This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Unclaimed
H. J. Fels‐Klerx
Business Economics Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Journal of Food Science
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Risk analysis consists of risk assessment (RA), risk management (RM), and risk communication (RC). In most countries, RA and RM of food safety are separated to achieve a high scientific integrity, and typically occur in sequential order. However, in case of a food safety incident, even though being separate processes, RA and RM are performed simultaneously due to great time pressure and expected high impacts. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the observed interactions between RA and RM processes, during three major food incidents in Europe, and to provide suggestions for possible improvement. Based on the differences observed between the three cases, strengths and weaknesses of each system have been identified. The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) crisis in 2011 in Germany, the horsemeat scandal in 2013 in Ireland, and the fipronil incident in 2017 in the Netherlands were used as case studies. Timelines of these incidents and crisis management procedures in place in each of the three countries provided the basis for further analysis. First, results showed that details of the communication processes between RA and RM bodies were frequently lacking in crisis management protocols. Second, RA, RM, and RC processes differed for each incident, due to differences in estimated risk for public health, but also due to differences in the organization within a country. Based on our results, we recommend that crisis management protocols should contain a section on communication between RA, RM, and on communication between member states in the EU.

ACS Style

M. Focker; B. H. P. Borne; M. Fischer; E. Schuh; A. Mader; M. G. Andersson; B. M. Ali; H. J. Fels‐Klerx. Interactions between risk assessors and risk managers during three major food incidents in Europe. Journal of Food Science 2021, 86, 3611 -3627.

AMA Style

M. Focker, B. H. P. Borne, M. Fischer, E. Schuh, A. Mader, M. G. Andersson, B. M. Ali, H. J. Fels‐Klerx. Interactions between risk assessors and risk managers during three major food incidents in Europe. Journal of Food Science. 2021; 86 (8):3611-3627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Focker; B. H. P. Borne; M. Fischer; E. Schuh; A. Mader; M. G. Andersson; B. M. Ali; H. J. Fels‐Klerx. 2021. "Interactions between risk assessors and risk managers during three major food incidents in Europe." Journal of Food Science 86, no. 8: 3611-3627.

Review
Published: 12 April 2021 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Our climate is projected to change gradually over time. Mycotoxin occurrence in cereal grains is both directly and indirectly related to local weather and to climate changes. Direct routes are via the effects of precipitation, relative humidity, and temperatures on both fungal infection of the grain and mycotoxin formation. Indirect routes are via the effects of the wind dispersal of spores, insect attacks, and shifts in cereal grain phenology. This review aimed to investigate available modeling studies for climate change impacts on mycotoxins in cereal grains, and to identify how they can be used to safeguard food safety with future climate change. Using a systematic review approach, in total, 53 relevant papers from the period of 2005–2020 were retrieved. Only six of them focused on quantitative modeling of climate change impacts on mycotoxins, all in pre-harvest cereal grains. Although regional differences exist, the model results generally show an increase in mycotoxins in a changing climate. The models do not give an indication on how to adapt to climate change impacts. If available models were linked with land use and crop models, scenario analyses could be used for analyzing adaptation strategies to avoid high mycotoxin presence in cereal grains and to safeguard the safety of our feed and food.

ACS Style

Cheng Liu; H. Van der Fels-Klerx. Quantitative Modeling of Climate Change Impacts on Mycotoxins in Cereals: A Review. Toxins 2021, 13, 276 .

AMA Style

Cheng Liu, H. Van der Fels-Klerx. Quantitative Modeling of Climate Change Impacts on Mycotoxins in Cereals: A Review. Toxins. 2021; 13 (4):276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheng Liu; H. Van der Fels-Klerx. 2021. "Quantitative Modeling of Climate Change Impacts on Mycotoxins in Cereals: A Review." Toxins 13, no. 4: 276.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2021 in Food Control
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Several chemical disinfection strategies may be used to control cross-contamination of pathogens during fresh-cut produce washing. Deciding which strategy to select not only requires the use of technical information on the relevant criteria but can also make use of stakeholder perception. This study aimed to describe the application of a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to support decision-makers when determining a control strategy that best meets the views of various stakeholders and their possible conflicting interests. In this case study, five control strategies that can be used to treat the wash water, which comes in direct contact with the produce in the wash tank during processing, were examined. These strategies aimed to control pathogenic cross-contamination during fresh-cut lettuce washing at processors. These strategies included the use of free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, peracetic acid, or no wash water disinfectant. The performance analysis was based on five main criteria: Effectiveness, Technological aspects, Consumer acceptance, Economics, and Health. Scores for these criteria were evaluated using scientific literature, while the weights of the criteria were assessed using stakeholders. Results for the five control strategies were determined per stakeholder group, which included fresh-cut processors, producers and suppliers of disinfectants and equipment, scientists, and government representatives, as well as per individual. Stakeholders were shown to have different views on the relative importance of the criteria; however, the criterion “Health” was consistently considered most important. The ranking of the control strategies was similar for each stakeholder group and over stakeholders. Overall, the results showed that peracetic acid is the preferred control strategy. Based on the results of these analyses, the MCDA approach may assist in the complex decision to select a control strategy to control potential cross-contamination directly in the wash tank during fresh-cut lettuce washing by considering the different nature of the criteria and the perceptions of various stakeholder groups.

