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Prof. Dr. Paul Courtney
Countryside and Community Research Institute (CCRI), University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 2QF, UK

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0 Local Economic Development
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Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Most monitoring and evaluation programmes for agri-environment schemes focus on understanding the environmental outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of these schemes. Evaluation of the social dimensions of agri-environment schemes, particularly the socio-cultural factors that might influence the quality of engagement with the schemes and the social wellbeing impact of scheme engagement, is limited. This is a critical gap in knowledge as there is growing recognition that without more explicit consideration of the farmers involved in land management as agents of change, the required environmental improvements will not be achieved. The aim of this paper was to undertake a systematic literature review to inform the development of a set of social indicators that can be used to measure the level of farmers’ engagement with their scheme agreement and the social sustainability outcomes from participation. Following the literature review and a short-listing ranking exercise with two sets of experts, 20 high-level (composite) social indicators and associated sub-level (component) indicators were identified. A series of scale or ranking questions that can be used to capture the indicator data were also developed and tested. This paper presents the first stage in the development of a robust set of social indicators for agri-environment schemes that will also provide a good indicator of long-term environmental outcomes.

ACS Style

Jane Mills; Hannah Chiswell; Peter Gaskell; Paul Courtney; Beth Brockett; George Cusworth; Matt Lobley. Developing Farm-Level Social Indicators for Agri-Environment Schemes: A Focus on the Agents of Change. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7820 .

AMA Style

Jane Mills, Hannah Chiswell, Peter Gaskell, Paul Courtney, Beth Brockett, George Cusworth, Matt Lobley. Developing Farm-Level Social Indicators for Agri-Environment Schemes: A Focus on the Agents of Change. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jane Mills; Hannah Chiswell; Peter Gaskell; Paul Courtney; Beth Brockett; George Cusworth; Matt Lobley. 2021. "Developing Farm-Level Social Indicators for Agri-Environment Schemes: A Focus on the Agents of Change." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7820.

Public health
Published: 22 December 2020 in Frontiers in Public Health
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Introduction: Green spaces support people mentally in their everyday life. Perceived restorativeness and Perceived Sensory Dimension (PSD) have been addressed as optimal environmental related characteristics with regards to psychological restoration. However, relatively little research has investigated how the perception of these characteristics, directly and indirectly, affects restoration experience, particularly in a sample of university students within the area of green outdoor campus landscapes.Methods: This study hypothesizes these associations through application of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), inputting data from a sample of university students in Malaysia. In the hypothesized model, we examine the degree of restoration that is enjoyed by subjects within landscapes through the effects of these characteristics. Indirect effects of perceived restorativeness via evaluation of mediation effects associated with perception of landscape characteristics and restoration experience are also investigated.Results: Through validation of the measurement model, we find significant positive coefficient paths with adequate predictive abilities in the hypothesized model. Findings suggest the effect of PSD on perceived restorativeness leads to a better explanation of restoration experience. In addition, perceived landscape characteristics of PSD enhance restoration experience in alignment with perceived restorativeness characteristics.Conclusions: Greater effects on restoration experience come through perceived restorativeness that is affected by PSD, which itself is capable of promoting favorable experiences of restorativeness in a green space and facilitating psychological restorative outcomes. The mechanistic effect of emotional regulation implies a distinct role of green spaces in maintaining good mental health and has relevance to public health models that promote independence and well-being through preventative approaches. The work paves the way for further studies that examine which dimensions of PSD support perceived restorativeness and restoration experience more than others, and the wider psycho-social value of green spaces through the application of mediation effects and personal sensory dimensions in the development of mental health.

