This paper assesses the linkage between CO₂ emissions and economic growth while taking into account the role of energy consumption, agriculture, and trade openness in India. Using data covering the period between 1965 and 2019, the Bayer and Hanck cointegration and Gradual shift causality tests are applied to assess these economic indicators relationships’. Furthermore, we employed the wavelet coherence test. The advantage of the wavelet coherence test is that it differentiates between short-, medium-, and long-run dynamics over the entire sampling period. To the best of the authors’ understanding, the present paper is the first to apply wavelet analysis to investigate this relationship by incorporating agriculture as a determinant of environmental degradation. The empirical outcomes show that all variables appear to be highly correlated with CO₂ emissions with the exemption of trade openness. This is further affirmed by the Gradual shift causality test, which shows that agriculture and energy consumption are crucial determinants of CO₂ emissions in India. Accordingly, adequate policy measures are proposed based on these findings.

The present study aims to shed some light on the causal link between the Service Sector Index in the Turkish stock market and economic growth using a wavelet coherence approach. Thus, the present study determines whether the Service Sector Index leads to economic growth in Turkey and/or vice versa. Based on our aim, we use the wavelet coherence approach, which allows us to capture long-run and short-run causal linkages between the Service Sector Index and economic growth in Turkey, since the approach combines both time domain causality and frequency domain causality tests. The findings from wavelet coherence reveal that there is one-way causality running from the Service Sector Index to economic growth in Turkey at different frequencies and different periods between 1997 and 2017.

Various factors determine and affect economic growth, one of which is exports. Trade theory also states that exports increase the growth of the domestic economy in various ways. For this reason, the effect of exports on economic growth is a long-term area of research. In addition to the studies examining the effect of foreign trade on economic growth in the literature, some studies investigate the effects of economic growth on export capacity. These studies suggest that the export-based economic growth hypothesis is valid when the causality relationship between exports and growth is from exports to growth, and the growth-led export hypothesis is valid when it is from growth to exports. To this end, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate the validity of the new economic model for Turkey in two different periods. In this context, this study comparatively focuses on the 1999:Q1–2013:Q4 and 2014:Q1–2021:Q4 periods to test the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis and the growth-led export hypothesis. According to the analysis results for the 1999:Q1–2013:Q4 periods, only the growth-led export hypothesis is valid, and a 1% increase in the economic growth rate in this period increases exports by 0.42%. Considering the 2014:Q1–2021:Q4 period, the hypotheses of “Economic growth is not the cause of exports and exports are not the cause of economic growth” are rejected, and according to these test results, it was determined that both the export-led growth hypothesis and the growth-led export hypothesis are valid. In the results of this period, a 1% increase in economic growth rate increases exports by 0.38%, and a 1% increase in exports increases economic growth by 1.36%.

Using Fourier-based ARDL and Fourier Toda Yamamoto causality methods, this study aims to detect the impact of financial risk on environmental sustainability in Poland while controlling economic growth, primary energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. The outcomes of the Fourier ADL cointegration test indicate all variables are cointegrated. Additionally, the Fourier ARDL long-form estimates indicate both renewable energy consumption and financial risk contribute to reducing environmental degradation in Poland. However, the Fourier ARDL long-form estimates show that both primary energy consumption and economic growth have detrimental impacts on the economy’s level of environmental degradation. Analysis of causality direction with the Fourier Toda Yamamoto causality test indicates both financial risk and renewable energy consumption for the period had a one direction causal effect on environmental degradation. For policy insight, the government could support environmental policies requiring companies to factor climate-related risks into their supervision and financial stability monitoring. The Polish government requires financial institutions to prioritize climate risk scenarios in stress testing to control catastrophic weather-related losses.

This study investigates Spain's role in Portugal’s economic development and analyzes the assumption that Spain’s import from Portugal is the factor that increases Portugal’s per capita income the most. Apart from these reasons, there are several other motivations to focus on foreign trade between Spain and Portugal. The first is to examine the impact on Portugal of the increases in GDP, exports and imports of Spain, which is the major country and borders Portugal. Second, this study aims to test the growth spread. According to the test results, the economic growth of Spain positively affects the growth of Portugal in the long and short term. In addition, it was concluded that the share of imports has more positive effects than exports in the long run. It shows that the deviation in the variables according to the error correction term result converges to only 85 percent in the t period. The findings are also consistent with previous research supporting the economic integration arguments that emerged as a result of trade relations. In addition, in this direction, the economic and political meetings to be held between the two countries and the actions to be taken as a result of these meetings can create an environment where both countries can win.

Gelişen ekonomilerde, sosyoekonomik ve toplumsal alanlarda yaşanan dönüşümün yeni kaynağı teknolojik gelişmedir. Son yıllarda artan teknolojik gelişmeler bu süreci karmaşık bir boyuta taşımıştır. Günümüz toplumlarının küresel düşünce ağı çerçevesinde bu gelişmeleri ölçeklendirip sosyoekonomik yaşama yansıtmasının zamanı gelmiştir. Yeni ekonomi olarak da algılanan bu süreç, küreselleşme sonrası ortaya çıkan deneyimlerin dikkatlice incelenmesine ve sebep sonuç ilişkilerinin değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde başlayan bu deneyim, bilgi teknolojilerinin ve iletişim ağının gelişmesine yardımcı olurken, diğer taraftan ülkeler arası küresel rekabeti dönüştürerek uluslar üstü firma rekabetinin önünü açmıştır. Dünya ekonomisinde yaşanan bu hızlı değişim sonrasında küresel rekabete yeni bir boyut kazandıran teknolojik gelişmelerin, ekonomik kuralların ve kurumlarının dönüşüm sürecini de hızlandırmıştır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki bu dönüşüm özellikle gelişmekte olan dünya ekonomilerinde kalıcı ve belirgin bir kavramsal çerçevenin oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma ile bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin kavramsal çerçevesi, dönüşümü sağlayan belirteçleri ve sonuçta yaşanan bu gelişmelerin, sosyoekonomik etkilerini içeren unsurların ortaya konulmasını sağlayan değerlendirmeleri içerecektir.