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Dr. Jorge Calvo
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM)

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0 Performance Analysis
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Journal article
Published: 27 August 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions designed to slow the spread of infection greatly disrupted people’s lives. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of lockdown on the psychology, training, and sleep habits of a cohort of basketball players. An online survey involving 169 professional and amateur athletes was conducted using four validated psychological questionnaires (WLEIS-S, POMS, BRS, SMS-II) and a Likert scale to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training variables. Gender differences in fatigue (p = 0.022); friendships (p = 0.017); others’ emotional appraisal (p< 0.001); and resilience (p = 0.031) were apparent, with higher values for women in all categories bar resilience. Comparisons before and during the lockdown revealed that all participants reduced their RPE (p< 0.001); training days (p = 0.004); and training hours (p< 0.001), and experienced a decline in the quality of sleep (p< 0.001). Sleep hours (p< 0.001) increased during lockdown. The professionals and females maintained their training days (p > 0.05), while the non-professionals and males did not. Psychological states during lockdown were a predictor of the differences in training and recovery variables. In situations where training and competition are limited, it is important to develop plans to maintain physical activity, good quality sleep, and promote greater emotional management and understanding to control negative moods.

ACS Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Miriam Granado-Peinado; Alfonso de la Rubia; Diego Muriarte; Alberto Lorenzo; Daniel Mon-López. Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 9025 .

AMA Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Miriam Granado-Peinado, Alfonso de la Rubia, Diego Muriarte, Alberto Lorenzo, Daniel Mon-López. Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (17):9025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Miriam Granado-Peinado; Alfonso de la Rubia; Diego Muriarte; Alberto Lorenzo; Daniel Mon-López. 2021. "Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9025.

Review
Published: 06 March 2021 in Nutrients
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Cognitive functions are essential in any form of exercise. Recently, interest has mounted in addressing the relationship between caffeine intake and cognitive performance during sports practice. This review examines this relationship through a structured search of the databases Medline/PubMed and Web of Science for relevant articles published in English from August 1999 to March 2020. The study followed PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were defined according to the PICOS model. The identified records reported on randomized cross-over studies in which caffeine intake (as drinks, capsules, energy bars, or gum) was compared to an identical placebo situation. There were no filters on participants’ training level, gender, or age. For the systematic review, 13 studies examining the impacts of caffeine on objective measures of cognitive performance or self-reported cognitive performance were selected. Five of these studies were also subjected to meta-analysis. After pooling data in the meta-analysis, the significant impacts of caffeine only emerged on attention, accuracy, and speed. The results of the 13 studies, nevertheless, suggest that the intake of a low/moderate dose of caffeine before and/or during exercise can improve self-reported energy, mood, and cognitive functions, such as attention; it may also improve simple reaction time, choice reaction time, memory, or fatigue, however, this may depend on the research protocols.

ACS Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Xueyin Fei; Raúl Domínguez; Helios Pareja-Galeano. Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 868 .

AMA Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Xueyin Fei, Raúl Domínguez, Helios Pareja-Galeano. Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (3):868.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Xueyin Fei; Raúl Domínguez; Helios Pareja-Galeano. 2021. "Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 3: 868.

Review
Published: 24 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Research in instability has focused on the analysis of muscle activation. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the effects of unstable devices on speed, strength and muscle power measurements administered in the form of controlled trials to healthy individuals in adulthood. A computerized systematic literature search was performed through electronic databases. According to the criteria for preparing systematic reviews PRISMA, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using STROBE. The average score was 14.3 points, and the highest scores were located in ‘Introduction’ (100%) and ‘Discussion’ (80%). There is great heterogeneity in terms of performance variables. However, instability seems to affect these variables negatively. The strength variable was affected to a greater degree, but with intensities near to the 1RM, no differences are observed. As for power, a greater number of repetitions seems to benefit the production of this variable in instability in the upper limb. Instability, in comparison to a stable condition, decreases the parameters of strength, power, and muscular speed in adults. The differences shown are quite significant in most situations although slight decreases can be seen in certain situations.

ACS Style

Moisés Marquina; Jorge Lorenzo-Calvo; Jesús Rivilla-García; Abraham García-Aliaga; Ignacio Refoyo Román. Effects on Strength, Power and Speed Execution Using Exercise Balls, Semi-Sphere Balance Balls and Suspension Training Devices: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1026 .

