Herein, to investigate the pore effect on toluene catalytic oxidation activity, novel supports for Pt nanoparticles—ZSM-5 foam (ZF) fabricated using polyurethane foam (PUF) templates and pore-modified ZSM-5 foam (ZF-D) treated by acid etching, comparing with conventional ZSM-5 and pore-modified ZSM-5 (ZSM-5-D), were successfully synthesized. Pt nanoparticles were loaded on series ZSM-5 supports by the impregnation method. The Pt loaded on ZF-D (Pt/ZF-D) showed the highest activity of toluene catalytic combustion (i.e., T₉₀ = 158 °C), with extraordinary stability and an anti-coking ability. Based on various catalysts characterizations, the unique macropores of ZF facilitated the process of acid etching as compared to conventional ZSM-5. The mesopores volume of ZF-D significantly increased due to acid etching, which enlarged toluene adsorption capacity and led to a better Pt distribution since some Pt nanoparticles were immobilized into some mesopores. Specifically, the microporous distribution was centered in the range of 0.7–0.8 nm close to the molecular diameter of toluene (ca. 0.67 nm), which was key to the increasing toluene diffusion rate due to pore levitation effect of catalysts and accessibility of metal. Furthermore, the reducibility of Pt nanoparticles was improved on Pt/ZF-D, which enhanced the activity of toluene catalytic oxidation.

A series of CeO₂–MnO_X catalysts with different Ce contents was prepared using Mn–BTC MOF as a sacrificial template for toluene oxidation. Interestingly, the performance of CeO₂–MnO_X increased rapidly only when the Ce content lower than 5%. The 1%-, 3%- and 10%-Ce-content samples exhibited the T₉₀ value of 325 °C, 291 °C and 277 °C, respectively. XRD shows that the catalyst phase changes significantly before (Mn₃O₄ only) and after (Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄ and CeO₂) 3% Ce loading. All other results indicated that the Ce–Mn interface properties of different Ce content composite oxides was quite distinguishable in terms of removal and energy efficiency. XRD and XPS results further showed that there a Ce monolayer dispersion threshold existed on the interface of MnO_X (3.2 wt%, confirmed by XPS), which caused the difference in performance increment. The dispersed Ce could be divided into a monolayer dispersion state (1–3%) and a crystalline phase state (>3%), according to the existence form, which corresponded to the significant and minor enhancements of toluene conversion rate. Importantly, the Ce in monolayer dispersion state obviously improved the redox properties of catalysts interface, while the Ce in crystal state not. The interfaces with monolayer dispersion Ce result in more abundant metal ion states, oxygen vacancies, better electron transfer performance and catalytic activity.