 μL/min/mg protein, respectively. However, phase I intrinsic clearance was too slow to determine with canine microsomes. Liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified carboxymefloquine in samples generated by feline microsomes as well as negative controls, suggesting some mefloquine instability. Mefloquine also underwent incubation with feline, canine and common brush-tailed possum microsomes and phase II glucuronidative metabolism cofactors. O-desmethyltramadol (ODMT or M1) was used as a positive control as it undergoes a phase II glucuronidation reaction in these species. The rates of phase II mefloquine depletion by microsomes by all three species were too slow to estimate. Therefore mefloquine likely undergoes phase I hepatic metabolism catalysed by feline and common brush-tailed possum microsomes but not phase II glucuronidative metabolism in all three species and mefloquine is not likely to have delayed elimination in cats with clinically normal, hepatic function.

ACS Style

Aaron Michael Izes; Benjamin Kimble; Jacqueline Norris; Merran Govendir. In vitro hepatic metabolism of mefloquine using microsomes from cats, dogs and the common brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0230975 .

AMA Style

Aaron Michael Izes, Benjamin Kimble, Jacqueline Norris, Merran Govendir. In vitro hepatic metabolism of mefloquine using microsomes from cats, dogs and the common brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (4):e0230975.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aaron Michael Izes; Benjamin Kimble; Jacqueline Norris; Merran Govendir. 2020. "In vitro hepatic metabolism of mefloquine using microsomes from cats, dogs and the common brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 4: e0230975.

Guideline
Published: 12 April 2020 in Australian Veterinary Journal
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ACS Style

R Cutler; B Gleeson; S Page; Jacqueline Norris; G Browning; Australian Veterinary Association Ltd and Animal Medicines Australia. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs. Australian Veterinary Journal 2020, 98, 105 -134.

AMA Style

R Cutler, B Gleeson, S Page, Jacqueline Norris, G Browning, Australian Veterinary Association Ltd and Animal Medicines Australia. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2020; 98 (4):105-134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R Cutler; B Gleeson; S Page; Jacqueline Norris; G Browning; Australian Veterinary Association Ltd and Animal Medicines Australia. 2020. "Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs." Australian Veterinary Journal 98, no. 4: 105-134.

Journal article
Published: 24 February 2020 in Acta Tropica
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Q fever is considered one of the most important zoonoses in Australia. Whilst ruminants are the primary reservoirs for Coxiella burnetii, and the major source of human infection, human cases have also been reported following contact with pet dogs and cats. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of seropositivity to, and bacterial shedding of, C. burnetii by pet dogs and cats in a region with a high human Q fever incidence and explore risk factors for C. burnetii exposure. Samples (serum, whole blood, reproductive tissue, reproductive swabs) and questionnaires (completed by the pet's owner) were collected from dogs and cats from eight communities across remote New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Overall 86/330 dogs (26.1%, 95% CI 21.3–30.8%) and 19/145 cats (13.1%, 95% CI 7.6–18.6%) were seropositive to C. burnetii. Seroprevalence varied significantly between communities and was highest in communities within 150 km of a 2015 human Q fever outbreak. Feeding raw kangaroo was identified as a risk factor for seropositivity (adjusted OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.21–9.43). Coxiella burnetii DNA was not detected from any dog or cat whole blood, reproductive tissue or vaginal/preputial swab using qPCR targeting the IS1111 and com1 genes. Our findings suggest that companion animals are frequently exposed to C. burnetii in western NSW. Geographical variation in C. burnetii seroprevalence amongst companion animals – which corresponds with a human Q fever outbreak – suggests a shared environmental source of infection is likely with important consequences for public and animal health. The lack of detection of C. burnetii DNA from healthy companion animals suggests that pet dogs and cats are not an important reservoir for human Q fever infection outside a narrow periparturient window.

ACS Style

Gemma C. Ma; Jacqueline M. Norris; Karen O. Mathews; Shona Chandra; Jan Šlapeta; Katrina L. Bosward; Michael P. Ward. New insights on the epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in pet dogs and cats from New South Wales, Australia. Acta Tropica 2020, 205, 105416 .