AMA Style

Moisés Marquina, Jorge Lorenzo-Calvo, Jesús Rivilla-García, Abraham García-Aliaga, Ignacio Refoyo Román. Effects on Strength, Power and Speed Execution Using Exercise Balls, Semi-Sphere Balance Balls and Suspension Training Devices: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (3):1026.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moisés Marquina; Jorge Lorenzo-Calvo; Jesús Rivilla-García; Abraham García-Aliaga; Ignacio Refoyo Román. 2021. "Effects on Strength, Power and Speed Execution Using Exercise Balls, Semi-Sphere Balance Balls and Suspension Training Devices: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1026.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Soccer is a high-complexity sport in which 22 players interact simultaneously in a common space. The ball-holder interacts with their teammates by passing actions, establishing a unique communication among them in the development of the game in its offensive phase. The main aim of the present study was to analyze the pass action according to the trajectory of the ball receiver and the space for receiving the ball in terms of success at the end of play. Twenty La Liga 2018/2019 matches of two elite teams were analyzed. A system of notational analysis was used to create 11 categories based on context, timing and pass analysis. The data were analyzed using chi-squared analysis. The results showed that the main performance indicators were the efficiency of the pass, the zone of the field, the trajectory of the receiver and the reception space of the ball, which presented a moderate association with the end of play (p < 0.001). We concluded that receiving the ball on approach and in separation increased the probability of success by 5% and 7%, respectively, and a diagonal run increased the probability by 7%. Moreover, the combined analysis of these variables would improve the team performance.

ACS Style

Antonio Cordón-Carmona; Abraham García-Aliaga; Moisés Marquina; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Ignacio Refoyo Roman. What Is the Relevance in the Passing Action between the Passer and the Receiver in Soccer? Study of Elite Soccer in La Liga. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9396 .

AMA Style

Antonio Cordón-Carmona, Abraham García-Aliaga, Moisés Marquina, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Daniel Mon-López, Ignacio Refoyo Roman. What Is the Relevance in the Passing Action between the Passer and the Receiver in Soccer? Study of Elite Soccer in La Liga. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (24):9396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Cordón-Carmona; Abraham García-Aliaga; Moisés Marquina; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Ignacio Refoyo Roman. 2020. "What Is the Relevance in the Passing Action between the Passer and the Receiver in Soccer? Study of Elite Soccer in La Liga." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9396.

Review
Published: 19 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Performance in basketball is multifactorial. One of the modifying factors is the “Relative Age Effect—RAE”. However, its impact depends on the sample characteristics and sport context. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the RAE on basketball competition performance by analysing peer-reviewed articles published until July 2020. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses systematic search guidelines, nine studies were identified in four databases: Sport Discus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Moreover, a study quality analysis using “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology” guidelines was carried out. The results confirmed an impact of the RAE on competition performance in basketball (56% measurements) and a higher influence of the RAE on short-term collective performance (54% measurements). Statistical parameters were affected, especially in men and U14-U18 categories. No impact of the RAE reversal and no influence of the RAE on long-term collective performance were found. There was a higher impact of the RAE in men (71%), the U14-U18 categories (44%), and at the national level (40%) was identified. The RAE has a variable influence on basketball performance according to developmental constraints. Nevertheless, the findings should be considered based on the sport context due to the heterogeneity and variability of the identified results.

ACS Style

Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Alberto Lorenzo. Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Basketball: A Qualitative Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8596 .

AMA Style

Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Daniel Mon-López, Alberto Lorenzo. Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Basketball: A Qualitative Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (22):8596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Alberto Lorenzo. 2020. "Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Basketball: A Qualitative Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8596.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Basketball is a sport in which, beyond the physical and technical skills, the psychological aspects are a decisive factor and could negatively affect the well-being of the player. The present study analyzes how 11 items belonging to two stakeholders (coach and player) could negatively affect the well-being of the athlete. A sample of elite young basketball players (n = 121) consisting of 55 males and 66 females, ranging in age from 16 to 23 (M = 20.12 ± 1.71), completed the Negative Factors Affecting Players’ Well-being (NFAPW) Questionnaire. This questionnaire was designed ad hoc and demonstrated good psychometric properties that confirmed that it is a valid and reliable instrument to measure how those factors negatively affect their well-being. The results showed that females have a greater perception of the factors that negatively affect their well-being, especially those related to the actions of the coach. However, no differences were found regarding the experience. Although this research provides an initial tool for measuring the well-being of the player during competition, future studies are encouraged to provide guidance to the coaches and players in dealing with the psychological variables in a better way.

