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Dr. Richard Zada
Institute of Development Research and Development Policy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44879 Bochum, Germany

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Article
Published: 23 June 2021 in Atlantic Economic Journal
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The present inquiry revisits the influence of the fourth religious wave of modern terrorism on the allocation of official development assistance (ODA). The theoretical framework is predicated first on comprehensive review of the pertinent literature on the nexus between political instability and foreign aid, augmented by the assessment of Central Intelligence Agency declassified documents and Congressional Service Reports. Based on the systematic review of the sources, the study puts forward a novel dynamic differential game theory model, which enables derivation of the scenarios for foreign aid allocation. The study finds that despite dominance of geopolitical and/or commercial interests in the allocation of aid, high incidence of terrorist attacks does not lead to less development aid, but rather catalyzes it. Subsequent empirical analysis of a dataset with 121 developing and transition economies spanning between 1970 and 2016 reveals that terrorism incidents, level of political rights, and the War on Terror had a statistically significant positive long-run and negative short-run effect on the level of foreign aid commitment of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development member states. The growth rate of foreign aid in the developing countries with a predominantly Muslim population has been systematically 0.1 to 0.85 percent greater than in non-Muslim countries. Subsequent assessment of the security bias in the allocation of aid indicates that re-securitization of aid since 1998 has led to weak diversion of aid commitment from areas with fewer terrorism incidents to jurisdictions with a greater frequency of terrorist attacks.

ACS Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. An Ode to ODA against all Odds? A Novel Game-Theoretical and Empirical Reappraisal of the Terrorism-Aid Nexus. Atlantic Economic Journal 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. An Ode to ODA against all Odds? A Novel Game-Theoretical and Empirical Reappraisal of the Terrorism-Aid Nexus. Atlantic Economic Journal. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. 2021. "An Ode to ODA against all Odds? A Novel Game-Theoretical and Empirical Reappraisal of the Terrorism-Aid Nexus." Atlantic Economic Journal , no. : 1-20.

Data article
Published: 17 January 2021 in Data in Brief
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Petroleum-reliant developing and transition economies account for 15–20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This group of countries have a disproportionately high share of oil and natural gas in their energy mix and a relatively high carbon footprint over their petroleum value chains. The present data set is an extensive compilation of the essential indicators related to economy, energy, environmental pollution, and institutional quality of 38 oil and gas producing developing and transition economies in the time interval spanning between 1989 and 2019. The data set can serve as a basis for the macroeconomic analysis of energy, environment, social and institutional issues in this group of countries and draft further industry explorations as well as sustainable development policy analyses and recommendations. Furthermore, based on the mentioned data series, we propose three novel indexes – i.e. Energy Sector Development Indexes I, II, and III. Those indexes are developed in the context of fossil fuel abundant settings. Despite focusing on the fossil fuel abundant settings, the Energy Sector Development Indexes could be expanded for petroleum and coal scarce countries as well.

ACS Style

Andrea Gatto; Wilhelm Loewenstein; Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. An extensive data set on energy, economy, environmental pollution and institutional quality in the petroleum-reliant developing and transition economies. Data in Brief 2021, 35, 106766 .

AMA Style

Andrea Gatto, Wilhelm Loewenstein, Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. An extensive data set on energy, economy, environmental pollution and institutional quality in the petroleum-reliant developing and transition economies. Data in Brief. 2021; 35 ():106766.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Gatto; Wilhelm Loewenstein; Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. 2021. "An extensive data set on energy, economy, environmental pollution and institutional quality in the petroleum-reliant developing and transition economies." Data in Brief 35, no. : 106766.

Regular article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Review of Development Economics
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The present inquiry focuses on the modernization perspectives of the commodity‐exporting countries through the lens of development economics. To this end, the study adopts the Kaldorian framework to address the modernization effects, epitomized in the absorption of surplus labor. To trace the process of economic modernization, the study augments Lewis’s dualistic economy model by the extractive sector. Three different scenarios for the management of resource revenues are scrutinized. An altruistic mode, which implies a pure redistribution of the revenues among the poor swaths of the population, protracts the process of economic modernization, requires a greater amount of capital stock, and harbors a greater risk of a poverty trap. This effect is less pronounced if the modern sector is more capital‐intensive. A productive mode, which elicits full reinvestment of the commodity revenues, in contrast, accelerates the pace of economic modernization. Further, predicated on the scrutiny of a more realistic scenario, a bargaining mode, the study derives the condition for a net positive (or negative) modernization effect. The study identifies technical progress alongside capital accumulation as a further important source of economic modernization.

ACS Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik‐Zada. Natural resources, technological progress, and economic modernization. Review of Development Economics 2020, 25, 381 -404.

