In order to better understand the effect of wilting treatment on silage, we study analyzed the fermentation quality of unwilted (CK) and wilted (WT) king grass silage, and the dynamic changes of microorganisms in silage and aerobic exposure. After 30 days of silage, WT silage significantly reduced the pH of the silage (p < 0.05) and increased the contents of lactic acid and acetic acid (p < 0.05), but did not reduce the content of Ammonia-N (p > 0.05). Wilting treatment increased bacterial and fungal diversity during silage but decreased fungal diversity during aerobic exposure. The relative abundance of Lactococcus and Enterococcus in wilting silage increased. In the aerobic exposure stage, the relative abundance of Klebsiella decreased, but the relative abundance of Enterobacter increased in wilting treatment silage. In addition, the relative abundance of Acinetobacter and Ignatzschineria increased after 5 days of aerobic exposure. In contrast with unwilted silage, wilting treatment silage after aerobic exposure had no Candida, but the relative abundance of Wickerhamomyces increased. The results showed that wilting treatment could raise the silage quality of king grass. However, WT silage did not inhibit the reproduction of harmful microorganisms during aerobic exposure and did not significantly improve the aerobic stability of silage.

To effectively utilize banana by-products, we prepared silage with defective bananas using screened lactic acid bacteria (LAB), sucrose, and tannase as additives. Eleven strains of LAB were isolated from the fruits and flowers of defective bananas, all of which were Gram-positive and catalase-negative bacteria that produced lactic acid from glucose. Among these LAB, homofermentative strain CG1 was selected as the most suitable silage additive due to its high lactic acid production and good growth in a low pH environment. Based on its physiological and biochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CG1 was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Defective bananas contain 74.8–76.3% moisture, 7.2–8.2% crude protein, 5.9–6.5% ether extract, and 25.3–27.8% neutral detergent fibre on a dry matter basis. After 45 d of fermentation, the silage of deficient bananas treated with LAB or sucrose alone improved fermentation quality, with significantly (p < 0.05) lower pH and higher lactic acid contents than the control. The combination of LAB and sucrose had a synergistic effect on the fermentation quality of silage. The tannase-treated silage significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the tannin content, while the combination of tannase and LAB in silage not only decreased (p < 0.05) the tannin content, but also improved the fermentation quality. The study confirmed that defective bananas are rich in nutrients, can prepare good quality silage, and have good potential as a feed source for livestock.

In this study, lactic acid bacteria strains (HCS-01, HCS-05, HCS-07, HCW-08, and HCW-09) derived from the gastrointestinal tract of Hainan black goat were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity in vitro, and the lactic acid bacteria with strong antioxidant capacity were screened for application to improve the aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR). The results showed that all the tested lactic acid bacteria had a certain tolerance to hydrogen peroxide. By comprehensively comparing the scavenging abilities of fermentation supernatants, whole cell bacterial suspensions and cell contents of five lactic acid bacteria strains to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, and their antioxidant enzyme activity, it was found that Lactobacillus fermentum HCS-05 and Lactobacillus plantarum HCW-08 have the strongest comprehensive antioxidant capacity, and their scavenging capacity for various free radicals has reached more than 60%. Using strains HCS-05, HCW-08 and laboratory-preserved Lactobacillus plantarum HDX1 fermented TMR, the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of the feed after 60 days of fermentation were significantly higher than those of the blank treatment group. The effect of mixed strains HCS-05 and HCS-08 for TMR fermentation was the best (P < 0.05). At the same time, the fermentation effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HDX1 on TMR was significantly lower than that of the selected lactic acid bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of Hainan black goats (P < 0.05). The results show that the test strain can significantly improve the aerobic stability of the fermented feeds.

In this experiment, banana stems and leaves were used as the main raw materials to culture Pleurotus ostreatus, and the effects of different ratio of banana stems and leaves, bran and Tenebrio molitor feces on mycelial growth and protein content of Pleurotus ostreatus were discussed. The results showed that the growth rate of hyphae in the mixed medium of banana stem and leaf juice was 4%-6% higher than that of other ratio in the experiment of banana stem and leaf juice as accelerator. 10% bran and 10% Tenebrio molitor feces mixed with banana stems and leaves in the cultivation of mushroom, mycelium growth speed and high protein content.