ACS Style

J.L. Banach; M.H. Zwietering; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. Multi-criteria decision analysis to evaluate control strategies for preventing cross-contamination during fresh-cut lettuce washing. Food Control 2021, 128, 108136 .

AMA Style

J.L. Banach, M.H. Zwietering, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. Multi-criteria decision analysis to evaluate control strategies for preventing cross-contamination during fresh-cut lettuce washing. Food Control. 2021; 128 ():108136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.L. Banach; M.H. Zwietering; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. 2021. "Multi-criteria decision analysis to evaluate control strategies for preventing cross-contamination during fresh-cut lettuce washing." Food Control 128, no. : 108136.

Original article
Published: 30 March 2021 in Mycotoxin Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In the period 2009–2018, an annual field survey with commercial arable farms in the Netherlands was held, to collect data on agronomics of wheat fields as well as mycotoxin concentrations of the specific wheat field at harvest. In total, 293 full farm field records over 8 years were obtained. This study aimed to investigate (i) the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and other mycotoxins, as well as correlations between these mycotoxins, and (ii) the relationships between agronomics and the DON concentration in wheat kernels for wheat cultivated in the Netherlands. Results showed that mycotoxins most frequently observed in concentrations above the limit of quantification were DON, enniatin B and B1, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEN) and nivalenol. On average, DON was detected in 54% of the samples (> 50 µg/kg) ranging from 19 to 92% depending on the year. Positive samples (> 50 µg/kg) had DON concentrations ranging 53–15,400 µg/kg, with a median of 228 µg/kg. Co-occurrence between DON and ZEN as well as between each of DON and ZEN with their modified forms was confirmed by the data of this study. The year influenced the DON concentration in wheat the most, followed by the region. The results of this study show that DON levels in wheat can only be influenced in a limited manner by agronomic practices such as the use of fungicides against Fusarium spp. around flowering, crop rotation, or the use of resistant wheat cultivars.

ACS Style

H.J. Van der Fels-Klerx; Marlous Focker; Theo De Rijk; Cheng Liu. Mycotoxins in wheat cultivated in the Netherlands: results from eight years of field surveys. Mycotoxin Research 2021, 37, 183 -192.

AMA Style

H.J. Van der Fels-Klerx, Marlous Focker, Theo De Rijk, Cheng Liu. Mycotoxins in wheat cultivated in the Netherlands: results from eight years of field surveys. Mycotoxin Research. 2021; 37 (2):183-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.J. Van der Fels-Klerx; Marlous Focker; Theo De Rijk; Cheng Liu. 2021. "Mycotoxins in wheat cultivated in the Netherlands: results from eight years of field surveys." Mycotoxin Research 37, no. 2: 183-192.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2021 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Fusarium species infection in wheat can lead to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and contamination with mycotoxins. To fully exploit more recent insights into FHB and mycotoxin management, farmers might need to adapt their agronomic management, which can be stimulated through incentives. This study aimed to identify incentives to stimulate European farmers to adapt their agronomic management to reduce FHB and related mycotoxins in wheat. A questionnaire was distributed among 224 wheat farmers from Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, and the United Kingdom. Using the respondents’ data, Bayesian Network modelling was applied to estimate the probability that farmers would adapt their current agronomic management under eight different incentives given the conditions set by their farm and farmer characteristics. Results show that most farmers would adapt their current agronomic management under the incentives “paid extra when wheat contains low levels of mycotoxins” and “wheat is tested for the presence of mycotoxins for free”. The most effective incentive depended on farm and farmer characteristics, such as country, crop type, size of arable land, soil type, education, and mycotoxin knowledge. Insights into the farmer characteristics related to incentives can help stakeholders in the wheat supply chain, such as farmer cooperatives and the government, to design tailor-made incentive plans.

