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Nutritional strategies may have an effect on body composition and physical performance. Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of eating and fasting in specified time periods. Moreover, it is a common strategy among members of the athlete population that are looking for weight loss. However, this strategy may negatively affect physical performance, as compared to other weight loss strategies. The main purpose of this research was to use a cross-over design to study the effects of HIIT, with or without intermittent fasting, on muscular and anaerobic performance in 14 active women (27 ± 6 y). To assess performance, body composition (anthropometry), hand-grip strength, and counter-movement jump (CMJ) height was measured, and a 30 s Wingate test was completed assessed. HIIT + IF reduced fat mass (1 kg, p< 0.05, d = 1.1; 1.5%, p< 0.01, d = 1.0) and increased CMJ height (6.2 cm, p< 0.001, d = 1.8). In addition, the change in CMJ height in HIIT + IF was higher over HIIT (5.2 cm, p< 0.001, d = 1.9). In conclusion, intermittent fasting could be a nutritional strategy to decrease fat mass and increase jumping performance. However, longer duration programs would be necessary to determine whether other parameters of muscle performance could be positively affected by IF.
Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; José García-De Frutos; Manuel Vicente-Martínez; Thomas Gunnarsson. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Physical Performance in Active Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6431 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, Jacobo Rubio-Arias, José García-De Frutos, Manuel Vicente-Martínez, Thomas Gunnarsson. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Physical Performance in Active Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; José García-De Frutos; Manuel Vicente-Martínez; Thomas Gunnarsson. 2021. "Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Physical Performance in Active Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6431.
To examine the acute and chronic effects of 10-weeks of progressive resistance training on sleep quality and sleeping heart rate variability in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). Eighteen pwMS (age = 44.8 ± 10.6 years; EDSS = 3.1 ± 1.7) completed a 10-week of resistance training, with three training sessions per week. Each session consisted of 4 lower body exercises, performing 2–4 sets of each exercise, with 8–15 repetitions each set, at an intensity ranging from 60 to 75% of 1-repetition maximum. Subjective and actigraphic sleep quality and sleeping heart rate variability were carried out at 4 different times: (1) Before the starting of the intervention on a rest day; (2) the night after training week 1 (3) the night after training week 10 and 4) after completing the resistance training program on a rest day. Regarding subjective sleep quality, significant main effects were observed on the variables of sleep quality, sleep comfort, easy of falling sleep, easy of waking up and felling of rest. Sleep quality, sleep comfort and easy of falling sleep were greater in rest night in week 1 vs. rest night in week 10. Actigraphic sleep quality also improved after the training program (rest night in week 1 vs. rest night in week 10). In the pair-wise comparison showed an acute effect in the session after the training program (rest night in week 10< training night in week 10) on HF, pNN50 and RMMSD. Resistance training is a non-pharmacological treatment that has the capacity to improve the regulation of autonomic system and, consequently, the sleep quality in pwMS.
Luis Andreu-Caravaca; Domingo J. Ramos-Campo; Oriol Abellán-Aynés; Vicente Ávila-Gandía; Linda H. Chung; Pedro Manonelles; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. 10-Weeks of resistance training improves sleep quality and cardiac autonomic control in persons with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StyleLuis Andreu-Caravaca, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Oriol Abellán-Aynés, Vicente Ávila-Gandía, Linda H. Chung, Pedro Manonelles, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. 10-Weeks of resistance training improves sleep quality and cardiac autonomic control in persons with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Andreu-Caravaca; Domingo J. Ramos-Campo; Oriol Abellán-Aynés; Vicente Ávila-Gandía; Linda H. Chung; Pedro Manonelles; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. 2021. "10-Weeks of resistance training improves sleep quality and cardiac autonomic control in persons with multiple sclerosis." Disability and Rehabilitation , no. : 1-9.
Objectives To assess the effects of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on body composition, metabolic and cardiovascular risk variables and lower-limb strength in overweight/obese subjects. Data sources A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted in three databases (PubMed-Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library), from inception through to January 26, 2020. Study selection Studies analysing the effect of WBVT on body composition variables, metabolic profile, blood pressure, heart rate and lower-limb strength in overweight/obese population, with interventions of a minimum length of two weeks were included. Data extraction After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 studies involving 884 obese/overweight subjects (experimental group: 543; weight=79.9kg; body mass index (BMI) = 31.3kg/m2, obesity class I according to World Health Organization, WHO) were used in the quantitative analysis. The gender of the participants involved in the studies were: a) 17 studies included only females; b) one study included only males (boys) and c) five studies included both genders. Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and meta-regression methods were used to calculate the mean difference and standardized mean difference (MD and SMD; ±95% confidence intervals [CI]) as well as to analyse the effects of pre-post-intervention WBVT and differences from control groups. Data synthesis WBVT led to a significant decrease in fat mass (-1.07kg, not clinically significant). In addition, WBVT reduced systolic blood pressure (-7.01mmHg clinically significant), diastolic (-1.83mmHg) and heart rate (-2.23bpm), as well as increased the lower extremity strength (SMD=0.63; 0.40–0.86). On the other hand, WBVT did not modify the weight, BMI, muscle mass, cholesterol, triglycerides or glucose. Conclusions WBVT could be an effective training modality to reduce blood pressure (clinically relevant) and resting heart rate. In addition, WBVT led to improved lower-limb strength. However, these findings were not consistent with significant improvements on other variables associated with metabolic syndrome (body composition, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose). PROSPERO: CRD42020170923.
Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias; Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda; Luis Andreu-Caravaca; Gema Sanz; Pedro J. Benito; Domingo J. Ramos-Campo. Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Strength in the Population Who Are Overweight and Obese: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Luis Andreu-Caravaca, Gema Sanz, Pedro J. Benito, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo. Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Strength in the Population Who Are Overweight and Obese: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobo Á. Rubio-Arias; Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda; Luis Andreu-Caravaca; Gema Sanz; Pedro J. Benito; Domingo J. Ramos-Campo. 2021. "Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Strength in the Population Who Are Overweight and Obese: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , no. : 1.
We assessed the effects of resistance circuit-based training (CT) on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted in three databases, ending on March, 2020. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the effects of pre–post-intervention CT and differences from control groups (CG). Of the 830 studies found, 45 were included in the meta-analysis (58 experimental groups (n = 897) and 34 CG (n = 474)). The CT interventions led to increases in muscle mass (1.9%; p < 0.001) and decreases in fat mass (4.3%; p < 0.001). With regard to cardiorespiratory fitness, CT had a favorable effect on VO2max (6.3%; p < 0.001), maximum aerobic speed or power (0.3%; p = 0.04), and aerobic performance (2.6%; p = 0.006) after training. Concerning strength outcome, the CT increased the strength of the upper and lower extremities. Only the magnitude of strength performance appears to be influenced by the training (number of sessions and frequency) and the training status. Moreover, low and moderate intensities and short rest time between exercise increase the magnitude of change in fat mass loss. Therefore, CT has been shown to be an effective method for improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength of the lower and upper limbs.
Domingo Ramos-Campo; Luis Andreu Caravaca; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Jacobo Rubio-Arias. Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biology 2021, 10, 377 .
AMA StyleDomingo Ramos-Campo, Luis Andreu Caravaca, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, Jacobo Rubio-Arias. Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biology. 2021; 10 (5):377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomingo Ramos-Campo; Luis Andreu Caravaca; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Jacobo Rubio-Arias. 2021. "Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Biology 10, no. 5: 377.
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is described as a succession of short duration and maximum or near-maximum intensity efforts, alternated by recovery periods during which exercise continues at a lower intensity (active recovery) or is interrupted (passive recovery). Our objective was to evaluate the acute responses of three HIIT protocols of different work/rest interval times over the total time of the session, with self-selectable load and up to exhaustion, “all out”.The sample was composed of 22 male participants (n = 22) between 19 and 24 years old. The HIIT protocol consisted of one of the three HIIT protocols, of 30, 60 and 90 s density ratio 1:1 and with passive rest, with a total exercise duration of 10 min. The test was performed in a cycloergometer set in workload mode independent of the pedaling frequency. The comparison of the three HIIT protocols shows that the duration of the work/rest intervals, starting from 30 s of work, in the cycloergometer, there are no significant differences in the levels of lactate concentration in the blood, nor in the heart rate, since a similar amount is obtained in the three protocols. The percentage of maximum power developed reached in each HIIT protocol is related to the duration of the working intervals.
José García-De Frutos; Fco. Orquín-Castrillón; Pablo Marcos-Pardo; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. Acute Effects of Work Rest Interval Duration of 3 HIIT Protocols on Cycling Power in Trained Young Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4225 .
AMA StyleJosé García-De Frutos, Fco. Orquín-Castrillón, Pablo Marcos-Pardo, Jacobo Rubio-Arias, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. Acute Effects of Work Rest Interval Duration of 3 HIIT Protocols on Cycling Power in Trained Young Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):4225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé García-De Frutos; Fco. Orquín-Castrillón; Pablo Marcos-Pardo; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. 2021. "Acute Effects of Work Rest Interval Duration of 3 HIIT Protocols on Cycling Power in Trained Young Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4225.