AMA Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik‐Zada. Natural resources, technological progress, and economic modernization. Review of Development Economics. 2020; 25 (1):381-404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik‐Zada. 2020. "Natural resources, technological progress, and economic modernization." Review of Development Economics 25, no. 1: 381-404.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
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The present inquiry lays a groundwork for the analysis of the net greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of oil in the oil-abundant settings. To address the research question, the study puts forward a three-sector decision model, which provides a common ground for the assessment of the interaction of the structuralist and institutional factors influencing environmental pollution in the oil-reliant economies. The study shows that fossil-fuel abundance triggers forces, which induce diametrically opposed effects concerning atmospheric pollution. These are the rising carbon-intensive oil extraction and processing and fossil-fueled power generation versus shrinkage of the carbon-intensive manufacturing and growth of the low-carbon tertiarization. The theoretical analysis enables compartmentalization of the essential factors, which determine GHG emissions in the respective countries. To assess the significance of the proposed theoretical framework, the study employs multivariate panel co-integration techniques and two-stage fixed effects estimations for a dataset of 38 oil-producing countries for the time period between 1960 and 2018. In contrast to the existing literature, this study drives apart from the black box approaches that employ just one omnibus variable, per capita income.

ACS Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Andrea Gatto. The puzzle of greenhouse gas footprints of oil abundance. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 2020, 75, 100936 .

AMA Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada, Andrea Gatto. The puzzle of greenhouse gas footprints of oil abundance. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2020; 75 ():100936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Andrea Gatto. 2020. "The puzzle of greenhouse gas footprints of oil abundance." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 75, no. : 100936.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Energies
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The present inquiry addresses the income-environment relationship in oil-producing countries and scrutinizes the further drivers of atmospheric pollution in the respective settings. The existing literature that tests the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis within the framework of the black-box approaches provides only a bird’s-eye perspective on the long-run income-environment relationship. The aspiration behind this study is making the first step toward the disentanglement of the sources of carbon dioxide emissions, which could be employed in the pollution mitigation policies of this group of countries. Based on the combination of two strands of literature, the environmental Kuznets curve conjecture and the resource curse, the paper at hand proposes an augmented theoretical framework of this inquiry. To approach the research questions empirically, the study employs advanced panel cointegration techniques. To avoid econometric misspecification, the study also employs for the first time a nonparametric time-varying coefficient panel data estimator with fixed effects (NPFE) for the dataset of 37 oil-producing countries in the time interval spanning between 1989 and 2019. The empirical analysis identifies the level of per capita income, the magnitude of oil rents, the share of fossil fuel-based electricity generation in the energy mix, and the share of the manufacturing sector in GDP as essential drivers of carbon dioxide emissions in the oil-rich countries. Tertiarization, on the contrary, leads to a substantial reduction of emissions. Another striking result of this study is that level of political rights and civil liberties are negatively associated with per capita carbon emissions in this group of countries. Furthermore, the study decisively rejects an inverted U-shaped income-emission relationship and validates the monotonically or exponentially increasing impact of average income on carbon dioxide emissions.

ACS Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Wilhelm Loewenstein. Drivers of CO2-Emissions in Fossil Fuel Abundant Settings: (Pooled) Mean Group and Nonparametric Panel Analyses. Energies 2020, 13, 3956 .

AMA Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada, Wilhelm Loewenstein. Drivers of CO2-Emissions in Fossil Fuel Abundant Settings: (Pooled) Mean Group and Nonparametric Panel Analyses. Energies. 2020; 13 (15):3956.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Wilhelm Loewenstein. 2020. "Drivers of CO2-Emissions in Fossil Fuel Abundant Settings: (Pooled) Mean Group and Nonparametric Panel Analyses." Energies 13, no. 15: 3956.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2020 in Sustainability
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The present inquiry provides a common ground for the analysis of two strands of literature, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH). To this end, the study sets out a simple variational model, which identifies the structural composition of the economy and the level of economic development as the primary determinants of the magnitude of the domestic environmental degradation. The juxtaposition of the mentioned literature strands undermines the optimistic view that economic growth, in the long run, leads to the reduction of atmospheric pollution. To assess the empirical validity of the pollution haven conjecture, the study employs the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency Index and the refined data on carbon emissions embodied in imports for the dataset of 26 OECD countries in the time interval between 1995 and 2011. By employing pooled mean group (PMG) estimators, the study, for the first time, accounts for a number of issues mentioned in the literature as factors that confine the inferential power of existing empirical studies on the EKC. The strong and robust confirmation of the pollution haven conjecture indicates that at least in the context of global common pool resources, a purely national perspective of the EKC is not satisfactory.

ACS Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Mattia Ferrari. Environmental Policy Stringency, Technical Progress and Pollution Haven Hypothesis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3880 .