ACS Style

Esmée Janssen; Monique Mourits; Alfons Oude Lansink; H. Fels-Klerx. Incentives to Stimulate European Wheat Farmers to Adapt Their Fusarium Species Mycotoxin Management. Toxins 2021, 13, 144 .

AMA Style

Esmée Janssen, Monique Mourits, Alfons Oude Lansink, H. Fels-Klerx. Incentives to Stimulate European Wheat Farmers to Adapt Their Fusarium Species Mycotoxin Management. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esmée Janssen; Monique Mourits; Alfons Oude Lansink; H. Fels-Klerx. 2021. "Incentives to Stimulate European Wheat Farmers to Adapt Their Fusarium Species Mycotoxin Management." Toxins 13, no. 2: 144.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Food Control
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Global food supply chains have been constantly challenged by various food safety incidents or crisis. Traditional approaches on enhancing robustness of the food supply chain are not sufficient to ensure a safe food supply to the society, while building resilience as a more comprehensive approach has shown to be a good alternative option. With a resilience thinking, the food supply chain is not targeting to achieve a state of zero food safety risks, but rather to pursue the capacity to adapt and manage food safety shocks. A resilient food supply chain can still be vulnerable under the constant pressure of food safety hazards and the changing food chain environment, but has the capacity to adapt to and recover from the shocks. This study aimed to1) provide a clear definition for resilient food supply chains in the context of food safety; 2) provide a procedure to assess food safety resilience; 3) specify how a resilient food supply chain can be quantified and improved by providing a numerical example in a case study. Three dimensions of resilience factors, being time, degree of impacts caused by the food safety shocks, and degree of recovery, are suggested for assessing supply chain resilience. Results of a case study on Salmonella spp. in the pork supply chain show that the proposed framework and modelling allow for selecting the most effective strategies (having alternative suppliers, enhancing animal resilience as examples for the considered case) for improving the resilience of the supply chain for food safety.

ACS Style

W. Mu; E.D. van Asselt; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. Towards a resilient food supply chain in the context of food safety. Food Control 2021, 125, 107953 .

AMA Style

W. Mu, E.D. van Asselt, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. Towards a resilient food supply chain in the context of food safety. Food Control. 2021; 125 ():107953.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. Mu; E.D. van Asselt; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. 2021. "Towards a resilient food supply chain in the context of food safety." Food Control 125, no. : 107953.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2021 in Food Research International
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Food safety monitoring is essential for hazard identification in food chain, but its application may be limited due to costly analytical methods and (inefficient) sampling procedures. The objective of this study was to design cost-effective monitoring schemes for food safety contaminants along the food production chain, given restricted monitoring budgets. As a case study, we focused on dioxins in the dairy supply chain with feed mills, dairy farms, dairy trucks and storage silos in dairy plants as possible control points. The cost-effectiveness of monitoring schemes was assessed using a model consisting of a simulation module and an optimization module. In the simulation module, the probability to collect at least one contaminated sample was computed for different sampling strategies (simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and systematic sampling) at each control point. The optimization module maximized the effectiveness of a monitoring scheme to identify the contaminated sample by determining the optimal sampling strategies, the optimal number of incremental samples collected, and the pooling rate (number of collected samples mixed into one aggregated sample) at each control point. The modelling approach was applied to two cases with different types of contamination. Results of these cases showed that, to identify the same contaminated sample, monitoring schemes with systematic sampling were more cost-effective at feed mills and dairy farms. The combination of simulation and optimization methods showed to be useful for developing cost-effective food safety monitoring schemes along the food supply chain.

ACS Style

Z. Wang; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink. Modeling cost-effective monitoring schemes for food safety contaminants: Case study for dioxins in the dairy supply chain. Food Research International 2021, 141, 110110 .

AMA Style

Z. Wang, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx, A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink. Modeling cost-effective monitoring schemes for food safety contaminants: Case study for dioxins in the dairy supply chain. Food Research International. 2021; 141 ():110110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. Wang; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink. 2021. "Modeling cost-effective monitoring schemes for food safety contaminants: Case study for dioxins in the dairy supply chain." Food Research International 141, no. : 110110.