ACS Style

Fahimeh Malekinezhad; Paul Courtney; Hasanuddin Bin Lamit; Mauro Vigani. Investigating the Mental Health Impacts of University Campus Green Space Through Perceived Sensory Dimensions and the Mediation Effects of Perceived Restorativeness on Restoration Experience. Frontiers in Public Health 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Fahimeh Malekinezhad, Paul Courtney, Hasanuddin Bin Lamit, Mauro Vigani. Investigating the Mental Health Impacts of University Campus Green Space Through Perceived Sensory Dimensions and the Mediation Effects of Perceived Restorativeness on Restoration Experience. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fahimeh Malekinezhad; Paul Courtney; Hasanuddin Bin Lamit; Mauro Vigani. 2020. "Investigating the Mental Health Impacts of University Campus Green Space Through Perceived Sensory Dimensions and the Mediation Effects of Perceived Restorativeness on Restoration Experience." Frontiers in Public Health 8, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2020 in Sustainability
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The quest for innovation lies at the heart of European rural development policy and is integral to the Europe 2020 strategy. While social innovation has become a cornerstone of increased competitiveness and the rural situation legitimizes public intervention to encourage innovation, the challenges of its effective evaluation are compounded by the higher ‘failure’ rate implied by many traditional performance measures. Social Return on Investment (SROI) is employed to assess the social innovation outcomes arising from implementation of Axes 1 and 3 of the 2007-13 Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE). Analysis of primary data gathered through structured face-to-face interviews from a weighted sample of 196 beneficiaries reveal that social innovation outcomes generate a total of £170.02 million of benefits from Axis 1 support measures, compared to £238.1 million of benefits generated from innovation outcomes from Axis 3 measures. Benefits are generated through four social innovation outcome categories: individual, operational, relational, and system; and range from changes in attitudes and behaviour to institutional change and new ways of structuring social relations. The paper calls for more comprehensive evaluation approaches that can capture, and value, the multiple benefits arising from social innovation, and further bespoke applications of SROI to help develop and legitimise innovation indicators that will enable stronger linkages back into the policy process.

ACS Style

Paul Courtney; John Powell. Evaluating Innovation in European Rural Development Programmes: Application of the Social Return on Investment (SROI) Method. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2657 .

AMA Style

Paul Courtney, John Powell. Evaluating Innovation in European Rural Development Programmes: Application of the Social Return on Investment (SROI) Method. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2657.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul Courtney; John Powell. 2020. "Evaluating Innovation in European Rural Development Programmes: Application of the Social Return on Investment (SROI) Method." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2657.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2019 in British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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Outcomes after orthognathic treatment are complex, and include improvements to mental and physical health, and psychosocial adjustments. The Social Return on Investment (SROI), a framework that is recognised by the government, explores the wider social value of interventions, but has not yet, to our knowledge, been used to measure the value of surgical procedures. To test its feasibility in a surgical setting and to begin to understand the wider nature of the changes experienced by patients after orthognathic surgery, we designed a pilot study that focused on the first two stages of the six-stage model. We collected data from 16 participants about their perceptions and experiences of the short, medium, and longer term outcomes of their treatment during two qualitative storyboard workshops. A grounded theory-SROI method was used to explore their experiences through a process of constant comparison by which data were analysed for concepts and organised into distinct themes. This produced a theory of change that clearly expressed the short to medium-term and longer term outcomes of orthognathic treatment, and provided an initial framework for the approach. The theory captured several outcomes and showed that the framework can be used effectively to investigate the wider psychosocial changes after orthognathic treatment. It therefore provides a basis on which to develop potential indicators for the assessment and valuation of these outcomes over time. The application of these findings to the selection of patients, engagement, and postoperative care, is briefly discussed.

ACS Style

C. Baker; P. Courtney; G. Knepil. Evaluating societal outcomes of orthognathic surgery: an innovative application of the Social Return on Investment methodology to patients after orthognathic treatment. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2019, 57, 145 -150.

AMA Style

C. Baker, P. Courtney, G. Knepil. Evaluating societal outcomes of orthognathic surgery: an innovative application of the Social Return on Investment methodology to patients after orthognathic treatment. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2019; 57 (2):145-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Baker; P. Courtney; G. Knepil. 2019. "Evaluating societal outcomes of orthognathic surgery: an innovative application of the Social Return on Investment methodology to patients after orthognathic treatment." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 57, no. 2: 145-150.