ACS Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Jorge García-González; Monica Flo García; Daniel Mon-López. Development and Validation of a Well-Being Measure on Young Basketball Players: The NFAPW Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7987 .

AMA Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Jorge García-González, Monica Flo García, Daniel Mon-López. Development and Validation of a Well-Being Measure on Young Basketball Players: The NFAPW Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7987.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Jorge García-González; Monica Flo García; Daniel Mon-López. 2020. "Development and Validation of a Well-Being Measure on Young Basketball Players: The NFAPW Scale." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7987.

Review
Published: 17 June 2020 in Nutrients
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Endurance can be defined as the capacity to maintain one’s velocity or power output for the longest possible time. Maintaining such activity can lead to the onset of fatigue. Dietary nitrate supplementation produces an ergogenic effect due to the improvement of mitochondrial oxygen efficiency through a reduction in the oxygen cost of exercise that increases vasodilation and blood flow to the skeletal muscle in recreationally active subjects. However, the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on well-trained endurance athletes remain unclear; such supplementation could affect more performance areas. In the present study, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to clarify the use and effects of nitrate as a dietary supplement in endurance athletes trained in cyclic sports (repetitive movement sports). A systematic search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the databases of SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), Medline (PubMed), and Sport Discus from 1 January 2010 to 30 November 2019. Twenty-seven studies were included in the study. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form. Statistically significant ergogenic results were obtained in 8 (29.63%) of the 27 studies investigated, with significant results obtained for cardiorespiratory parameters and performance measures. Improvement in exercise tolerance was obtained, which could help with exhaustion over time, while the improvement in exercise economics was not as clear. Additionally, the dose necessary for this ergogenic effect seems to have a direct relationship with the physical condition of the athlete. The acute dose is around 6–12.4 mmol/day of nitrate administered 2–3 h before the activity, with the same amount given as a chronic dose over 6–15 days. Further studies are required to understand the factors that affect the potential ergogenic impacts of nitrate on athletic performance among endurance athletes.

ACS Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Francesca Alorda-Capo; Helios Pareja-Galeano; Sergio L. Jiménez. Influence of Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Cyclic Sports Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1796 .

AMA Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Francesca Alorda-Capo, Helios Pareja-Galeano, Sergio L. Jiménez. Influence of Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Cyclic Sports Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (6):1796.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Francesca Alorda-Capo; Helios Pareja-Galeano; Sergio L. Jiménez. 2020. "Influence of Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Cyclic Sports Performance: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1796.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Combat sports have a great interest in society and among professional sports. They are an important group of sports in the Olympic Games, but the strategies carried out by athletes to reduce body weight for weighing day, is famously known, suffering the adverse physical and psychological effects of rapid weight loss. This could compromise not only the performance, but the health and development of young athletes. A total of 22 elite male judokas (18.05 ± 1.05 years old) were evaluated during four different competitions in one season; the variables of body weight, water levels, and lean and fat mass were measured by bioimpedance (BIA), (Tanita BC545N) during one season. Using the linear mixed model test, we found significant differences in bodyweight variable during the competitions 3–4. The water level variable showed significant differences in all competitions, except for 2–4. Body mass index was significantly different in all competitions, being higher in the later competitions, except between competitions 1–2 and 2–3. Judokas participate in weight loss methods for their weigh-in days. Furthermore, the age at which the athletes reduced their water levels are worrisome. These results could be used to create healthy programs, especially in elite judokas, in order to carry out strategies before, during, and after competitions with weight loss and controlled water levels increasing future performance and health.

ACS Style

David Gamero-Delcastillo; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Archit Navandar; Alfonso López Díaz De Durana. Differences in the Bodyweight, Hydration Levels, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in Spanish Junior Elite Judokas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2853 .