Review article
Published: 07 November 2020 in Current Opinion in Food Science
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Food Safety Economics combines the fields of food safety and economics to investigate the allocation of scarce resources and decisions made by economic actors in the food supply chain related to food safety management. Food safety economics provides insights into the economic consequences of contaminated food placed on the market, cost-effective control and monitoring of food safety hazards, the attitude of producers and consumers towards these measures, and incentives of farmers and producers to apply these measures. Research in food safety economics is relatively new and scattered. Comprehensive methods that take into account multiple aspects of food safety economics and stakeholders’ preferences increase transparency and facilitate the design of effective food safety control and monitoring and related policy making.

ACS Style

M. Focker; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. Economics applied to food safety. Current Opinion in Food Science 2020, 36, 18 -23.

AMA Style

M. Focker, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. Economics applied to food safety. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2020; 36 ():18-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Focker; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx. 2020. "Economics applied to food safety." Current Opinion in Food Science 36, no. : 18-23.

Original research article
Published: 16 October 2020 in Risk Analysis
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Food safety monitoring faces the challenge of tackling multiple chemicals along the various stages of the food supply chain. Our study developed a methodology for optimizing sampling for monitoring multiple chemicals along the dairy supply chain. We used a mixed integer nonlinear programming approach to maximize the performance of the sampling in terms of reducing the risk of the potential disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in the population. Decision variables are the number of samples collected and analyzed at each stage of the food chain (feed mills, dairy farms, milk trucks, and dairy processing plants) for each chemical, given a predefined budget. The model was applied to the case of monitoring for aflatoxin B1/M1(AFB1/M1) and dioxins in a hypothetical Dutch dairy supply chain, and results were calculated for various contamination scenarios defined in terms of contamination fraction and concentrations. Considering various monitoring budgets for both chemicals, monitoring for AFB1/M1 showed to be more effective than for dioxins in most of the considered scenarios, because AFB1/M1 could result into more DALYs than dioxins when both chemicals are in same contamination fraction, and costs for analyzing one AFB1/M1 sample are lower than for one dioxins sample. The results suggest that relatively more resources be spent on monitoring AFB1/M1 when both chemicals’ contamination fractions are low; when both contamination fractions are higher, relatively more budget should be addressed to monitoring dioxins.

ACS Style

Z. Wang; H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx; A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. Optimization of Sampling for Monitoring Chemicals in the Food Supply Chain Using a Risk‐Based Approach: The Case of Aflatoxins and Dioxins in the Dutch Dairy Chain. Risk Analysis 2020, 40, 2539 -2560.

AMA Style

Z. Wang, H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx, A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. Optimization of Sampling for Monitoring Chemicals in the Food Supply Chain Using a Risk‐Based Approach: The Case of Aflatoxins and Dioxins in the Dutch Dairy Chain. Risk Analysis. 2020; 40 (12):2539-2560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. Wang; H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx; A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. 2020. "Optimization of Sampling for Monitoring Chemicals in the Food Supply Chain Using a Risk‐Based Approach: The Case of Aflatoxins and Dioxins in the Dutch Dairy Chain." Risk Analysis 40, no. 12: 2539-2560.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Food Research International
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study aimed to develop a mitigation strategy for the formation of 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), and glycidol fatty acid esters (GE) during palm oil refining. Single physical refining was the starting point (the control) for this study. Experimental treatments including a double refining repeating the entire single refining process (T1), double refining with a high-low deodorization temperature (T2), and double deodorization (T3) with similar temperature settings as T2 were performed. Compared with the control experiment, T2 successfully reduced the formation of GE by 87%; in particular, the second degumming and bleaching were crucial for eliminating GE. Both 2- and 3-MCPDE were formed prior to the deodorization process in all treatments. MCPDE concentrations remained stable throughout the refining process and, hence, they require a different mitigation approach as compared to GE. These results provide useful insights which can directly be implemented by the oil industry.

ACS Style

Sergio B. Oey; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx; Vincenzo Fogliano; Stefan P.J. van Leeuwen. Effective physical refining for the mitigation of processing contaminants in palm oil at pilot scale. Food Research International 2020, 138, 109748 .