AMA Style

Gemma C. Ma, Jacqueline M. Norris, Karen O. Mathews, Shona Chandra, Jan Šlapeta, Katrina L. Bosward, Michael P. Ward. New insights on the epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in pet dogs and cats from New South Wales, Australia. Acta Tropica. 2020; 205 ():105416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gemma C. Ma; Jacqueline M. Norris; Karen O. Mathews; Shona Chandra; Jan Šlapeta; Katrina L. Bosward; Michael P. Ward. 2020. "New insights on the epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in pet dogs and cats from New South Wales, Australia." Acta Tropica 205, no. : 105416.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Parasites & Vectors
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Background Canine heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, has global veterinary importance. In Australia, the prevalence of canine heartworm infection decreased markedly following the introduction of over-the-counter macrocyclic lactones. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of canine heartworm infection in at-risk populations of dogs in eastern Australia and analyse published prevalence data from Australia. Methods In total, 566 dogs from eastern Australia were tested for the presence of D. immitis antigen. Four cohorts were studied: pig-hunting dogs from Queensland (Cohort 1, n = 104), dogs from remote New South Wales (NSW) (Cohort 2, n = 332), urban pets from rural NSW (Cohort 3, n = 45) and ex-racing Greyhounds from Sydney, NSW (Cohort 4, n = 85). Serum samples were screened for D. immitis antigen using a reference laboratory microwell-based assay (DiroChek®) or a point-of-care immunochromatography test kit (Anigen Rapid®). Risk factors associated with the odds of D. immitis antigen seropositivity were identified using binary logistic regression models. Seropositive blood samples were tested for the presence and quantity of D. immitis DNA using a species specific real-time (q)PCR assay. A metanalysis of the Australian canine heartworm literature was conducted. Results The prevalence of dirofilariasis in pig-hunting dogs from Queensland (Cohort 1) was 12.5% (95% CI: 6.5–18.9%), with a subpopulation of dogs from Central Queensland having a prevalence of 21% (95% CI: 12.3–33.4%). Age was significantly associated with D. immitis antigen seropositivity (increased risk with increased age). The odds of being > 5 years versus ≤ 5 years was 3.7-times (95% CI: 1.1–12.5) greater in antigen positive versus antigen negative dogs. No D. immitis antigen positive dogs were detected in dogs from NSW (Cohorts 2–4). The Australian canine heartworm disease literature includes 98 peer-reviewed publications (1901–2019) with 30 studies reporting on D. immitis prevalence in dogs. Throughout the publication peak period (1980s), the primary antemortem diagnostic test was detection of microfilariae. Conclusions Canine heartworm infection in dogs used for pig hunting is a previously unexplored topic in Australia. Pig-hunting dogs are infected with canine heartworm in Queensland, Australia, placing pet dogs and cats at increased risk of infection.

ACS Style

Bronwyn Orr; Gemma Ma; Wei Ling Koh; Richard Malik; Jacqui M. Norris; Mark E. Westman; Denise Wigney; Graeme Brown; Michael P. Ward; Jan Šlapeta. Pig-hunting dogs are an at-risk population for canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in eastern Australia. Parasites & Vectors 2020, 13, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Bronwyn Orr, Gemma Ma, Wei Ling Koh, Richard Malik, Jacqui M. Norris, Mark E. Westman, Denise Wigney, Graeme Brown, Michael P. Ward, Jan Šlapeta. Pig-hunting dogs are an at-risk population for canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in eastern Australia. Parasites & Vectors. 2020; 13 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bronwyn Orr; Gemma Ma; Wei Ling Koh; Richard Malik; Jacqui M. Norris; Mark E. Westman; Denise Wigney; Graeme Brown; Michael P. Ward; Jan Šlapeta. 2020. "Pig-hunting dogs are an at-risk population for canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in eastern Australia." Parasites & Vectors 13, no. 1: 1-11.

Original article
Published: 22 December 2019 in Zoonoses and Public Health
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Community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious public health concern and in Australia, one that disproportionately affects Aboriginal people. Paralleling MRSA in human medicine, methicillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) is an increasingly prevalent pathogen in veterinary medicine. We aimed to characterize the carriage of MRSA and MRSP in dogs and cats from predominantly Aboriginal communities in a very remote region of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Pets (303 dogs and 80 cats) were recruited from six communities in western NSW. Three swabs were collected from each animal (anterior nares, oropharynx and perineum) and from skin lesions or wounds (if present) and cultured on selective media for methicillin‐resistant staphylococci. Human host‐adapted community‐associated MRSA representing four multilocus sequence types (ST1‐IV, ST5‐IV, ST72‐IV, ST93‐IV) were isolated from eight dogs (prevalence 2.6%, 95% confidence interval 1.3%–5.1%). Two ST5‐IV isolates from a single dog were phenotypically trimethoprim‐resistant, harbouring trimethoprim‐resistant gene dfrG within the SCCmec type IVo mobile genetic element. MRSA was not isolated from any cats and MRSP was not isolated from any dogs or cats. This study estimated a high prevalence of human host‐adapted community‐associated MRSA carriage in dogs despite an absence of MRSP. This suggests MRSA carried by dogs in remote NSW originate from human hosts. The cycle of transmission between people, dogs and common environmental sources warrants further investigation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of trimethoprim‐resistant ST5‐IV in eastern Australia and the first report of trimethoprim‐resistant ST5‐IV from a dog.