Original paper
Published: 24 August 2017 in VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations
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Recent legislation in the UK has placed an expectation on social purpose organisations (SPOs) to consider, monitor and evaluate the societal value they generate. However, meaningful engagement with the Social Value Act by the third sector is relatively low, which reflects both conceptual and methodological shortcomings. This paper describes a programme of action research which has developed a user-friendly tool to assist smaller SPOs to explore, evidence and value the benefits that they produce for society. Conceptualising social value through the lens of the localism, personalisation, deliberative democracy and social innovation agendas, the paper describes the process and experience of applying a Social Return Assessment tool and the lessons learnt for the three SPOs involved, the third sector, and for commissioning bodies. Recommendations reflect the need for a standardised monitoring and evaluation framework tailored to specific third sector interest groups and networks. Au Royaume-Uni, une loi a récemment été adoptée pour demander aux organismes à vocation sociale (OVS) de considérer, surveiller et évaluer la valeur sociétale qu’ils génèrent. L’engagement du tiers secteur dans le cadre de la Social Value Act (loi sur la valeur sociétale) est toutefois relativement faible, ce qui reflète des lacunes à la fois conceptuelles et méthodologiques. Le présent article décrit un processus de recherche de programmes d’action ayant élaboré un outil convivial permettant aux OVS d’explorer, de démontrer et d’évaluer les bienfaits qu’ils offrent à la société. En conceptualisant la valeur sociétale du point de vue du localisme, de la personnalisation, de la démocratie délibérative et de programmes d’innovation sociale, cet article décrit le processus et la méthode de mise en œuvre d’un outil d’évaluation du rendement social, ainsi que les leçons qu’en ont tirées les trois OVS concernés, le tiers secteur et les comités d’autorisation. Les recommandations reflètent la nécessité d’élaborer un cadre de surveillance et d’évaluation normalisé spécifique aux groupes d’intérêt et réseaux du tiers secteur. Nach den jüngst erlassenen Gesetzen in Großbritannien wird von Organisationen mit einem sozialen Zweck erwartet, dass sie den von ihnen generierten Sozialwert berücksichtigen, überwachen und bemessen. Allerdings findet eine bedeutungsvolle Auseinandersetzung des Dritten Sektors mit dem Social Value Act relativ selten statt, was sowohl konzeptuelle als auch methodische Defizite widerspiegelt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt ein Aktionsforschungsprogramm, das ein benutzerfreundliches Instrument entwickelt hat, welches kleineren Sozialorganisationen helfen soll, die Leistungen, die sie für die Gesellschaft erbringen, zu untersuchen, nachzuweisen und zu bewerten. Der Beitrag konzeptualisiert den Sozialwert aus der Perspektive der Programme zum Lokalismus, zur Personalisierung, zur deliberativen Demokratie und zur sozialen Innovation und beschreibt den Prozess und die Erfahrung im Zusammenhang mit der Anwendung eines Instruments zur Bewertung der sozialen Rendite sowie die Lektionen, die man über die drei involvierten Sozialorganisationen, den Dritten Sektor und die Auftraggeber gelernt hat. Die Empfehlungen zeigen den Bedarf für ein standardisiertes Überwachungs- und Bewertungsrahmenwerk, das auf spezifische Interessengruppen und Netzwerke des Dritten Sektors zugeschnitten ist. La reciente legislación en el Reino Unido ha creado expectativas sobre las Organizaciones con Fines Sociales (SPO, por sus siglas en inglés) para que consideren, monitoricen y evalúen el valor societal que generan. Sin embargo, un compromiso significativo con la Ley del Valor Social por parte del sector terciario es relativamente bajo, lo que refleja una escasez tanto conceptual como metodológica. El presente documento describe un programa de investigación de acciones que ha desarrollado una herramienta sencilla para el usuario para ayudar a las SPO más pequeñas a explorar, evidenciar y valorar los beneficios que producen para la sociedad. Mediante la conceptualización del valor social a través de las lentes de las agendas del localismo, la personalización, la democracia deliberativa y la innovación social, el presente documento describe el proceso y la experiencia de aplicar una herramienta de Evaluación del Rendimiento Social y las lecciones aprendidas para las tres SPO implicadas, el sector terciario y para los organismos que realizan los encargos. Las recomendaciones reflejan la necesidad de un marco de monitorización y evaluación estandarizado hecho a la medida de las redes y grupos de interés del sector terciario específicos. 英国最新的立法预期社会目的组织 (SPO) 考虑、监控和评估它们产生的社会价值。然而,第三部门与社会价值行为的有意义互动相对较低,反映出概念和方法缺点。本文描述了行动研究的计划,开发用户友好的工具帮助更小的SPO探索、证明和重视他们为社会带来的好处。通过本地化、个性化、深思熟虑的民主和社会创新日程的方式来概念化社会价值,本文介绍了应用社会回报评估工具的流程和经验,以及为三个参与的SPO、第三部门和学到机构学到的教训。建议反映了为特定第三部门兴趣小组和网络标准化监控和评估框架的需求。 英国における近年の法令では、社会的価値の考察、監視、評価を行う社会的目的組織(SPO)に期待が集まっている。しかしながら、第三セクターによる社会価値法において意味のある事業は比較的少なく、概念的欠点と方法論的欠点が反映されている。本論文では、活動研究のプログラムについて記述するが、社会のために構築される論拠と利潤を調査する、小規模のSPO支援のためのユーザに優しいツールを開発してきた。本論文では、地方主義、個人化、慎重な民主主義、社会的革新の課題のレンズを通して、社会的価値を概念化して、社会変換評価のツールと3つのSPO、第三セクター、委任団体の関与から得られる教訓を適用させることによって、その過程と経験を記述する。標準化のモニタリングの必要性と特定の第三セクターの関連グループとネットワークに適合させる枠組みの評価を反映することを推奨する。 لقد وضعت التشريعات الأخيرة في المملكة المتحدة توقع على المنظمات ذات الأغراض الإجتماعية (SPOs) للأخذ في الإعتبار وتقييم القيمة المجتمعية التي تنتجها. مع ذلك، فإن المشاركة الفعالة في قانون القيمة الإجتماعية من جانب القطاع الثالث منخفضة نسبيا”، مما يعكس أوجه قصور مفاهيمية ومنهجية على حد سواء. تصف هذه المقالة برنامج عمل البحوث التي وضعت أداة سهلة الإستخدام لمساعدة صغار المنظمات ذات الأغراض الإجتماعية (SPOs) لإكتشاف، الأدلة وقيمة الفوائد التي تنتجها للمجتمع. من خلال تصور القيمة الإجتماعية من خلال منظور المحلية ، التخصيص، الديمقراطية التداولية و برامج الإبتكار الإجتماعي، يصف البحث الإجراء والخبرة في تطبيق أداة تقييم العائد الإجتماعي والدروس المستفادة من المنظمات ذات الأغراض الإجتماعية (SPOs) الثلاث المعنية، القطاع الثالث، وتكليف الهيئات. تعكس التوصيات الحاجة إلى إطار موحد للرصد والتقييم مصمم خصيصا” لمجموعات وشبكات محددة من فئات القطاع الثالث.

