Grain refinement using oxide additions is commercially feasible and ecofriendly. MgAl₂O₄ has a lattice structure similar to Al and small lattice misfits with Al, and it can be an effective nucleation core when it meets certain conditions. In this paper, the influencing factor of MgAl₂O₄ on heterogeneous nucleation and grain refinement in Al alloys was reviewed in terms of physical force, mass percent, particle size and distribution, heating temperature and duration, interface matching, lattice distortion, and chemical reactions at the liquid/solid interfaces. The existence of in situ MgAl₂O₄ was necessary for heterogeneous nucleation and grain refinement, and the content of MgAl₂O₄ was a crucial factor in grain refinement. Physical force highly enhanced heterogeneous nucleation and grain refinement through tuning of the wetting, size, and distribution of MgAl₂O₄ particles with little content. The heterogeneous nucleation of MgAl₂O₄ played a vital role in grain size reduction when the content was at a critical value. A single crystal of exogenous MgAl₂O₄ could also be a potent heterogeneous nucleation substrate for Al and Al–Mg alloys under a casting temperature or a high heating temperature with a short holding time for the small lattice misfits between nucleated-phase Al and the MgAl₂O₄ substrate, with limited lattice distortion.

A novel 3d transition metal high entropy alloy (3d TM HEA), CoCrCuNiTi, was exploited by Ti addition into a common 4-elemental group of CoCrCuNi. Its phase