ACS Style

Gemma C. Ma; Kate A. Worthing; Thomas Gottlieb; Michael P. Ward; Jacqueline M. Norris. Molecular characterization of community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pet dogs. Zoonoses and Public Health 2019, 67, 222 -230.

AMA Style

Gemma C. Ma, Kate A. Worthing, Thomas Gottlieb, Michael P. Ward, Jacqueline M. Norris. Molecular characterization of community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pet dogs. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2019; 67 (3):222-230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gemma C. Ma; Kate A. Worthing; Thomas Gottlieb; Michael P. Ward; Jacqueline M. Norris. 2019. "Molecular characterization of community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pet dogs." Zoonoses and Public Health 67, no. 3: 222-230.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2019 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Infection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (>40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50–110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) – the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (rSP = –0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (rSP = –0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (rSP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.

ACS Style

Mark Kelman; Vanessa R. Barrs; Jacqueline M. Norris; Michael P. Ward. Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2019, 174, 104816 -104816.

AMA Style

Mark Kelman, Vanessa R. Barrs, Jacqueline M. Norris, Michael P. Ward. Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2019; 174 ():104816-104816.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Kelman; Vanessa R. Barrs; Jacqueline M. Norris; Michael P. Ward. 2019. "Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 174, no. : 104816-104816.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2019 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Canine Parvovirus (CPV) causes severe morbidity and mortality in dogs, particularly puppies, worldwide. Although vaccination is highly efficacious in preventing disease, cases continue to occur and vaccination failures are well documented. Maternally derived antibody interference is the leading cause of vaccination failure and age at vaccine administration is a significant risk factor for failure. However, no studies have been performed on practicing veterinarians’ usage of and compliance with published vaccination guidelines and label recommendations. Likewise, there are no published studies of veterinarian perceptions on CPV occurrence and mortality and its influence on case outcome. We report a study in which all Australian small companion animal (canine and feline) veterinary hospitals were surveyed, yielding a response rate of 23.5% (534 unique veterinary hospitals). Respondents overall perceived national CPV occurrence ten-times lower (median 2,000 cases) than the estimated national caseload (20,000 cases). Respondents from hospitals that did not diagnose CPV perceived national occurrence twenty-times lower (median 1,000 cases) than the estimated rate (p < 0.0001). Perceived disease mortality (50%) was 2.74 times higher than that reported (18.2%). In addition, 26.7% of veterinarians reported using serological titer testing to some degree, which some practitioners use in lieu of vaccination if a titer is perceived to reflect sufficient immunity. Based on this study veterinarians appear to be aware of the disease risk in their region but unaware of the burden of CPV disease nationally, and perceive mortality risk higher than it actually is. This might lead to an overestimation of cost to treat, and over-recommendation of euthanasia. Nearly half (48.7%) of respondents recommended final puppy vaccination earlier than guidelines recommend, while 2.8% of respondents recommended a puppy re-vaccination interval longer than supported by vaccine labels and guidelines. Both of these practices may put puppies at risk of CPV infection.

ACS Style

M. Kelman; V.R. Barrs; J.M. Norris; M.P. Ward. Canine parvovirus prevention and prevalence: Veterinarian perceptions and behaviors. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2019, 174, 104817 .

AMA Style

M. Kelman, V.R. Barrs, J.M. Norris, M.P. Ward. Canine parvovirus prevention and prevalence: Veterinarian perceptions and behaviors. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2019; 174 ():104817.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Kelman; V.R. Barrs; J.M. Norris; M.P. Ward. 2019. "Canine parvovirus prevention and prevalence: Veterinarian perceptions and behaviors." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 174, no. : 104817.

