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This study aims to compare the anti-diabetic and anti-ageing effect of the Murraya koenigii leaves by using the drying method of convective hot-air drying (40, 50 and 60 °C) and two hybrid drying methods through microwave vacuum-drying (6, 9 and 12 W/g) and convective hot-air pre-drying followed by microwave vacuum finishing-drying (50 °C followed by 9 W/g), in addition to the freeze-drying, which was used as a control method. The anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition method, while the anti-ageing activity was measured by using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition effect. The results indicated that the dried leaves of M. koenigii were more selective towards α-glucosidase inhibition with the percentage ranging from 7.92 to 23.57% at the concentration of 62.52 ± 22.18 to 20.39 ± 2.01 mg dried leaves/mL. Concerning the anti-ageing activity, the inhibition effect of AChE was significantly weaker compared to BChE inhibition, revealing that the dried M. koenigii leaves were more selective towards BChE inhibition with the percentage ranged from 79.47 to 87.07%. Furthermore, the Page model and diffusion models showed a good fitting of the model to the empirical data of drying kinetics with the highest coefficient of determination (0.9996; 0.9995) and the lowest values of root-mean-square error (0.0102; 0.0090) and Chi-square coefficients (0.0010; 0.0008). Overall, microwave vacuum-drying is the recommended drying method to be used for M. koenigii leaves due to its promising result obtained for the inhibition of α-glucosidase and BChE.
Choong Oon Choo; Bee Lin Chua; Siau Hui Mah. Hybrid drying of Murraya koenigii leaves: anti-diabetic and anti-ageing activities. SN Applied Sciences 2020, 2, 1 -11.
AMA StyleChoong Oon Choo, Bee Lin Chua, Siau Hui Mah. Hybrid drying of Murraya koenigii leaves: anti-diabetic and anti-ageing activities. SN Applied Sciences. 2020; 2 (8):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoong Oon Choo; Bee Lin Chua; Siau Hui Mah. 2020. "Hybrid drying of Murraya koenigii leaves: anti-diabetic and anti-ageing activities." SN Applied Sciences 2, no. 8: 1-11.
This study aims to reduce the amount of specific energy consumed during the drying of fresh Murraya koenigii leaves by comparing four drying methods: (1) convective hot-air drying (CD; 40, 50 and 60 °C); (2) single-stage microwave-vacuum drying (MVD; 6, 9 and 12 W/g); (3) two-stage convective hot-air pre-drying followed by microwave-vacuum finishing–drying (CPD-MVFD; 50 °C, 9 W/g); and (4) freeze-drying as a control in the analysis sections. The drying kinetics were also modelled using thin-layer models. The quality parameters of dried M. koenigii leaves were measured including total polyphenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP), profiling of volatile compounds, colour analysis and water activity analysis. Results showed that CPD-MVFD effectively reduced the specific energy consumption of CD at 50 °C by 67.3% in terms of kilojoules per gram of fresh weight and 48.9% in terms of kilojoules per gram of water. The modified Page model demonstrated excellent fitting to the empirical data obtained. FD showed promising antioxidant activity. The major contributor of antioxidant capacity was TPC. The volatile compounds profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, namely, β-phellandrene (31%), α-pinene (19.9%), and sabinene (16%) were identified as the major compounds of dried M. koenigii leaves. Colour analysis showed MVD’s high performance in preserving the colour parameters of M. koenigii leaves under all conditions. The colour parameters were correlated to the antioxidant capacity and TPC. Water activity analysis showed that the water activity of M. koenigii leaves for all drying methods indicating that the conditions were microbiologically and shelf-stable. Pearson correlation showed the colour parameters of the leaves had a strong correlation to TPC. Overall, MVD showed promising energy consumption reduction and recovery in TPC and volatile compounds.
Choong Oon Choo; Bee Lin Chua; Adam Figiel; Klaudiusz Jałoszyński; Aneta Wojdyło; Antoni Szumny; Jacek Łyczko; Chien Hwa Chong. Hybrid Drying of Murraya koenigii Leaves: Energy Consumption, Antioxidant Capacity, Profiling of Volatile Compounds and Quality Studies. Processes 2020, 8, 240 .
AMA StyleChoong Oon Choo, Bee Lin Chua, Adam Figiel, Klaudiusz Jałoszyński, Aneta Wojdyło, Antoni Szumny, Jacek Łyczko, Chien Hwa Chong. Hybrid Drying of Murraya koenigii Leaves: Energy Consumption, Antioxidant Capacity, Profiling of Volatile Compounds and Quality Studies. Processes. 2020; 8 (2):240.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoong Oon Choo; Bee Lin Chua; Adam Figiel; Klaudiusz Jałoszyński; Aneta Wojdyło; Antoni Szumny; Jacek Łyczko; Chien Hwa Chong. 2020. "Hybrid Drying of Murraya koenigii Leaves: Energy Consumption, Antioxidant Capacity, Profiling of Volatile Compounds and Quality Studies." Processes 8, no. 2: 240.
Choong Oon Choo; Bee Lin Chua. Potential study to reduce total drying time via hybrid drying process. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CONFERENCE - 12TH EURECA 2019 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleChoong Oon Choo, Bee Lin Chua. Potential study to reduce total drying time via hybrid drying process. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CONFERENCE - 12TH EURECA 2019. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoong Oon Choo; Bee Lin Chua. 2019. "Potential study to reduce total drying time via hybrid drying process." PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CONFERENCE - 12TH EURECA 2019 , no. : 1.