Background: Beach handball (BH) is a sport in which sporting performance is influenced, together with team interaction, by individual performance in terms of strength. Body composition is one of the main factors for sports performance and eating habits can condition this variable. The Mediterranean diet (MD) can significantly reduce the risk of mortality or cardiovascular disease. In addition, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment carries out different campaigns to promote it among young athletes, establishing it as a suitable diet for sports. Objectives: The main aims of the study are to assess body composition, physical activity and adherence to the MD of beach handball players. It also aims to evaluate age group differences in male and female players, as well as studying the possible relationship between MD, body composition and performance variables. Methods: A total of 59 Spanish BH players were recruited in the national championship of BH in the province of Alicante. Thirty-eight male (14 junior; 17.0 ± 0.1 years and 24 seniors; 25.5 ± 4.7 years) and twenty-one female (7 junior; 16.1 ± 1.46 years and 14 seniors; 23.2 ± 2.0 years) BH players participated in this study. The questionnaire to evaluate eating habits was Mediterranean diet adherence (KIDMED). Body composition was measured with electrical bioimpedance. Strength was evaluated by means of a maximum isometric handgrip test of the dominant hand with handgrip and height of jump by counter-jump on contact platform. In the statistical analysis, descriptions and correlations between the study variables were made. Results: In females, when the adherence to the MD is lower, the weight is higher, the lean body mass is lower and worse results are observed in performance tests. As for males, there are differences in weight and lean body mass according to category. Conclusions: Adequate eating habits are related to the weight of beach handball athletes. In addition, specifically with junior players, it has been observed that adherence to the MD correlates with weight.
Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; María Martínez-Olcina; María Hernández-García; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Daniel Lara-Cobos; Manuel Vicente-Martínez; Maria Carvalho; Juan Sánchez-Sáez. Mediterranean Diet Adherence, Body Composition and Performance in Beach Handball Players: A Cross Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2837 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, María Martínez-Olcina, María Hernández-García, Jacobo Rubio-Arias, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Daniel Lara-Cobos, Manuel Vicente-Martínez, Maria Carvalho, Juan Sánchez-Sáez. Mediterranean Diet Adherence, Body Composition and Performance in Beach Handball Players: A Cross Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):2837.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; María Martínez-Olcina; María Hernández-García; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Daniel Lara-Cobos; Manuel Vicente-Martínez; Maria Carvalho; Juan Sánchez-Sáez. 2021. "Mediterranean Diet Adherence, Body Composition and Performance in Beach Handball Players: A Cross Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2837.
The purposes of this study were to determine the impact of 6 weeks of whole‐body vibration training (WBVT) on maximum voluntary plantar flexor strength, muscle activity via surface electromyography (EMG), and muscle architecture measured at rest and during maximal contraction at different ankle joint angles in young healthy adults. Using a single‐blind study design, 28 healthy men and women were randomly assigned to control (CG; n=14, 7 women) or whole‐body vibration training (WBVG; n=14, 7 women) groups. Vibration training (20‐25 min; standing with knees flexed) was performed 3∙wk‐1 for 6 weeks (18 sessions). Maximum isometric plantar flexor torque, muscle activity (medial and lateral gastrocnemius EMG) and medial gastrocnemius fascicle angle and length at rest and maximum contraction were tested at four ankle joint angles (ranging 45° ‐ ‐15°; 0°=anatomical) before and after training. Significant increases (24.7–37.5%) were observed in peak torque (N∙m∙kg‐1) at ‐15, 0, 15 and 30° joint angles from pre‐ to post‐intervention in WBVG, which were different to CG (no change) and greater at longer muscle lengths. No between‐group differences were observed in changes in EMG amplitudes measured during contraction or muscle architecture parameters at rest or during contraction. Six weeks of WBVT in young, healthy adults increased isometric plantarflexion strength at multiple joint angles, without detectible changes in EMG, muscle architecture or body composition. Therefore, WBVT can significantly improve maximum plantar flexor strength at multiple joint angles (muscle lengths) in young healthy men, although the mechanisms underpinning the changes are currently unclear.
Jacobo Á. Rubio‐Arias; Domingo Jesús Ramos‐Campo; Pedro E. Alcaraz; José Fernando Jiménez Díaz; Anthony J. Blazevich. Effects of whole‐body vibration training on calf muscle function during maximal isometric voluntary contractions. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2021, 31, 1268 -1275.
AMA StyleJacobo Á. Rubio‐Arias, Domingo Jesús Ramos‐Campo, Pedro E. Alcaraz, José Fernando Jiménez Díaz, Anthony J. Blazevich. Effects of whole‐body vibration training on calf muscle function during maximal isometric voluntary contractions. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2021; 31 (6):1268-1275.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobo Á. Rubio‐Arias; Domingo Jesús Ramos‐Campo; Pedro E. Alcaraz; José Fernando Jiménez Díaz; Anthony J. Blazevich. 2021. "Effects of whole‐body vibration training on calf muscle function during maximal isometric voluntary contractions." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 31, no. 6: 1268-1275.