ACS Style

Paul Courtney. Conceptualising Social Value for the Third Sector and Developing Methods for Its Assessment. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 2017, 29, 541 -557.

AMA Style

Paul Courtney. Conceptualising Social Value for the Third Sector and Developing Methods for Its Assessment. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 2017; 29 (3):541-557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul Courtney. 2017. "Conceptualising Social Value for the Third Sector and Developing Methods for Its Assessment." VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 29, no. 3: 541-557.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2013 in Marine Policy
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Inshore fishing, by boats under 10 m, has a long tradition on the coasts of England but its role in the contemporary communities is not well understood, and increasingly policy makers have become focused on trying to find ways to improve its environmental, social and ecological sustainability. This paper reports on a research project that sought, through case studies on the English coast, to explore the socio-cultural role that inshore fishing plays and how policies could be developed to enhance its contributions. Inshore fishing was found to be highly valued not only for its importance in supporting livelihoods, but also in the creation of place identities tied to fishing as an occupation and the ecological opportunities for fishing that are available at the different localities. Findings are discussed in the context of harnessing these attributes for fostering sustainable fishing communities, underpinned by strengthening the ties between the catch and the locality.

ACS Style

Matthew Reed; Paul Courtney; Julie Urquhart; Natalie Ross. Beyond fish as commodities: Understanding the socio-cultural role of inshore fisheries in England. Marine Policy 2013, 37, 62 -68.

AMA Style

Matthew Reed, Paul Courtney, Julie Urquhart, Natalie Ross. Beyond fish as commodities: Understanding the socio-cultural role of inshore fisheries in England. Marine Policy. 2013; 37 ():62-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Reed; Paul Courtney; Julie Urquhart; Natalie Ross. 2013. "Beyond fish as commodities: Understanding the socio-cultural role of inshore fisheries in England." Marine Policy 37, no. : 62-68.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2012 in Land Use Policy
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The direct benefits of Environmental Stewardship (ES) schemes are well documented in the academic policy literature and include an increase in the stock and quality of field boundaries and associated wildlife; adaptation to climate change; landscape enhancement; improvements in farm soil and water quality and protection of the historic and natural environment. It is argued that the incidental benefits of ES schemes, which capture those benefits to the wider economy and society beyond the scheme's original remit, are as yet poorly understood and insufficiently recognised in current policy evaluation criteria. This paper describes research which has systematically addressed this evidence gap through the application of sub-regional economic models to capture the direct, indirect and induced effects of a variety of ES schemes beyond the farm gate. Findings reveal the sub-regional income and employment effects of such schemes to be significant, in particular for those schemes rewarding higher standards of environmental management. The implications of the findings for ES policy, its evaluation and rural development are discussed.