AMA Style

Sergio B. Oey, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx, Vincenzo Fogliano, Stefan P.J. van Leeuwen. Effective physical refining for the mitigation of processing contaminants in palm oil at pilot scale. Food Research International. 2020; 138 ():109748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio B. Oey; H.J. van der Fels-Klerx; Vincenzo Fogliano; Stefan P.J. van Leeuwen. 2020. "Effective physical refining for the mitigation of processing contaminants in palm oil at pilot scale." Food Research International 138, no. : 109748.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2020 in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Seaweed is a source of protein that can help overcome the anticipated challenges of a growing world population and the current challenges for finding alternatives for animal proteins in the Western diet. Thus far, data on the safety of seaweed for feed and food purposes in the Western world are scattered. This study aimed to review the available knowledge on the presence of food safety hazards in seaweed, including factors influencing their presence, and to prioritize the hazards that may pose a risk to human health. Given current knowledge from the literature, data from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, and results from a stakeholder survey, 22 food safety hazards were ranked into major (4), moderate (5), and minor (13) hazards. Arsenic, cadmium, iodine, and Salmonella were identified as major hazards. Hazards, where data gaps exist, should be carefully assessed. These include pesticide residues, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, marine biotoxins, allergens, micro‐ and nanoplastics, other pathogenic bacteria, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus. It is recommended to collect more data on these hazards in future studies. Many factors can affect the presence of hazards including seaweed type, physiology, season, harvest and cultivation environment, geography including the location of cultivation, alongside further processing. Moreover, when seaweed is cultivated near industrialized or anthropogenic activities, these activities may negatively influence water quality, which can increase the likelihood of hazards in seaweed. Results of the ranking prioritized hazards can be used to prioritize monitoring programs and adjusted given future additional knowledge covering the data gaps.

ACS Style

J. L. Banach; Elise Hoek - van Den Hil; H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx. Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2020, 19, 332 -364.

AMA Style

J. L. Banach, Elise Hoek - van Den Hil, H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx. Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020; 19 (2):332-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. L. Banach; Elise Hoek - van Den Hil; H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx. 2020. "Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19, no. 2: 332-364.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2019 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) have received increased industrial interest as a novel protein source for food and feed. Previous research has found that insects, including BSFL, are capable of metabolically converting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), but recovery of total AFB1 is less than 20% when accounting for its conversion to most known metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the conversion of AFB1 by S9 extracts of BSFL reared on substrates with or without AFB1. Liver S9 of Aroclor-induced rats was used as a reference. To investigate whether cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the conversion of AFB1, the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was tested in a number of treatments. The results showed that approximately 60% of AFB1 was converted to aflatoxicol and aflatoxin P1. The remaining 40% of AFB1 was not converted. Cytochrome P450s were indeed responsible for metabolic conversion of AFB1 into AFP1, and a cytoplasmic reductase was most likely responsible for conversion of AFB1 into aflatoxicol.

ACS Style

Nathan Meijer; Geert Stoopen; H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Joop J.A. Van Loon; John Carney; Guido Bosch. Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts. Toxins 2019, 11, 532 .

AMA Style

Nathan Meijer, Geert Stoopen, H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx, Joop J.A. Van Loon, John Carney, Guido Bosch. Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):532.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nathan Meijer; Geert Stoopen; H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Joop J.A. Van Loon; John Carney; Guido Bosch. 2019. "Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts." Toxins 11, no. 9: 532.

Research article
Published: 27 June 2019 in PLOS ONE
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Various models and datasets related to aflatoxins in the maize and dairy production chain have been developed and used but they have not yet been linked with each other. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of climate change on aflatoxin B1 production in maize and its consequences on aflatoxin M1 contamination in dairy cow’s milk, using a full chain modelling approach. To this end, available models and input data were chained together in a modelling framework. As a case study, we focused on maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands to be fed–as part of dairy cows’ compound feed–to dairy cows in the Netherlands. Three different climate models, one aflatoxin B1 prediction model and five different carryover models were used. For this particular case study of East European maize, most of the calculations suggest an increase (up to 50%) of maximum mean aflatoxin M1 in milk by 2030, except for one climate (DMI) model suggesting a decrease. Results from all combinations of carryover and climate models suggest a similar or slight increase (up to 0.6%) of the chance of finding aflatoxin M1 in milk above the EC limit of 0.05 μg/kg by 2030. Results varied mainly with the climate model data and carryover model considered. The model framework infrastructure is flexible so that forecasting models for other mycotoxins or other food safety hazards as well as other production chains, together with necessary input databases, can easily be included as well. This modelling framework for the first time links datasets and models related to aflatoxin B1 in maize and related aflatoxin M1 the dairy production chain to obtain a unique predictive methodology based on Monte Carlo simulation. Such an integrated approach with scenario analysis provides possibilities for policy makers and risk managers to study the effects of changes in the beginning of the chain on the end product.

