Praxelis clematidea is a noxious invasive weed. Understanding the dispersion trends and niche changes inherent to P. clematidea will be helpful for monitoring this invasive species and for providing early warnings of its spread and developing appropriate scientific prevention and control measures. In this study, the invasion risk zones of P. clematidea in Guizhou Province were classified via MaxEnt, Zonation, and ArcGIS. The dispersion trend was predicted, and the ecological niche change was quantified via the R software ecospat package. The results revealed that (1) the current high‐risk areas for P. clematidea invasion in Guizhou cover 14,096.03 km ² , concentrated mainly in the western to southern regions (Liupanshui, Anshun, Qianxinan, and Qiannan); the medium‐risk areas cover 21,144.04 km ² , concentrated mainly in the southwestern region (Anshun, Qiannan); and the low‐risk areas cover 26430.05 km ² , occurring in all cities of Guizhou but concentrated mainly in the small areas outside the high‐ and medium‐risk areas. (2) From the present until the 2050s, the risk areas of P. clematidea will expand mainly toward the southeastern parts; from the 2050s to the 2070s, the risk areas will decrease in the southeast; and from the 2070s to the 2090s, they will expand at a large scale in the central and northeastern parts. Overall, the trend is toward expansion. (3) The degree of ecological niche overlap between P. clematidea in Guizhou Province and its original habitat is very low (Schoener's D = 0.12); the rates of niche expansion, stability, and underfilling are 0.88, 0.12, and 0.96, respectively, indicating niche instability. P. clematidea invades and occupies areas with relatively high precipitation during the warmest season in Guizhou Province. Compared with the temperature preferences in the coldest season in the original area, this species can adapt to low temperatures.

It is well known that high temperatures can lead to a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation in plant organs, but there is insufficient understanding of the internal physiological factors that cause this reduction in anthocyanin accumulation. Apart from the inhibition of synthesis by high temperature, it is not clear how the branch pathways, degradation or transport of anthocyanin change dynamically with temperature increase. Taking red-fleshed kiwifruit as the material, we employed UPLC-MS/MS to investigate the levels of intermediate metabolites in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and potential degradation products. The findings indicated that as the temperature rises, the upstream and downstream branch pathways of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway are adjusted accordingly. Lignin metabolism is enhanced, while the downstream anthocyanin and adjacent branch pathways jointly decrease, but the degradation of anthocyanin accelerated, concurrently with a significant decrease in anthocyanin accumulation. Additionally, the content of a representative degradation product, protocatechuic acid, significantly increased. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that as temperature rose (25-40 °C), the degradation rate constant of anthocyanins increased with the half-life decreased, and the critical temperature range for anthocyanin degradation was between 35 and 40 °C. It is confirmed that under high-temperature conditions, the flow of metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway of red-fleshed kiwifruit has undergone readjustment. The inhibition of synthesis and the concurrent degradation jointly contribute to the actual accumulation level of anthocyanins. Through RNA-Seq and enzyme activity experiments, we also identified two genes/enzymes that were promoted by high-temperature stimulation, laccase-12-like (Achn037101) and glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidase (Achn008121). This study reveals the metabolic kinetics of anthocyanin metabolism in red-fleshed kiwifruit in vivo and offers a deeper understanding of anthocyanin degradation in response to high temperature.

Lactuca serriola L., a notorious invasive species, becomes significantly detrimental to indigenous ecosystems in China and devastates the diversity of life by aggressively establishing itself, occupying land and competing for essential natural resources like water, nutrient, and sunlight. As its tiny seeds are easily dispersed by wind, can remain viable for a long time even in harsh environments, and the plants can rapidly acclimate to various conditions, it spreads easily and becomes difficult to eradicate once it has invaded an area. Estimating the suitable habitat distribution of L. serriola and identifying the main environmental variables influencing its spread through modeling can provide essential baseline data for preventing its potential impacts. In the present study, based on the distribution occurrence data of L. serriola in China and related environmental variables, the Biomod2 ensemble model with ArcGIS was first employed to predict the suitable habitat pattern of L. serriola in China under the current and future climate scenarios integrated with variations covered six climatic factors, two soil factors and one topographic factor. The results showed that the true skill statistic (TSS) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) values for the ensemble model were 0.827 and 0.976. The prediction results of the ensemble model were more accurate than those of the single models. Seasonal variation of climate (bio4) had the highest contribution, suggesting that it may be a key factor influencing the spread of L. serriola. High, moderately, low and unsuitable habitat of L. serriola in China were classified and mapped with highlight. The highly suitable area is mainly distributed in southwestern and northwestern China, with an area of about 24.73 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 8.4% of the total suitable area in China. Under future climate change, except for the 2090s, the total suitable habitat of L. serriola has the trend to be expanding, and the centroid of the suitable habitat of L. serriola tends to shift to the northeast and northwest, and higher latitudes. All the results indicate that early warning and monitoring measures of L. serriola in northeastern and northwestern China should be set up for early protection of Agri-ecosystems.

Kiwifruit canker and brown spot are significant diseases affecting kiwis, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathogenic variations (Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae (Psa)) and Corynesporapolytica (Corynespora cassiicola). At present, the research on canker disease and brown spot disease mainly focuses on the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria, drug control, resistance gene mining and functional verification. Practice has proved that breeding disease resistant varieties are an effective method to control canker disease and brown spot disease. However, most existing cultivars lack genes for canker and brown spot resistance. Wild kiwifruit resources in nature exhibit extensive genetic diversity due to prolonged natural selection, containing numerous resistance genes. But, due to insufficient understanding of the resistance of most kiwifruit varieties (lines) to canker disease and brown spot disease, some high-quality resources have not been fully utilized. The incidence of canker and brown spot of 18 kiwifruit cultivars (lines) was measured by inoculating isolated branches and leaves, and their resistance to canker and brown spot was analyzed according to the length, disease index, mean diameter, and systematic clustering. The results were as follows: Among 18 different kiwifruit varieties (lines) for canker disease, there were two highly resistant materials, eight disease-resistant materials, four disease-susceptible materials, and two highly susceptible materials. Moreover, regarding brown spot disease, there were one highly resistant material, five disease-resistant materials, four susceptible materials, and three highly susceptible materials. Furthermore, four resources were resistant to both diseases. The outcomes provided a theoretical basis for breeding kiwifruit against canker and brown spot.

To explore how manganese affects the antioxidant system and the expression levels of related genes of “Hong yang” seedlings, the leaves of its tissue cultured seedlings were taken as test materials, and single factor treatment was performed by changing the manganese chloride (MnCl₂^.4H₂O) solution concentration when spraying the leaves. The expression levels of Mn-SOD, POD64 and POD27 genes in leaves were quantitatively analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) at different determination times. Meanwhile, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results showed that the SOD, CAT, POD, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities in leaves were the highest at 12 h post-treatment with 50 μM MnCl₂·4H₂O. Furthermore, the contents of MDA and H₂O₂ in leaves also peaked when the concentration of H₂O₂ is 50 μM, which is the minimum value. Additionally at 50 μM Mn²⁺, the Mn-SOD and POD27 expression was up-regulated as compared to the control, which promoted the expression of their respective enzyme activities. However, POD64 expression increased with the increasing Mn²⁺ concentration. Therefore, 50 μM is the optimal concentration of Mn when exogenously applied on “Hong yang”, which improve the antioxidant enzyme activity and regulate the plant’s physiological and biochemical functions.