The study was preregistered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) with the following registration number: CRD42020199266. Objectives To evaluate the benefits of aerobic training (AT) programs on cardiorespiratory fitness, functional capacity, balance, and fatigue in people with MS and to identify the most optimal dosage of AT programs for people with MS via a systematic review with meta-analysis. Data sources Two electronic databases were searched until March 2020 (PubMed-Medline and Web of Science). Study selection Studies examining the effect of AT program on cardiorespiratory fitness, functional capacity, balance, and fatigue were included. Data extraction After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 43 studies were included. A total sample of 1070 people with MS [n=680 AT group; n=390 control group (CG)] were analyzed. Data synthesis AT group shows a significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness [Standardized Mean Difference (SMD)=0.29, p=0.002], functional capacity (Timed Up and Go Test: SMD=-1.14, p<0.001; gait speed: SMD=-1.19, p<0.001 and walking endurance: SMD=0.46, p<0.001), and balance (SMD=3.49, p<0.001) after training. The fatigue perception also decreased (SMD=-0.45, p<0.001). However, no significant differences were observed when compared to the CG in either cardiorespiratory fitness (0.14, p=0.19) or fatigue perception. Nevertheless, significant differences between AT group and CG were observed in balance (p=0.02), gait speed (p=0.02) and walking endurance (p=0.03), favouring the participants who performed AT. Regarding the subgroup analysis, no significant differences were observed between subgroups in any of the variables studied except for gait speed, in which a greater increase in post-training was observed when AT program applied the continuous method (χ2=7.75, p=0.005) and the exercises were performed by walking (χ2=9.36, p=0.002). Conclusions Aerobic training improves gait speed, walking endurance and balance. Cardiorespiratory fitness and fatigue perception also improved after AT, but no differences were found with CG. In addition, subgroup analysis suggested that training using continuous and walking methods could optimize gait speed.
Luis Andreu-Caravaca; Domingo J. Ramos-Campo; Linda H. Chung; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. Dosage and Effectiveness of Aerobic Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Functional Capacity, Balance, and Fatigue in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleLuis Andreu-Caravaca, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Linda H. Chung, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. Dosage and Effectiveness of Aerobic Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Functional Capacity, Balance, and Fatigue in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Andreu-Caravaca; Domingo J. Ramos-Campo; Linda H. Chung; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. 2021. "Dosage and Effectiveness of Aerobic Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Functional Capacity, Balance, and Fatigue in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , no. : 1.
Overweight and obesity adversely affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL) through day-to-day impairments of both mental and physical functioning. It is assumed that polyphenols within the Mediterranean diet may contribute to improving HRQOL. This investigation aimed at studying the effects of a polyphenol-rich ingredient on HRQOL in overweight and obese but otherwise healthy individuals. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 72 volunteers was conducted. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive for a 16-week period either 900 mg/day of the supplement or a placebo. Dietary recommendations were individually determined and intakes were recorded. Daily physical mobility was also monitored. Improvement of HRQOL was set as the primary outcome and assessed at baseline and at the end of the investigation using the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) health survey. Body composition was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Physical activity was calculated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). After 16 weeks, despite there being no adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS), supplemented individuals experienced significant HRQOL improvement (+5.3%; p = 0.001), including enhanced perceived physical (+11.2%; p = 0.002) and mental health (+4.1%; p = 0.021) components, with bodily pain, vitality, and general health being the greatest contributors. Body fat mass significantly decreased (−1.2 kg; p = 0.033), mainly within the trunk area (−1.0 kg; p = 0.002). Engagement in physical activity significantly increased (+1308 Met-min (Metabolic Equivalent Task minutes)/week; p = 0.050). Hence, chronic supplementation with nutritional diversity and dosing of a Mediterranean diet-inspired, polyphenol-rich ingredient resulted in significant amelioration in both perceived physical and mental health, concomitant with the improvement of body composition, in healthy subjects with excessive adiposity.
Cindy Romain; Linda H. Chung; Elena Marín-Cascales; Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias; Sylvie Gaillet; Caroline Laurent; Juana María Morillas-Ruiz; Alejandro Martínez-Rodriguez; Pedro Emilio Alcaraz; Julien Cases. Sixteen Weeks of Supplementation with a Nutritional Quantity of a Diversity of Polyphenols from Foodstuff Extracts Improves the Health-Related Quality of Life of Overweight and Obese Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021, 13, 492 .
AMA StyleCindy Romain, Linda H. Chung, Elena Marín-Cascales, Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias, Sylvie Gaillet, Caroline Laurent, Juana María Morillas-Ruiz, Alejandro Martínez-Rodriguez, Pedro Emilio Alcaraz, Julien Cases. Sixteen Weeks of Supplementation with a Nutritional Quantity of a Diversity of Polyphenols from Foodstuff Extracts Improves the Health-Related Quality of Life of Overweight and Obese Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (2):492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCindy Romain; Linda H. Chung; Elena Marín-Cascales; Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias; Sylvie Gaillet; Caroline Laurent; Juana María Morillas-Ruiz; Alejandro Martínez-Rodriguez; Pedro Emilio Alcaraz; Julien Cases. 2021. "Sixteen Weeks of Supplementation with a Nutritional Quantity of a Diversity of Polyphenols from Foodstuff Extracts Improves the Health-Related Quality of Life of Overweight and Obese Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Clinical Trial." Nutrients 13, no. 2: 492.