ACS Style

Paul Courtney; Jane Mills; Peter Gaskell; Stephen Chaplin. Investigating the incidental benefits of Environmental Stewardship schemes in England. Land Use Policy 2012, 31, 26 -37.

AMA Style

Paul Courtney, Jane Mills, Peter Gaskell, Stephen Chaplin. Investigating the incidental benefits of Environmental Stewardship schemes in England. Land Use Policy. 2012; 31 ():26-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul Courtney; Jane Mills; Peter Gaskell; Stephen Chaplin. 2012. "Investigating the incidental benefits of Environmental Stewardship schemes in England." Land Use Policy 31, no. : 26-37.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2012 in Journal of Rural Studies
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ACS Style

Julie Urquhart; Paul Courtney; Bill Slee. Private woodland owners’ perspectives on multifunctionality in English woodlands. Journal of Rural Studies 2012, 28, 95 -106.

AMA Style

Julie Urquhart, Paul Courtney, Bill Slee. Private woodland owners’ perspectives on multifunctionality in English woodlands. Journal of Rural Studies. 2012; 28 (1):95-106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julie Urquhart; Paul Courtney; Bill Slee. 2012. "Private woodland owners’ perspectives on multifunctionality in English woodlands." Journal of Rural Studies 28, no. 1: 95-106.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2011 in Forest Policy and Economics
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The diversity of woodland ownership in England has increased in recent decades to encompass a wide range of non-financially-oriented owners, many with little previous experience of woodland management. With public benefits such as environmental conservation, amenity and carbon sequestration being increasingly emphasised in forest policy agendas, there is a need to understand the willingness and ability of traditional and new owner groups to deliver such benefits. A quantitative typology of private woodland owners was developed through a self-completion postal survey administered in three study areas in England: the Lake District, Cornwall and the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Owners were classified using Factor, Cluster and Discriminant analysis into six owner types: the Individualist, the Multifunctional Owner, the Private Consumer, the Conservationist, the Investor and the Amenity Owner. Of all owner types, Multifunctional Owners are the most likely to deliver a range of public benefits, while Individualists are the least amenable to subsidies to encourage public good delivery. A range of policy options will be required to reflect to diverse range of objectives and goals of woodland owners, including advisory services, incentives and market mechanisms.

ACS Style

Julie Urquhart; Paul Courtney. Seeing the owner behind the trees: A typology of small-scale private woodland owners in England. Forest Policy and Economics 2011, 13, 535 -544.

AMA Style

Julie Urquhart, Paul Courtney. Seeing the owner behind the trees: A typology of small-scale private woodland owners in England. Forest Policy and Economics. 2011; 13 (7):535-544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julie Urquhart; Paul Courtney. 2011. "Seeing the owner behind the trees: A typology of small-scale private woodland owners in England." Forest Policy and Economics 13, no. 7: 535-544.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2011 in Fisheries Research
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ACS Style

Julie Urquhart; Tim Acott; Matthew Reed; Paul Courtney. Setting an agenda for social science research in fisheries policy in Northern Europe. Fisheries Research 2011, 108, 240 -247.

AMA Style

Julie Urquhart, Tim Acott, Matthew Reed, Paul Courtney. Setting an agenda for social science research in fisheries policy in Northern Europe. Fisheries Research. 2011; 108 (2-3):240-247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julie Urquhart; Tim Acott; Matthew Reed; Paul Courtney. 2011. "Setting an agenda for social science research in fisheries policy in Northern Europe." Fisheries Research 108, no. 2-3: 240-247.

Journal article
Published: 23 August 2009 in Small-scale Forestry
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There is increasing emphasis on multipurpose forestry within UK national and regional forest strategies, with the aim of co-delivering the social, environmental and economic benefits of woodlands. Private woodland ownership is also changing, with an increase in owners without a farming or forestry background. However, there is little substantive evidence relating to the motivations of private woodland owners and, in particular, their ability and willingness to deliver public goods. A qualitative study is adopted, using semi-structured interviews in three areas in England, to address this theoretical gap. Exploratory findings indicate that private woodland owners have a diverse range of objectives, motivations and management regimes which influence the potential for public good delivery. It is shown that some private woodland owners, such as those less motivated by economic return, may be better placed than others to deliver certain public goods; that conflicts can arise between the provision of recreation and nature conservation, especially in smaller woodlands; and that many private woodland owners are sceptical about becoming involved in grant schemes which may help foster public good provision in the private sector.

