Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the most trouble-causing issues in many areas of Nepal including Eastern Nepal. This study assessed the human-wildlife conflict status in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Sunsari District, Nepal. Data were collected from 47 respondents of different households through questionnaire surveys and formal and informal interviews. Results revealed that the most destructive wild animals were wild elephants, wild boar, and wild water buffalo and the most raided crops were paddy (63.83 %), maize (19.15%), and potato (17.02%). Most of the encounters between humans and wildlife were recorded at night (after dusk and before dawn) (78.72%). Local people were suffering from damage of physical properties, human harassment or nuisance, and depredation of cropland due to wild animals. A total of 70% of respondents had a positive attitude towards conservation despite disturbing human mortality records (22 deaths in the last five years) from the reserve area and surrounding. Awareness of wildlife behavior together with conservation and easy access to compensation schemes were suggested to minimize conflicts in the area.

The effect of invasive species on biodiversity is a major issue of world. This study was conducted at the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. This study assessed the invasive species status factor associated with it and their impact on seedling and sapling of trees. Modified Whittaker Nested sampling stratifies was adopted for vegetation sampling. A total of 15 plots were taken with 195 subplots between 1409 m to 2140 m. altitudinal ranges. A total of 32 tree species and nine invasive species were recorded from the studied sites. The pine forest was having significantly (W = 3, p = 0.03) more coverage of invasive species than mixed forest, the coverage of invasive species was also significantly (W = 50, p = 0.009) more with more invasive species than plot with single invasive types. Beside this coverage was also affected by canopy cover, trampling and altitude but not significantly different. The invasive species have impact on numbers of seedling, sapling and their diversity species coverage. We recommend removing these invasive species.

Prunus species play an important role in preserving the Nepal's unique identity; such as three endemic species of Prunus, Prunus topkegolensis, Prunus jajarkotensis, and Prunus taplejungnica, represent the country's local area. An ecological and social survey of P. topkegolensis and P. taplejungnica was conducted. To analyze these species' regeneration status and population structures, the density of seedlings, saplings, and adult trees were compared, and created a diameter size class diagram. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the average values of seedlings, saplings, and adult trees between two species. To determine the ethnobotanical importance of a species, the relative frequency of citation (RFC) was calculated for various use categories. We classified both species as trees as the average diameter at breast height (DBH) of P. topkegolensis was 19.55 ± 14.66 cm with an average height 5.05 ± 2.28 m, while that of P. taplejungnica was 14.5 ± 7.93 cm with an average height of 4.89 ± 1.66 m. P. topkegolensis had an average 32 ± 31 adult trees, 16 ± 15 saplings, and 21 ± 18 seedlings per 0.1 ha, while P. taplejungnica had 12 ± 5 adult trees, 2 saplings, and 6 ± 4 seedlings per 0.1 ha. The number of seedlings and saplings at the plot level differed significantly between species (W = 75.5, p- = 0.05, and W = 84, p = 0.01, respectively). Both had humped-shaped diameter at breast height size class distribution. However, P. taplejungnica had a more apparent hump-shaped diameter at breast height distribution than P. topkegolensis, indicating that P. taplejungnica has more unsustainable regeneration issues. P. taplejungnica was locally recognized as a separate species from P. rufa, whereas P. topkegolensis was not. P. topkegolensis have seven different use categories, with wood and fuel wood being the most frequently cited, with RFC value 1. Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) showed both species are having high conservation threats. In situ conservation measures are suggested to address the issue of poor regeneration and disturbances.