Original article
Published: 02 November 2019 in Zoonoses and Public Health
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Q fever (caused by Coxiella burnetii) is a serious zoonotic disease that occurs almost worldwide. Occupational contact with animals increases the risk of exposure, and Q fever vaccination is recommended for veterinary workers in Australia. This study aimed to investigate C. burnetii seroprevalence among unvaccinated veterinary workers in Australia and determine factors associated with a positive serological result. During 2014 and 2015, convenience sampling at veterinary conferences and workplace vaccination clinics was undertaken. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample for C. burnetii serology. Participants were predominantly veterinarians (77%), but veterinary support staff, animal scientists, and administration workers also participated. Blood samples (n = 192) were analysed by an immunofluorescence assay and considered positive where the phase I or phase II IgG titre was ≥1/50. Seroprevalence was 19% (36/192; 95% CI 14%–25%). A positive serological result was significantly associated with (a) working in outer regional/remote areas (odds ratio [OR] 6.2; 95% CI 1.9–20.8; reference = major cities; p = .009) and (b) having spent more than 50% of total career working with ruminants (OR 4.8; 95% CI 1.7–13.5; reference = <15% of career; p = .025). These findings confirm an increased risk of exposure to C. burnetii compared to the general population, providing new evidence to support Q fever vaccination of veterinary workers in Australia.

ACS Style

Emily Sellens; Katrina L. Bosward; Jacqueline M. Norris; Nicholas Wood; Jane Heller; Stephen Graves; Heather F. Gidding. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence in unvaccinated veterinary workers in Australia: Evidence to support Q fever vaccination. Zoonoses and Public Health 2019, 67, 79 -88.

AMA Style

Emily Sellens, Katrina L. Bosward, Jacqueline M. Norris, Nicholas Wood, Jane Heller, Stephen Graves, Heather F. Gidding. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence in unvaccinated veterinary workers in Australia: Evidence to support Q fever vaccination. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2019; 67 (1):79-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily Sellens; Katrina L. Bosward; Jacqueline M. Norris; Nicholas Wood; Jane Heller; Stephen Graves; Heather F. Gidding. 2019. "Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence in unvaccinated veterinary workers in Australia: Evidence to support Q fever vaccination." Zoonoses and Public Health 67, no. 1: 79-88.

Review
Published: 22 October 2019 in Animals
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Hunting feral pigs using dogs is a popular recreational activity in Australia. Dogs are used to flush, chase, bail, and hold feral pigs, and their use for these activities is legal in some states and territories and illegal in others. However, there is little knowledge about the health and welfare of dogs owned specifically for the purpose of pig hunting. We conducted a review of the literature on working dogs in Australia and overseas to determine the likely welfare impacts confronting pig-hunting dogs. We identified numerous challenges facing pig-hunting dogs throughout their lives. Risks to welfare include overbreeding, wastage due to behavioural incompatibilities, the use of aversive training techniques including electronic shock collars, solitary kenneling and tethering, high exposure to infectious diseases including zoonotic diseases, inadequate vaccination and anthelmintic prophlyaxis, high incidence of traumatic and other injuries during hunts, climatic exposure during transportation, mortality during hunts, and a suboptimal quality of life after retirement. There are also significant welfare concerns for the wild pigs hunted in this manner. We conclude that research needs to be conducted in order to determine the current health and welfare of pig-hunting dogs, specifically in Australia. The humaneness of this method of pest control urgently requires further assessment.

ACS Style

Bronwyn Orr; Richard Malik; Jacqui Norris; Mark Westman. The Welfare of Pig-Hunting Dogs in Australia. Animals 2019, 9, 853 .

AMA Style

Bronwyn Orr, Richard Malik, Jacqui Norris, Mark Westman. The Welfare of Pig-Hunting Dogs in Australia. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bronwyn Orr; Richard Malik; Jacqui Norris; Mark Westman. 2019. "The Welfare of Pig-Hunting Dogs in Australia." Animals 9, no. 10: 853.