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to determine if heart rate variability-guided training (HRV-g), compared to predefined training (PT), maximizes the further improvement of endurance physiological and performance markers in healthy individuals. This analysis included randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of HRV-g vs. PT on endurance physiological and performance markers in untrained, physically active, and well-trained subjects. Eight articles qualified for inclusion. HRV-g training significantly improved maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) (MD=2.84, CI: 1.41, 4.27; p < 0.0001), maximum aerobic power or speed (WMax) (SMD=0.66, 95% CI 0.33, 0.98; p < 0.0001), aerobic performance (SMD=0.71, CI 0.16, 1.25; p = 0.01) and power or speed at ventilatory thresholds (VT) VT1 (SMD=0.62, CI 0.04, 1.20; p = 0.04) and VT2 (SMD=0.81, CI 0.41, 1.22; p < 0.0001). However, HRV-g did not show significant differences in VO2max (MD=0.96, CI -1.11, 3.03; p = 0.36), WMax (SMD=0.06, CI -0.26, 0.38; p = 0.72), or aerobic performance (SMD=0.14, CI -0.22, 0.51; p = 0.45) in power or speed at VT1 (SMD=0.27, 95% CI -0.16, 0.70; p = 0.22) or VT2 (SMD=0.18, 95% CI -0.20, 0.57; p = 0.35), when compared to PT. Although HRV-based training periodization improved both physiological variables and aerobic performance, this method did not provide significant benefit over PT.
Juan Pablo Medellín Ruiz; Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias; Vicente Javier Clemente-Suarez; Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo. Effectiveness of Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability versus Predefined Training for Physiological and Aerobic Performance Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8532 .
AMA StyleJuan Pablo Medellín Ruiz, Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suarez, Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo. Effectiveness of Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability versus Predefined Training for Physiological and Aerobic Performance Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (23):8532.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Pablo Medellín Ruiz; Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias; Vicente Javier Clemente-Suarez; Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo. 2020. "Effectiveness of Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability versus Predefined Training for Physiological and Aerobic Performance Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23: 8532.
Volleyball players and gymnasts need strength training to achieve their optimum sport performance. The aims of this study were to describe body composition, strength, performance, and characteristics of trunk muscle activation in volleyball players and gymnasts, and to analyze the differences between the sports. The sample consisted of 40 female athletes: rhythmic gymnasts (n = 24; age 13.95 ± 2.77 years) and volleyball players (n = 16; age 19.81 ± 5.55 years). Body composition, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of isometric tests in an isokinetic dynamometer, McGill core endurance test, and surface electromyography (EMGrms) of the trunk muscle during the McGill test and isometric tests were recorded. Rhythmic gymnasts presented lower body composition values than volleyball players (p < 0.05). The volleyball players presented higher isometric strength than rhythmic gymnasts in terms of MVC in trunk flexion (p < 0.05, d = 1.3) and trunk extension (p < 0.001, d = 1.3). EMGrms from the rhythmic gymnasts were greater for trunk flexor muscles (p < 0.01, d = 0.7) and trunk extensor muscles (p < 0.001, d = 1.3) during McGill endurance tests compared to the volleyball players. In the isometric test, EMGrms from the rhythmic gymnasts were greater for trunk flexor muscles in flexion (p < 0.01, d = 0.9) and extension tests (p < 0.05, d = 0.7). In conclusion, the volleyball players exhibited higher peak strength, despite the fact that the gymnasts showed greater muscle activity during the maximum voluntary contraction.
Paula Esteban-García; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Javier Abián-Vicen; Jorge Sánchez-Infante; José Jiménez-Díaz. Core Stability and Electromyographic Activity of the Trunk Musculature in Different Woman’s Sports. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9880 .
AMA StylePaula Esteban-García, Jacobo Rubio-Arias, Javier Abián-Vicen, Jorge Sánchez-Infante, José Jiménez-Díaz. Core Stability and Electromyographic Activity of the Trunk Musculature in Different Woman’s Sports. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):9880.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula Esteban-García; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Javier Abián-Vicen; Jorge Sánchez-Infante; José Jiménez-Díaz. 2020. "Core Stability and Electromyographic Activity of the Trunk Musculature in Different Woman’s Sports." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9880.
There is controversial evidence regarding the effect of acute resistance exercise (ARE) on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, which indicates the activities of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the effect of ARE on HRV parameters and identify its possible moderating factors. The PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane databases were searched. The PRISMA declaration was followed, and the methodological quality of the studies was evaluated. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Main effects analyses between pre- and post-test interventions demonstrated an increase in LFnu (p < 0.001; Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.46‒1.11) and LF/HF (p < 0.001; SMD = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.64‒0.99) and a decrease in SDNN (p < 0.001; SMD = -0.58; 95%CI: -0.85,-0.30), RMSSD (p < 0.001; SMD = -1.01; 95%CI: -1.29 to -0.74) and HFnu (p < 0.001; SMD : -1.08; 95%CI: -1.43 to -0.73) following ARE in healthy individuals (mean age (SD) range: 15 (1) and 48 (2) years). There were differences between the subgroups in the number of sets used in an exercise (p = 0.05) for RMSSD, as well as for exercise intensity (p = 0.01) and rest between sets (p = 0.05) for HFnu. Interestingly, there were differences between the subgroups in training volume for RMSSD (p = 0.01), HFnu (p = 0.003) and LFnu (p = 0.02). Overall, there was a withdrawal of cardiac parasympathetic and activation of cardiac sympathetic modulations following ARE, and these changes were greater with higher training volume ∼30 min after ARE in healthy individuals. Furthermore, the number of sets, intensity, and rest between sets affected HRV parameters. However, gender, BMI and training status did not influence the changes in HRV parameters as a response to ARE.