ACS Style

H. J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Lucie Vermeulen; A. K. Gavai; C. Liu. Climate change impacts on aflatoxin B1 in maize and aflatoxin M1 in milk: A case study of maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0218956 .

AMA Style

H. J. Van Der Fels-Klerx, Lucie Vermeulen, A. K. Gavai, C. Liu. Climate change impacts on aflatoxin B1 in maize and aflatoxin M1 in milk: A case study of maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (6):e0218956.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Lucie Vermeulen; A. K. Gavai; C. Liu. 2019. "Climate change impacts on aflatoxin B1 in maize and aflatoxin M1 in milk: A case study of maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands." PLOS ONE 14, no. 6: e0218956.

Original research article
Published: 29 March 2019 in Risk Analysis
Reads 0
Downloads 0

An optimization model was used to gain insight into cost‐effective monitoring plans for aflatoxins along the maize supply chain. The model was based on a typical Dutch maize chain, with maize grown in the Black Sea region, and transported by ship to the Netherlands for use as an ingredient in compound feed for dairy cattle. Six different scenarios, with different aflatoxin concentrations at harvest and possible aflatoxin production during transport, were used. By minimizing the costs and using parameters such as the concentration, the variance of the sampling plan, and the monitoring and replacement costs, the model optimized the control points (CPs; e.g., after harvest, before or after transport by sea ship), the number of batches sampled at the CP, and the number of samples per batch. This optimization approach led to an end‐of‐chain aflatoxin concentration below the predetermined limit. The model showed that, when postharvest aflatoxin production was not possible, it was most cost‐effective to collect samples from all batches and replace contaminated batches directly after the harvest, since the replacement costs were the lowest at the origin of the chain. When there was aflatoxin production during storage, it was most cost‐effective to collect samples and replace contaminated batches after storage and transport to avoid the duplicate before and after monitoring and replacement costs. Further along the chain a contaminated batch is detected, the more stakeholders are involved, the more expensive the replacement costs and possible recall costs become.

ACS Style

M. Focker; H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx; A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. Optimization of the Aflatoxin Monitoring Costs along the Maize Supply Chain. Risk Analysis 2019, 39, 2227 -2236.

AMA Style

M. Focker, H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx, A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. Optimization of the Aflatoxin Monitoring Costs along the Maize Supply Chain. Risk Analysis. 2019; 39 (10):2227-2236.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Focker; H. J. Van Der Fels‐Klerx; A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. 2019. "Optimization of the Aflatoxin Monitoring Costs along the Maize Supply Chain." Risk Analysis 39, no. 10: 2227-2236.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2019 in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Sergio B. Oey; H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Vincenzo Fogliano; Stefan P.J. Van Leeuwen. Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2- and 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2019, 18, 349 -361.

AMA Style

Sergio B. Oey, H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx, Vincenzo Fogliano, Stefan P.J. Van Leeuwen. Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2- and 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2019; 18 (2):349-361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio B. Oey; H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Vincenzo Fogliano; Stefan P.J. Van Leeuwen. 2019. "Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2- and 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 18, no. 2: 349-361.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2018 in Risk Analysis
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The presence of hazards (e.g., contaminants, pathogens) in food/feed, water, plants, or animals can lead to major economic losses related to human and animal health or the rejection of batches of food or feed. Monitoring these hazards is important but can lead to high costs. This study aimed to find the most cost-effective sampling and analysis (S&A) plan in the cases of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) in a wheat batch and aflatoxins (AFB ) in a maize batch. An optimization model was constructed, maximizing the number of correct decisions for accepting/rejecting a batch of cereals, with a budget as major constraint. The decision variables were the choice of the analytical method: instrumental method (e.g., liquid chromatography combined with mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)), enzyme-linked-immuno-assay (ELISA), or lateral flow devices (LFD), the number of incremental samples collected from the batch, and the number of aliquots analyzed. S&A plans using ELISA showed to be slightly more cost effective than S&A plans using the other two analytical methods. However, for DON in wheat, the difference between the optimal S&A plans using the three different analytical methods was minimal. For AFB in maize, the cost effectiveness of the S&A plan using instrumental methods or ELISA were comparable whereas the S&A plan considering onsite detection with LFDs was least cost effective. In case of nonofficial controls, which do not have to follow official regulations for sampling and analysis, onsite detection with ELISA for both AFB in maize and DON in wheat, or with LFDs for DON in wheat, could provide cost-effective alternatives.