AMA Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada, Mattia Ferrari. Environmental Policy Stringency, Technical Progress and Pollution Haven Hypothesis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3880.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Mattia Ferrari. 2020. "Environmental Policy Stringency, Technical Progress and Pollution Haven Hypothesis." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3880.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2019 in Economies
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This study puts forward a model of a multisector economy and embeds it in a novel theoretical framework to address the relationship between commodity revenues and manufacturing output with a special focus on the role of the agricultural sector. The three-sector model lays the groundwork for analyzing policy choices in more complex sectoral settings. Based on the theoretical analysis, the study identifies the weight of the individual economic sectors in the public revenue generation as a determinant of the magnitude of rent seeking epitomized in the crowding out effect of investments in manufacturing. We find that enclave agriculture contributes to the deindustrialization pressure in the face of natural resource windfalls. The central finding of the multisector analysis is the conclusion that not diversification per se but rather a diversification with the substantial domestic factor or market orientation has the capability to limit the magnitude of deindustrialization. For the empirical validation of the theoretical findings, the study employs fixed effects, fully modified OLS, dynamic common correlated effects estimators and dynamic fixed effects estimators for the dataset of 113 developing and transition economies for 1963–2014 period. The estimations reveal that natural resource revenues correspond with a higher level of the manufacturing sector output. In the economies with a low level of economic diversification, commodity bonanza leads however to the shrinkage of the manufacturing. In the commodity revenue dependent settings, nevertheless, agricultural sector exports have a negative impact on the performance of the manufacturing sector. These findings are in line with the predictions of the theoretical model.

ACS Style

Richard Zada; Wilhelm Loewenstein; Yadulla Hasanli. Commodity Revenues, Agricultural Sector and the Magnitude of Deindustrialization: A Novel Multisector Perspective. Economies 2019, 7, 113 .

AMA Style

Richard Zada, Wilhelm Loewenstein, Yadulla Hasanli. Commodity Revenues, Agricultural Sector and the Magnitude of Deindustrialization: A Novel Multisector Perspective. Economies. 2019; 7 (4):113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Zada; Wilhelm Loewenstein; Yadulla Hasanli. 2019. "Commodity Revenues, Agricultural Sector and the Magnitude of Deindustrialization: A Novel Multisector Perspective." Economies 7, no. 4: 113.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2019 in Journal of Wine Economics
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This survey investigates the inequality-fine wine imports nexus. To this end, the study employs cointegration techniques to analyze two panel datasets, one of which will analyze data from 12 countries between 1871 and 2018, and another that analyzes data from 66 countries between 1995 and 2017. Estimations indicate that income inequality leads to more fine wine imports in the long run. Changes in income have only a short-term effect on fine wine imports. Nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) estimators reveal an asymmetric long-run relationship between income inequality and fine wine imports in the cases of Argentina and the United States. (JEL Classifications: C19, D01, D12, D31, L66)

ACS Style

Britta Niklas; Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. Income Inequality and Status Symbols: The Case of Fine Wine Imports. Journal of Wine Economics 2019, 14, 365 -373.

AMA Style

Britta Niklas, Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. Income Inequality and Status Symbols: The Case of Fine Wine Imports. Journal of Wine Economics. 2019; 14 (4):365-373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Britta Niklas; Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada. 2019. "Income Inequality and Status Symbols: The Case of Fine Wine Imports." Journal of Wine Economics 14, no. 4: 365-373.

Original paper
Published: 01 August 2019 in Mineral Economics
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In this paper, we address the production linkages and employment effects of the petroleum sector on the rest of the Azerbaijani economy. The availability of the input-output tables for the years 2006, 2008, and 2009 enables the assessment of the changes with regard to the multiplier effects of the extractive industries over the first 3 years of the oil boom. We find that despite advanced infrastructure, well-developed petrochemical complex, and local content policies, the degree of integration of the international oil and gas business into the domestic economy is rather weak. In addition, both production and job creation multipliers slightly decreased after 3 years of exponential growth rates of oil production. The assessment of the production multipliers indicates that additional investments in processing, construction, and network industries have the highest production linkages. Concerning employment multipliers agriculture, education, health care, and public sector have the greatest job creation effects. To assess the fiscal employment effects of the oil revenues, which cannot be captured over the static input-output analysis, we employ the cointegrating nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model. The model reveals a sustainable job creation effect of oil revenues in the case of Azerbaijan.

ACS Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Wilhelm Loewenstein; Yadulla Hasanli. Production linkages and dynamic fiscal employment effects of the extractive industries: input-output and nonlinear ARDL analyses of Azerbaijani economy. Mineral Economics 2019, 34, 3 -18.

AMA Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada, Wilhelm Loewenstein, Yadulla Hasanli. Production linkages and dynamic fiscal employment effects of the extractive industries: input-output and nonlinear ARDL analyses of Azerbaijani economy. Mineral Economics. 2019; 34 (1):3-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada; Wilhelm Loewenstein; Yadulla Hasanli. 2019. "Production linkages and dynamic fiscal employment effects of the extractive industries: input-output and nonlinear ARDL analyses of Azerbaijani economy." Mineral Economics 34, no. 1: 3-18.