Sajith U. Marasingha-Arachchige; Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias; Pedro E. Alcaraz; Linda H. Chung. Factors that affect heart rate variability following acute resistance exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSajith U. Marasingha-Arachchige, Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias, Pedro E. Alcaraz, Linda H. Chung. Factors that affect heart rate variability following acute resistance exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajith U. Marasingha-Arachchige; Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias; Pedro E. Alcaraz; Linda H. Chung. 2020. "Factors that affect heart rate variability following acute resistance exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Sport and Health Science , no. : 1.
Nuria Romero-Parra; Rocío Cupeiro; Victor M. Alfaro-Magallanes; Beatriz Rael; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias; Ana B. Peinado; Pedro J. Benito. Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage During the Menstrual Cycle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 35, 549 -561.
AMA StyleNuria Romero-Parra, Rocío Cupeiro, Victor M. Alfaro-Magallanes, Beatriz Rael, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Ana B. Peinado, Pedro J. Benito. Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage During the Menstrual Cycle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 35 (2):549-561.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuria Romero-Parra; Rocío Cupeiro; Victor M. Alfaro-Magallanes; Beatriz Rael; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias; Ana B. Peinado; Pedro J. Benito. 2020. "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage During the Menstrual Cycle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, no. 2: 549-561.
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death globally, and cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) are major behavioral risk factors. Therefore, community-based programs are being designed based on the prescription of physical exercise from primary care centers to improve people’s health through changes in lifestyle. The objective was to compare the effects of two types of community exercise on adherence, lipid profile, body composition and blood pressure. A prospective observational cohort study was designed with two cohorts of study depending on the duration and type of physical exercise program performed. Fifty-one participants (82.4% women) with CRF completed the observation period in which they carried out a short-term, non-individualized exercise program (3 months), and 42 participants (71.4% women) with CRF completed the observation period in which they conducted a long-term, individualized exercise program (6 months). The results suggest that participants who carried out the longer program with an individualized progression produced greater adherence to physical exercise and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. In addition, LDL and insulin levels decreased in both groups. Therefore, our results suggest that a longer duration and individualized evolution of the loads of a community exercise program lead to higher levels of physical activity (PA) and improvements diastolic blood pressure.
Esther García-Sánchez; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias; Vicente Ávila-Gandía; F. Javier López-Román; Juan F. Menarguez-Puche. Effects of Two Community-Based Exercise Programs on Adherence, Cardiometabolic Markers, and Body Composition in Older People with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2020, 10, 176 .
AMA StyleEsther García-Sánchez, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Vicente Ávila-Gandía, F. Javier López-Román, Juan F. Menarguez-Puche. Effects of Two Community-Based Exercise Programs on Adherence, Cardiometabolic Markers, and Body Composition in Older People with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2020; 10 (4):176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEsther García-Sánchez; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias; Vicente Ávila-Gandía; F. Javier López-Román; Juan F. Menarguez-Puche. 2020. "Effects of Two Community-Based Exercise Programs on Adherence, Cardiometabolic Markers, and Body Composition in Older People with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 10, no. 4: 176.
Physical education is considered an ideal environment for improving physical fitness and muscle strength through exercise and training. This systematic review aimed to analyze studies where an intervention was implemented in Secondary School Physical Education classes to improve muscle strength. The literature search was carried out in the SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases. We selected randomized and nonrandomized interventions conducted in Physical Education with adolescents aged 13–18 years, where muscle strength was evaluated, comparing a control group with one or more experimental groups. From the identified works after applying the levels of screening and eligibility, eight articles were chosen for the final analysis. Data collection and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by a single reviewer. The interventions of the included studies employed varied training loads, materials, and exercises. Significant improvements were achieved in all interventions for different strength measurement tests such as the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Standing Long Jump (SLJ) and Squat Jump (SJ) tests, medicine ball throwing test, maximum isometric strength, manual dynamometry, push-up and curl-up tests, and maximum repetition tests. Strength training can be applied safely and effectively in Secondary Education. However, methodological differences in interventions have been identified; therefore, further research is needed.
Carmelo García-Baños; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Luis Martínez-Aranda; Domingo Ramos-Campo. Secondary-School-Based Interventions to Improve Muscular Strength in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6814 .