ACS Style

M. Focker; H. J. Der Fels‐Klerx; A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. Cost‐Effective Sampling and Analysis for Mycotoxins in a Cereal Batch. Risk Analysis 2018, 39, 926 -939.

AMA Style

M. Focker, H. J. Der Fels‐Klerx, A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. Cost‐Effective Sampling and Analysis for Mycotoxins in a Cereal Batch. Risk Analysis. 2018; 39 (4):926-939.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Focker; H. J. Der Fels‐Klerx; A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink. 2018. "Cost‐Effective Sampling and Analysis for Mycotoxins in a Cereal Batch." Risk Analysis 39, no. 4: 926-939.

Comparative study
Published: 02 July 2018 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Forecasting models for mycotoxins in cereal grains during cultivation are useful for pre-harvest and post-harvest mycotoxin management. Some of such models for deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, using two different modelling techniques, have been published. This study aimed to compare and cross-validate three different modelling approaches for predicting DON in winter wheat using data from the Netherlands as a case study. To this end, a published empirical model was updated with a new mixed effect logistic regression method. A mechanistic model for wheat in Italy was adapted to the Dutch situation. A new Bayesian network model was developed to predict DON in wheat. In developing the three models, the same dataset was used, including agronomic and weather data, as well as DON concentrations of individual samples in the Netherlands over the years 2001–2013 (625 records). Similar data from 2015 and 2016 (86 records) were used for external independent validation. The results showed that all three modelling approaches provided good accuracy in predicting DON in wheat in the Netherlands. The empirical model showed the highest accuracy (88%). However, this model is highly location and data-dependent, and can only be run if all of the input data are available. The mechanistic model provided 80% accuracy. This model is easier to implement in new areas given similar mycotoxin-producing fungal populations. The Bayesian network model provided 86% accuracy. Compared with the other two models, this model is easier to implement when input data are incomplete. In future research, the three modelling approaches could be integrated to even better support decision-making in mycotoxin management.

ACS Style

Cheng Liu; Valentina Manstretta; Vittorio Rossi; H. J. Van Der Fels-Klerx. Comparison of Three Modelling Approaches for Predicting Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Winter Wheat. Toxins 2018, 10, 267 .

AMA Style

Cheng Liu, Valentina Manstretta, Vittorio Rossi, H. J. Van Der Fels-Klerx. Comparison of Three Modelling Approaches for Predicting Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Winter Wheat. Toxins. 2018; 10 (7):267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheng Liu; Valentina Manstretta; Vittorio Rossi; H. J. Van Der Fels-Klerx. 2018. "Comparison of Three Modelling Approaches for Predicting Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Winter Wheat." Toxins 10, no. 7: 267.

Journal article
Published: 24 February 2018 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study aimed to investigate the potential accumulation of mycotoxins in the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus, LMW) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) larvae. Feed was spiked with aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A or zearalenone, and as a mixture of mycotoxins, to concentrations of 1, 10, and 25 times the maximum limits set by the European Commission for complete feed. This maximum limit is 0.02 mg/kg for aflatoxin B1, 5 mg/kg for DON, 0.5 mg/kg for zearalenone and 0.1 mg/kg for ochratoxin A. The mycotoxins and some of their metabolites were analysed in the larvae and residual material using a validated and accredited LC-MS/MS-based method. Metabolites considered were aflatoxicol, aflatoxin P1, aflatoxin Q1, and aflatoxin M1, 3-acetyl-DON, 15-acetyl-DON and DON-3-glycoside, and α- and β-zearalenol. No differences were observed between larvae reared on mycotoxins individually or as a mixture with regards to both larvae development and mycotoxin accumulation/excretion. None of the mycotoxins accumulated in the larvae and were only detected in BSF larvae several orders of magnitude lower than the concentration in feed. Mass balance calculations showed that BSF and LMW larvae metabolized the four mycotoxins to different extents. Metabolites accounted for minimal amounts of the mass balance, except for zearalenone metabolites in the BSF treatments, which accounted for an average maximum of 86% of the overall mass balance. Both insect species showed to excrete or metabolize the four mycotoxins present in their feed. Hence, safe limits for these mycotoxins in substrates to be used for these two insect species possibly could be higher than for production animals. However, additional analytical and toxicological research to fully understand the safe limits of mycotoxins in insect feed, and thus the safety of the insects, is required.

