To accelerate serious skin burn wound healing in a convenient manner, an interpenetrating network of hydrogel consisting of gellan gum and polyacrylamide was synthesized by chemical crosslinking and Mg²⁺ ion immersion techniques. The prepared Mg²⁺@PAM/GG hydrogel was characterized by morphology, water vapor loss, swelling ratio, rheological properties, tensile mechanical, biocompatibility, and flow cytometry study. The results show that Mg²⁺@PAM/GG hydrogel’s mechanical strength could be enhanced by the dual network structure and physical crosslinking agent Mg²⁺ ions. In addition, the tension strength of Mg²⁺@PAM/GG hydrogel is obviously increased from 86 to 392 kPa, the elongation at break increased from 84 to 231%, and crosslinking density N increased from 4.3 to 7.2 mol/m³ compared with pure GG hydrogel. The cumulative release curve of Mg²⁺ ions shows that the multiple release mechanism of Mg²⁺ ions belong to non-Fick’s diffusion. Meanwhile, in vitro experiments show that Mg²⁺@PAM/GG double network hydrogel has favorable proliferation and an NF-κB pathway inhibition property for fibroblast cells. Finally, the healing effect of the Mg²⁺@PAM/GG was evaluated in a rat full-thickness burn model. The animal study demonstrates that Mg²⁺@PAM/GG could accelerate the healing efficiency in case of the sustained-released Mg²⁺ ions in wound beds. Considering this excellent performance, this convenient prepared hydrogel has great potential as a commercial application for skin full-thickness burn healing materials.

Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) shows a potential of rapid death, but the natural history of the infection is poorly known. This study aimed to examine the natural history of EV-A71 infection. This was a prospective longitudinal observational study performed between January 1st and October 31st, 2012, at three hospitals in Guangdong, China. Subjects with positive EV-A71 RNA laboratory test results were included. Disease progression was documented with MRI, autopsies, and follow-up. Symptoms/signs with potential association with risk of death were analyzed. Among the 288 patients, neurologic symptoms and signs were observed (emotional movement disorders, dyskinesia, involuntary movements, autonomic dysfunction, and disturbance of consciousness). Some of them occurred as initial symptoms. Myoclonic jerks/tremors were observed among >50% of the patients; nearly 40% of patients presented fatigue and 25% were with vomiting. Twenty-eight patients (9.7%) presented poor peripheral perfusion within 53.4 ± 26.1 h; 23 patients (8.0%) presented pulmonary edema and/or hemorrhage within 62.9 ± 28.6 h. Seventeen (5.9%) patients were in a coma. Seven (2.4%) patients died within 62.9 ± 28.6 h. Seventy-seven survivors underwent head and spinal cord MRI and 37.7% (29/77) showed abnormalities. Two fatal cases showed neuronal necrosis, softening, perivascular cuffing, colloid, and neuronophagia phenomenon in the brainstem. Patients with EV-A71 infection showed high complexity of symptoms and onset timing. Death risk may be indicated by autokinetic eyeball, eyeball ataxia, severe coma, respiratory rhythm abnormality, absent pharyngeal reflex, ultrahyperpyrexia, excessive tachycardia, pulmonary edema and/or hemorrhage, and refractory shock and ataxic respiration. Early assessment of these symptoms/signs is important for proper management.

Background: This study aimed to identify potential risk factors for severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD).Methods: The PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Sinomed, WanFang, CNKI, and VIP databases were searched (up to August 2021).Results: Twenty-nine studies (9,241 and 927,355 patients with severe HFMD and controls, respectively; all from China) were included. EV71 was associated with higher odds of severe HFMD compared with other agents (OR = 4.44, 95%CI: 3.12–6.33, p < 0.001). Being home-raised (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.59–2.50, p < 0.001), higher number of children in the family (OR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.93–2.27, p < 0.001), poor hand hygiene (OR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.78–4.23, p < 0.001), and no breastfeeding (OR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.45–2.79, p < 0.001) were risk factors for severe HFMD. First consulting to a district-level or above hospital (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.25–0.45, p < 0.001) and diagnosis of HFMD at baseline (OR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.13–0.24, p < 0.001) were protective factors against severe HFMD. Fever, long fever duration, vomiting, lethargy, leukocytosis, tic, and convulsions were each associated with severe HFMD (all p < 0.05), while rash was not.Conclusions: EV71, lifestyle habits, frequent hospital visits, and symptoms are risk factors for severe HFMD in children in China, while early diagnosis and admission to higher-level hospitals are protective factors.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe inflammatory condition that can rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, causing irreversible tissue damage. Effective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies are crucial for treating ALI. We developed a dual inflammatory targeting and immune evasion capability nanoparticle, which combines epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) loaded into mercaptoketone (TK)-functionalized mesoporous silica (MSN) and coated with platelet-neutrophil hybrid membranes (PNMs). PNM-EGCG@MSN-TK nanoparticles enhance targeting to inflammatory sites and specifically remove high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. They also release EGCG in response to high ROS levels, improving cellular oxidative stress and enhancing autophagy in lung epithelial cells via the MAPK/BNIP3 pathway. This approach effectively ameliorates acute lung injury, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for ALI treatment.