Research article
Published: 10 October 2019 in PLOS ONE
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis with impacts on the future health and welfare of humans and animals. Determining key factors that influence veterinarians' antimicrobial prescribing behaviours can bridge the gap between prescribing guidelines and clinical usage. Veterinarians practicing in Australia were surveyed on their frequency in prescribing different antibiotics; factors influencing their antibiotic prescribing behaviours; and their perceptions of current drivers of AMR. Antibiotics were prescribed in a third of consultations with key differences in the frequency of use of specific antibiotics by small companion animal (SCA), equine and livestock veterinarians, which broadly aligned with antibiotic registration restrictions in Australia. SCA veterinarians reported prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics of higher importance to human health more frequently than livestock veterinarians. Factors that were reported as 'strong' or 'moderate' barriers to appropriate antibiotic prescribing were the 1) cost of culture and susceptibility testing and 2) lack of access to rapid and affordable diagnostic tests. Fear of losing clients, colleague pressure, and lack of their own understanding about antibiotics were considered to be 'no' or 'somewhat' of a barrier to appropriate prescribing by respondents. SCA veterinarians placed greater importance on the contribution of antibiotic use in livestock to AMR, than antibiotic use in companion animals. Despite reporting use of fewer, mostly narrow spectrum antibiotics of lower importance to human and animal health, livestock veterinarians were generally more aware of their potential contribution to AMR. This study provides insights into the similarities and differences in SCA, equine and livestock veterinarians practicing in Australia and informs sector-specific strategies to improve antimicrobial stewardship.

ACS Style

Jacqueline M. Norris; Annie Zhuo; Merran Govendir; Samantha J. Rowbotham; Maurizio Labbate; Chris Degeling; Gwendolyn L. Gilbert; Dale Dominey-Howes; Michael P. Ward. Factors influencing the behaviour and perceptions of Australian veterinarians towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0223534 .

AMA Style

Jacqueline M. Norris, Annie Zhuo, Merran Govendir, Samantha J. Rowbotham, Maurizio Labbate, Chris Degeling, Gwendolyn L. Gilbert, Dale Dominey-Howes, Michael P. Ward. Factors influencing the behaviour and perceptions of Australian veterinarians towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (10):e0223534.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacqueline M. Norris; Annie Zhuo; Merran Govendir; Samantha J. Rowbotham; Maurizio Labbate; Chris Degeling; Gwendolyn L. Gilbert; Dale Dominey-Howes; Michael P. Ward. 2019. "Factors influencing the behaviour and perceptions of Australian veterinarians towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10: e0223534.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2019 in Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
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The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) is the most widely distributed tick species globally. Throughout the world there are at least two divergent lineages on dogs that are traditionally grouped into what was known as R. sanguineus. The species R. sanguineus was recently redescribed using a neotype reported from countries with a temperate climate. The second lineage distributed in countries with primarily tropical climates is currently designated R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage. Here, we present a comprehensive genetic evaluation of Australian brown dog ticks from across the continent that complements the morphological study of R. sanguineus sensu Roberts (1965). A total of 294 ticks were collected from dogs around Australia ― including New South Wales, Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia ― for morphological identification. All ticks were morphologically identified as R. sanguineus sensu Roberts (1965). DNA was isolated from a single leg from morphologically characterised individuals from New South Wales (n = 14), Queensland (n = 18), Northern Territory (n = 7) and Western Australia (n = 13), together with ticks from Fiji (n = 1) and the Seychelles (n = 1) for comparison with Australian ticks. The study revealed three cox1 haplotypes clustered only with R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage’. An updated distribution of R. sanguineus sensu Roberts (1965) is compared to the 1965 distribution. In the Australian context, R. sanguineus s.l. has appeared in north-western New South Wales but remains absent from coastal New South Wales. Despite both temperate and tropical climates being present in Australia, only R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage was found. The evidence does not support the presence of the strictly defined brown dog tick, R. sanguineus by Nava et al. (2018) in Australia, because the examined ticks are genetically and morphologically distinct. We recommend using the term brown dog tick, R. sanguineus sensu Roberts (1965) for specimens from Australia.

ACS Style

Shona Chandra; Gemma C. Ma; Alex Burleigh; Graeme Brown; Jacqueline M. Norris; Michael P. Ward; David Emery; Jan Šlapeta. The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu Roberts, 1965 across Australia: Morphological and molecular identification of R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2019, 11, 101305 .

AMA Style

Shona Chandra, Gemma C. Ma, Alex Burleigh, Graeme Brown, Jacqueline M. Norris, Michael P. Ward, David Emery, Jan Šlapeta. The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu Roberts, 1965 across Australia: Morphological and molecular identification of R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2019; 11 (1):101305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shona Chandra; Gemma C. Ma; Alex Burleigh; Graeme Brown; Jacqueline M. Norris; Michael P. Ward; David Emery; Jan Šlapeta. 2019. "The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu Roberts, 1965 across Australia: Morphological and molecular identification of R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 11, no. 1: 101305.