ACS Style

Louise Camenzuli; Ruud Van Dam; Theo De Rijk; Rob Andriessen; Jeroen Van Schelt; H. J. (Ine) Van Der Fels-Klerx. Tolerance and Excretion of the Mycotoxins Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, and Ochratoxin A by Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens from Contaminated Substrates. Toxins 2018, 10, 91 .

AMA Style

Louise Camenzuli, Ruud Van Dam, Theo De Rijk, Rob Andriessen, Jeroen Van Schelt, H. J. (Ine) Van Der Fels-Klerx. Tolerance and Excretion of the Mycotoxins Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, and Ochratoxin A by Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens from Contaminated Substrates. Toxins. 2018; 10 (2):91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louise Camenzuli; Ruud Van Dam; Theo De Rijk; Rob Andriessen; Jeroen Van Schelt; H. J. (Ine) Van Der Fels-Klerx. 2018. "Tolerance and Excretion of the Mycotoxins Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, and Ochratoxin A by Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens from Contaminated Substrates." Toxins 10, no. 2: 91.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2018 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Following legislation, European Member States should have multi-annual control programs for contaminants, such as for mycotoxins, in feed and food. These programs need to be risk based implying the checks are regular and proportional to the estimated risk for animal and human health. This study aimed to prioritize feed products in the Netherlands for deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 monitoring. Historical mycotoxin monitoring results from the period 2007–2016 were combined with data from other sources. Based on occurrence, groundnuts had high priority for aflatoxin B1 monitoring; some feed materials (maize and maize products and several oil seed products) and complete/complementary feed excluding dairy cattle and young animals had medium priority; and all other animal feeds and feed materials had low priority. For deoxynivalenol, maize by-products had a high priority, complete and complementary feed for pigs had a medium priority and all other feed and feed materials a low priority. Also including health consequence estimations showed that feed materials that ranked highest for aflatoxin B1 included sunflower seed and palmkernel expeller/extracts and maize. For deoxynivalenol, maize products were ranked highest, followed by various small grain cereals (products); all other feed materials were of lower concern. Results of this study have proven to be useful in setting up the annual risk based control program for mycotoxins in animal feed and feed materials.

ACS Style

H.J. (Ine) Van Der Fels-Klerx; Paulien Adamse; Ans Punt; Esther D. Van Asselt. Data Analyses and Modelling for Risk Based Monitoring of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed. Toxins 2018, 10, 54 .

AMA Style

H.J. (Ine) Van Der Fels-Klerx, Paulien Adamse, Ans Punt, Esther D. Van Asselt. Data Analyses and Modelling for Risk Based Monitoring of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed. Toxins. 2018; 10 (2):54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.J. (Ine) Van Der Fels-Klerx; Paulien Adamse; Ans Punt; Esther D. Van Asselt. 2018. "Data Analyses and Modelling for Risk Based Monitoring of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed." Toxins 10, no. 2: 54.

Report
Published: 01 January 2018 in The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Nathan Meijer; Team Agrochains; Gijs Kleter; Rosa Amalia Safitri; Monique de Nijs; Marie-Luise Rau; Ria Derkx; Joke Webbink; Marijn Post; Yuca Waarts; Ine van der Fels-Klerx; Pe&rc; Research team Microbiologie and Novel Foods; Rikilt - Bu Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods; Natural Toxins; LEI International Policy; Fb Bib Publiekdiensten; Library Research & Education Support; Business Economics. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Nathan Meijer, Team Agrochains, Gijs Kleter, Rosa Amalia Safitri, Monique de Nijs, Marie-Luise Rau, Ria Derkx, Joke Webbink, Marijn Post, Yuca Waarts, Ine van der Fels-Klerx, Pe&rc, Research team Microbiologie and Novel Foods, Rikilt - Bu Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods, Natural Toxins, LEI International Policy, Fb Bib Publiekdiensten, Library Research & Education Support, Business Economics. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nathan Meijer; Team Agrochains; Gijs Kleter; Rosa Amalia Safitri; Monique de Nijs; Marie-Luise Rau; Ria Derkx; Joke Webbink; Marijn Post; Yuca Waarts; Ine van der Fels-Klerx; Pe&rc; Research team Microbiologie and Novel Foods; Rikilt - Bu Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods; Natural Toxins; LEI International Policy; Fb Bib Publiekdiensten; Library Research & Education Support; Business Economics. 2018. "The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review." The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review , no. : 1.