AMA Style

David Gamero-Delcastillo, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Archit Navandar, Alfonso López Díaz De Durana. Differences in the Bodyweight, Hydration Levels, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in Spanish Junior Elite Judokas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Gamero-Delcastillo; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Archit Navandar; Alfonso López Díaz De Durana. 2020. "Differences in the Bodyweight, Hydration Levels, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in Spanish Junior Elite Judokas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2853.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The aim of this study is to describe the peak match demands and compare them with average demands in basketball players, from an external load point of view, using different time windows. Another objective is to determine whether there are differences between positions and to provide an approach for practical applications. Methods: During this observational study, each player wore a micro technology device. We collected data from 12 male basketball players (mean ± SD: age 17.56 ± 0.67 years, height 196.17 ± 6.71 cm, body mass 90.83 ± 11.16 kg) during eight games. We analyzed intervals for different time windows using rolling averages (ROLL) to determine the peak match demands for Player Load. A separate one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify statistically significant differences between playing positions across different intense periods. Results: Separate one-way ANOVAs revealed statistically significant differences between 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and full game periods for Player Load, F (3,168) = 231.80, ηp2 = 0.76, large, p < 0.001. It is worth noting that guards produced a statistically significantly higher Player Load in 5 min (p < 0.01, ηp2 = −0.69, moderate), 10 min (p < 0.001, ηp2 = −0.90, moderate), and full game (p < 0.001, ηp2 = −0.96, moderate) periods than forwards. Conclusions: The main finding is that there are significant differences between the most intense moments of a game and the average demands. This means that understanding game demands using averages drastically underestimates the peak demands of the game. This approach helps coaches and fitness coaches to prepare athletes for the most demanding periods of the game and present potential practical applications that could be implemented during training and rehabilitation sessions.

ACS Style

Enrique Alonso; Nicolas Miranda; Shaoliang Zhang; Carlos Sosa; Juan Trapero; Jorge Lorenzo; Alberto Lorenzo. Peak Match Demands in Young Basketball Players: Approach and Applications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2256 .

AMA Style

Enrique Alonso, Nicolas Miranda, Shaoliang Zhang, Carlos Sosa, Juan Trapero, Jorge Lorenzo, Alberto Lorenzo. Peak Match Demands in Young Basketball Players: Approach and Applications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (7):2256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrique Alonso; Nicolas Miranda; Shaoliang Zhang; Carlos Sosa; Juan Trapero; Jorge Lorenzo; Alberto Lorenzo. 2020. "Peak Match Demands in Young Basketball Players: Approach and Applications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2256.

Research article
Published: 26 March 2020 in PLOS ONE
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This study examines the relative age effect (RAE) and its impact on the performance of elite male (n = 3,358) and female (n = 3,273) handball players in the U-19 (n = 2,188), U-21 (n = 2,031), and senior (n = 2,412) categories of the 2013/2014, 2015/2016 and 2017/2018 World Handball Championships organised by the International Handball Federation (IHF). The distribution of the players´ birth dates (by quartile: Q, and semester: S) by categories, handball playing positions, and membership of continental federations, were analysed for each of the three two-year periods in which the World Handball Championships took place. Differences between the observed and expected birth dates were tested using a chi-square goodness of fit test, and subsequent calculations were tested using odds ratios. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient was applied to test the correlation between the relative age of the athletes and (their) performance parameters. The results revealed a prevalence of the RAE on both male and female in the U-19 and U-21 categories (p0.05). All playing positions were impacted by the RAE (p0.05). The RAE also affected athlete performance: the oldest athletes played more minutes and achieved better performances. The RAE was associated with the final placement of the teams in each championship category, except in the male youth category. The findings clearly demonstrated that the RAE has a significant impact on the selection of male and female athletes to international competitions and the performance of both men and women in international handball. The potential implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed.

ACS Style

Alfonso De La Rubia; Christian Thue Bjørndal; Joaquín Sánchez-Molina; José María Yagüe; Jorge Calvo; Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo. The relationship between the relative age effect and performance among athletes in World Handball Championships. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0230133 .