ACS Style

Julie Urquhart; Paul Courtney; Bill Slee. Private Ownership and Public Good Provision in English Woodlands. Small-scale Forestry 2009, 9, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Julie Urquhart, Paul Courtney, Bill Slee. Private Ownership and Public Good Provision in English Woodlands. Small-scale Forestry. 2009; 9 (1):1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julie Urquhart; Paul Courtney; Bill Slee. 2009. "Private Ownership and Public Good Provision in English Woodlands." Small-scale Forestry 9, no. 1: 1-20.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2008 in Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit
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The determinants of local economic performance have provided a focus for theoretical debate and posed a conundrum for rural policy makers aiming to address local and regional disparities in the face of global competitiveness. The complex interrelationship of potential explanatory factors is conceptualized in terms of five ‘capitals’: economic, human, social, environmental and cultural. Findings from in-depth interviews with local stakeholders in eight English districts emphasise the interplay between local historical and cultural contexts, the capacity of local actors to stimulate development and the potential to create ‘open’ economies and societies in explaining uneven patterns of performance across rural England.

ACS Style

Paul Courtney; Malcom Moseley. Determinants of Local Economic Performance: Experience from Rural England. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 2008, 23, 305 -318.

AMA Style

Paul Courtney, Malcom Moseley. Determinants of Local Economic Performance: Experience from Rural England. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit. 2008; 23 (4):305-318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul Courtney; Malcom Moseley. 2008. "Determinants of Local Economic Performance: Experience from Rural England." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 23, no. 4: 305-318.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2007 in Geoforum
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This paper uses spatial economic data from four small English towns to measure the strength of economic integration between town and hinterland and to estimate the magnitude of town–hinterland spill-over effects. Following estimation of local integration indicators and inter-locale flows, sub-regional social accounting matrices (SAMs) are developed to estimate the strength of local employment and output multipliers for various economic sectors. The potential value of a town as a ‘sub-pole’ in local economic development is shown to be dependent on structural differences in the local economy, such as the particular mix of firms within towns. Although the multipliers are generally small, indicating a low level of local linkages, some sectors, particularly financial services and banking, show consistently higher multipliers for both output and employment.

ACS Style

Paul Courtney; Lucy Mayfield; Richard Tranter; Philip Jones; Andrew Errington. Small towns as ‘sub-poles’ in English rural development: Investigating rural–urban linkages using sub-regional social accounting matrices. Geoforum 2007, 38, 1219 -1232.

AMA Style

Paul Courtney, Lucy Mayfield, Richard Tranter, Philip Jones, Andrew Errington. Small towns as ‘sub-poles’ in English rural development: Investigating rural–urban linkages using sub-regional social accounting matrices. Geoforum. 2007; 38 (6):1219-1232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul Courtney; Lucy Mayfield; Richard Tranter; Philip Jones; Andrew Errington. 2007. "Small towns as ‘sub-poles’ in English rural development: Investigating rural–urban linkages using sub-regional social accounting matrices." Geoforum 38, no. 6: 1219-1232.

Journal article
Published: 24 February 2006 in Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research
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Forests and woodlands have long been associated with tourism and recreation and there is a growing demand for improved planning tools to measure and maximize amenity value from policy intervention. Building on earlier studies, this study develops a trip generation function (TGF) to predict visit rates to public and privately owned forest sites in Great Britain. Using a zonal approach, the models were based on visit counts to 100 countryside woodland sites. A survey of forest managers was made to collect data on facilities and characteristics, and geographical information systems analysis was used to define outset zones and compile data on the population living within the zones and the quality and accessibility of alternative woodlands. A series of stand-alone TGFs were developed. In addition to size of population living within a 2-h travel time and substitute-site accessibility, the results highlighted the importance of the number of site facilities in determining visit rates. The results of a cross-validation suggest that the TGFs are sufficiently robust to predict visitor numbers at an aggregate level. However, the current value of this type of modelling to forest management decision making, and further advancement in modelling to allow transferability of results to unsurveyed sites is currently constrained by a number of data limitations, including the quality of available visit data.

ACS Style

Gary W. Hill; Paul R. Courtney. Demand analysis projections for recreational visits to countryside woodlands in Great Britain. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 2006, 79, 185 -200.

AMA Style

Gary W. Hill, Paul R. Courtney. Demand analysis projections for recreational visits to countryside woodlands in Great Britain. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research. 2006; 79 (2):185-200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gary W. Hill; Paul R. Courtney. 2006. "Demand analysis projections for recreational visits to countryside woodlands in Great Britain." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 79, no. 2: 185-200.