AMA StyleCarmelo García-Baños, Jacobo Rubio-Arias, Luis Martínez-Aranda, Domingo Ramos-Campo. Secondary-School-Based Interventions to Improve Muscular Strength in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6814.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmelo García-Baños; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Luis Martínez-Aranda; Domingo Ramos-Campo. 2020. "Secondary-School-Based Interventions to Improve Muscular Strength in Adolescents: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6814.
Objectives: This study aims to analyse the validity (agreement between two methods) of the movement propulsive velocity (MPV) as an indicator of relative load in leg press (LP) and bench press (BP) exercises in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: 18 persons with MS (sex = 55% male; age (mean SD) = 44.88 10.62 years; body mass = 67.19 10.63 kg; height = 1.66 0.07 m; Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) = 3.12 1.73) performed an incremental loading test in BP and LP exercises in two separate sessions. Individual determination of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) and full load-velocity profile were obtained for each participant. Results: a significant linear relationship was observed between the %1RM load and the MPV in LP (%1RM = −133.58 × MPV + 117.44; r2 = 0.84; standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 9.38%1RM) and BP (%1RM = −95.66 × MPV + 115.26; r2 = 0.86; SEE = 9.82%1RM). In addition, no significant differences were found between the %1RM achieved directly and the %1RM obtained by the equation calculated from the linear regression (LP, p = 0,996; BP, p = 0,749). Conclusions: these results indicate that movement velocity can estimate the relative load in bench press and leg press exercises in persons MS.
Luis Andreu-Caravaca; Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo; Oriol Abellán-Aynés; Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias. Movement Velocity as A Measure of Exercise Intensity in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: A Validity Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 2458 .
AMA StyleLuis Andreu-Caravaca, Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo, Oriol Abellán-Aynés, Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias. Movement Velocity as A Measure of Exercise Intensity in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: A Validity Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (8):2458.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Andreu-Caravaca; Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo; Oriol Abellán-Aynés; Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias. 2020. "Movement Velocity as A Measure of Exercise Intensity in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: A Validity Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2458.
Background: Ageing is associated with changes of physical and physiological parameters, but there is evidence that regular physical activity could minimize these effects. Additionally, the older population presents a great risk of suboptimal nutrition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the evidence of nutritional strategies and endurance exercises in the older population. Methods: A systematic review was performed based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. The search was carried out in three different databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Results: Eight studies were included in the present review. The use of caffeine and beta-alanine supplementation with proteins have been found to be beneficial in both sexes. In older women, a balanced diet, an increase in protein, supplementation with beta hydroxy methyl butyrate, and supplementation with sodium bicarbonate have been favorable. However, no benefit has been seen in older men with sodium bicarbonate or ubiquinone supplementation. Nevertheless, the use of supplements should be prescribed according to individual characteristics and physical activity. Conclusions: Caffeine and high protein supplement with beta-alanine may provide positive effects in the older population. In addition, in older women, bicarbonate supplementation and beta-hydroxyethyl butyrate (HMB), lysine, and arginine supplementation have shown positive effects on exercise performance.
Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Bernardo J. Cuestas-Calero; María Hernández-García; María Martíez-Olcina; Manuel Vicente-Martínez; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5224 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, Bernardo J. Cuestas-Calero, María Hernández-García, María Martíez-Olcina, Manuel Vicente-Martínez, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Bernardo J. Cuestas-Calero; María Hernández-García; María Martíez-Olcina; Manuel Vicente-Martínez; Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. 2020. "Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5224.
Background: Pregnancy is a stage associated with various biopsychosocial changes. These changes, along with concerns about keeping an adequate weight, can modulate an individual’s risk for psychological disorders, especially eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this review was to investigate the prevalence, associated risks, and consequences of eating disorders in pregnancy and in breastfeeding mothers. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines in the scientific databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Search terms related to EDs, pregnancy, and breastfeeding were used. The evaluation of the methodological quality of the studies was carried out using different scales; CASP (Checklist for Cohort Study), NICE (Methodology Checklist for Cohort Study), ARHQ (Methodology Checklist for Cross-Sectional), and NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cohort). Results: From 2920 studies, 16 were selected to study EDs in pregnant women and 2 studies in nursing mothers. Most of the studies used questionnaires and scales as tools for the diagnosis of EDs. Binge eating, anxiety, and depression were the most common comorbidities of EDs, accompanied in most cases by excessive concern about weight gain. The consequences of EDs are diverse. The prevalence of EDs in this population is estimated to be 1 out of 20. Conclusions: Eating disorders are related to anxiety and depression and have negative consequences for both mothers and fetuses (cesarean, miscarriages, premature births). More research on the field to determine the risk factors for EDs in the population of pregnant and lactating women is needed
María Martínez-Olcina; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Cristina Reche-García; Belén Leyva-Vela; María Hernández-García; Juan Hernández-Morante; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. Eating Disorders in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Systematic Review. Medicina 2020, 56, 352 .