AMA Style

Alfonso De La Rubia, Christian Thue Bjørndal, Joaquín Sánchez-Molina, José María Yagüe, Jorge Calvo, Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo. The relationship between the relative age effect and performance among athletes in World Handball Championships. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (3):e0230133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfonso De La Rubia; Christian Thue Bjørndal; Joaquín Sánchez-Molina; José María Yagüe; Jorge Calvo; Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo. 2020. "The relationship between the relative age effect and performance among athletes in World Handball Championships." PLOS ONE 15, no. 3: e0230133.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The sport overrepresentation of early-born athletes within a selection year is called relative age effect (RAE). Moreover, gender performance differences depend on the sport. The main objectives of the study were to compare performances between gender and RAE in precision shooting events. Method: The results of 704 shooters who participated in the most recent World Shooting Championship were compared. Performance was analysed by event (rifle and pistol), gender and category (junior and senior), together with RAE and six ranges of ranking positions. Results: The results of the study indicated that men scored higher than women in pistol events and that no performance differences were found in rifle events when the whole group was compared. According to the birth trimester, no significant differences were found in the participant’s distribution, nor in performance in any case. Conclusions: The main conclusions of the study are: (1) the men’s pistol performance is better than the women’s even though RAE is not associated to the shooting score in any case; (2) men and women performed equally in the general analysis, but their performances were different depending on category and event with no RAE influence.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Carlos M. Tejero-González; Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1365 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Carlos M. Tejero-González, Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (4):1365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Carlos M. Tejero-González; Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. 2020. "Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1365.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Many aspects affect precision sports like shooting. Skills such as strength and balance are related to shooting performance and therefore, they should be trained. Thus, planned physical workouts can help to improve Olympic Shooting performance. The main objective of this study was to determine elite shooters’ perspective about fitness trainings. Methods: Eight elite international shooters were interviewed using a semi-structured script validated by an expert shooting committee. Their responses were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative methods. The following categories were obtained: fitness training importance on performance, fitness professional support, precompetitive fitness exercises’ orientation and intensity, main motor abilities, recovery process, fitness evaluation and test and physical training influence on the psychological state. Results: The results suggest that athletes consider physical training as a key factor in their performance. Shooters mainly train strength and endurance exercises, depending on the competitions schedule. However, no consensus exists regarding the professional in charge of fitness trainings, nor the recovery methods to minimize performance losses. In addition, general balance trainings or physical condition tests to evaluate the training progress do not seem to be used. Conclusion: We conclude that there should be greater control of fitness training and recovery processes in Olympic shooting.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Francisco Moreira Da Silva; Santiago Calero Morales; Olga López-Torres; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. What Do Olympic Shooters Think about Physical Training Factors and Their Performance? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4629 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Francisco Moreira Da Silva, Santiago Calero Morales, Olga López-Torres, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. What Do Olympic Shooters Think about Physical Training Factors and Their Performance? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (23):4629.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Francisco Moreira Da Silva; Santiago Calero Morales; Olga López-Torres; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. 2019. "What Do Olympic Shooters Think about Physical Training Factors and Their Performance?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4629.

Original research article
Published: 27 February 2019 in Frontiers in Psychology
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The aim of the present study was to analyze the changes of game-related statistics in expert players across their whole sports careers. From an initial sample including 252 professional basketball players competing in Spanish first division basketball league (ACB) in the 2017–2018 season, 22 met the inclusion criteria. The following game-related statistics were studied: average points, assist, rebounds (all normalized by minute played), 3-point field goals percentage, 2-point field goals percentage, and free throws percentage per season. Each variable was individually investigated with a customized excel spreadsheet assessing individual variations and career trends were calculated. The results showed a positive trend in most of the investigated players in assists (91% of cases) and free throw percentages (73% of cases). Similar percentages of positive and negative trends were observed for all the other game-related statistics (range: 41–59% for negative and positive, respectively). In conclusion, an increase in assist and free throw performance was shown in the investigated players across their playing career. This information is essential for basketball coaches suggesting the use of most experienced players in the final moments of the game.

ACS Style

Jorge Calvo; Alberto Lorenzo; Daniele Conte; Mario Giménez. Long-Term Analysis of Elite Basketball Players’ Game-Related Statistics Throughout Their Careers. Frontiers in Psychology 2019, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Jorge Calvo, Alberto Lorenzo, Daniele Conte, Mario Giménez. Long-Term Analysis of Elite Basketball Players’ Game-Related Statistics Throughout Their Careers. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019; 10 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Calvo; Alberto Lorenzo; Daniele Conte; Mario Giménez. 2019. "Long-Term Analysis of Elite Basketball Players’ Game-Related Statistics Throughout Their Careers." Frontiers in Psychology 10, no. : 1.