AMA StyleMaría Martínez-Olcina, Jacobo Rubio-Arias, Cristina Reche-García, Belén Leyva-Vela, María Hernández-García, Juan Hernández-Morante, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. Eating Disorders in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Systematic Review. Medicina. 2020; 56 (7):352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Martínez-Olcina; Jacobo Rubio-Arias; Cristina Reche-García; Belén Leyva-Vela; María Hernández-García; Juan Hernández-Morante; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. 2020. "Eating Disorders in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Systematic Review." Medicina 56, no. 7: 352.
Fibromyalgia is a condition characterised by chronic widespread muscle pain and fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive disorders, and mood disturbance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a manual therapy technique performed with moderate digital pressure in women with fibromyalgia (n = 24). In this randomised, controlled trial, the participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group or placebo group. The experimental group was assisted with manual therapy sessions based on connective tissue massage, whereas the placebo group was “treated” with ultrasound sessions performed without conductive gel and with the machine turned off as the placebo. Fatigue severity scale (FSS), visual analogical scale (VAS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and profile of mood states (POMS-29) were completed before and after the intervention. In the experimental group (manual therapy), significant results were obtained on a VAS scale, referring to the neck pain in patients with fibromyalgia (p < 0.001). Correlations showed a relationship between fatigue and sleep variables (R = 0.411; p = 0.046) and pain variables with the POMS anger-hostility subscale (R = 0.436; p = 0.033). Although the size of the sample could be a limitation, the study concluded that the application of manual therapy in fibromyalgia patients performed with moderate pressure for 15 min on the posterior cervical musculature decreased the perception of pain, muscle fatigue, and the state of tension-anxiety.
Yolanda Nadal-Nicolás; Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias; María Martínez-Olcina; Cristina Reche-García; María Hernández-García; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. Effects of Manual Therapy on Fatigue, Pain, and Psychological Aspects in Women with Fibromyalgia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4611 .
AMA StyleYolanda Nadal-Nicolás, Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias, María Martínez-Olcina, Cristina Reche-García, María Hernández-García, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. Effects of Manual Therapy on Fatigue, Pain, and Psychological Aspects in Women with Fibromyalgia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4611.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYolanda Nadal-Nicolás; Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias; María Martínez-Olcina; Cristina Reche-García; María Hernández-García; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. 2020. "Effects of Manual Therapy on Fatigue, Pain, and Psychological Aspects in Women with Fibromyalgia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4611.
Study design Comprehensive review and meta‐analysis. Background The recovery in rapid force production measured as the rate of force development (RFD) is not clear after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Objectives To evaluate (1) time‐course change of between‐limb asymmetries in isometric knee extension/flexion RFD in individuals post‐ACLR and (2) differences in RFD between individuals post‐ACLR and healthy controls. Methods A literature search of Web of Sciences, SPORTDiscus, PubMed‐Medline and ScienceDirect identified 10 eligible studies (n= 246) assessing RFD after ACLR. Results Standard mean difference (SMD) for early phase (<100ms) knee extensor RFD was ‐1.07 (95% CI: ‐1.46, ‐0.68) when comparing ACLR vs. uninjured limb, while SMD for late phase (≥100ms) RFD was ‐0.85 (95CI%: ‐1.27, ‐0.42). SMD for early and late phase knee flexor RFD were ‐0.74 (95% CI: ‐1.19, ‐0.29) and ‐0.79 (95% CI: ‐1.19, ‐0.39), respectively. Comparing ACLR limbs to uninjured controls knee extensor SMD for early and late phase RFD were ‐1.42 (95% CI: ‐2.10, ‐0.73) and 1.09 (95% CI: ‐1.81, ‐0.38). For the knee flexors SMD for early and late phase RFD were ‐0.78 (95% CI: ‐1.96, ‐0.39) and ‐1.14 (95% CI: ‐1.60, ‐0.67). Conclusions ACLR limbs demonstrated sustained post‐surgical suppresion in RFD capacity for the knee extensors/flexors compared to the contralateral limb as well as to healthy controls. Monitoring of RFD should be considered throughout rehabilitation and return to sport (RTS) after ACLR to assess the effectiveness of post‐operative rehabilitation. Post‐surgical ACLR rehabilitation should include training interventions to enhance RFD.
Juha‐Tapio Turpeinen; Tomás T. Freitas; Jacobo Ángel Rubio‐Arias; Matthew J. Jordan; Per Aagaard. Contractile rate of force development after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2020, 30, 1572 -1585.
AMA StyleJuha‐Tapio Turpeinen, Tomás T. Freitas, Jacobo Ángel Rubio‐Arias, Matthew J. Jordan, Per Aagaard. Contractile rate of force development after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2020; 30 (9):1572-1585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuha‐Tapio Turpeinen; Tomás T. Freitas; Jacobo Ángel Rubio‐Arias; Matthew J. Jordan; Per Aagaard. 2020. "Contractile rate of force development after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30, no. 9: 1572-1585.