The safety, stability, and long-term performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures depend significantly on soil-structure interaction (SSI), a critical phenomenon governing the dynamic relationship between soil and structural behaviour. SSI plays a pivotal role in seismic design, influencing the stiffness, damping, and natural frequency of structures, yet its application in practical design remains underutilized due to challenges in modelling and integrating code provisions. This review synthesizes existing knowledge on SSI, emphasizing its impact on buildings, bridges, and foundations under static and dynamic loads. It highlights advancements in analytical, numerical, and experimental modelling methods, such as finite element analysis and discrete element methods, and evaluates their effectiveness in capturing the complex interactions between soil and structural systems. The review identifies key gaps, including a lack of unified guidelines in international codes, inadequate integration of SSI in real-world design processes, and limited exploration of its role in emerging engineering challenges like sustainability and climate resilience. Historical seismic events, such as the Kobe and Loma Prieta earthquakes, are analysed to underscore the detrimental consequences of neglecting SSI considerations. Additionally, the review discusses recent innovations, including the application of machine learning and advanced computational tools, and their potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of SSI analysis. This study offers actionable insights for improving design practices, such as adapting SSI frameworks for structures on soft soils and incorporating dynamic interactions in seismic design codes. It concludes with a call for interdisciplinary collaboration and future research into novel SSI applications, including its integration with smart sensing technologies and sustainable infrastructure design. This review bridges the gap between theoretical advancements and practical applications of soil-structure interaction (SSI) by synthesizing current knowledge, identifying critical research gaps, and proposing innovative solutions to enhance structural resilience, sustainability, and seismic safety. Graphical Abstract

An understanding of the soil response to dynamic waves from the earthquakes is an important aspect of engineering safety measures against tremors. This research presents the equivalent linear site response analysis of the Miri district by using a geotechnical dataset. The main objective of this paper is to study the amplification factor for the district of Miri. Analysis of site response is critical in determining the earthquake risk and harm allocation during earthquakes. The standard penetration test ‘N’ value (SPT-N) has been used in this study. A specific soil-type relationship has been used between shear wave velocity and SPT-N value to produce profiles of shear wave velocity in each borehole site in the Miri district. For all SPT-N borehole sites, site response parameters were interpolated to produce site response maps and shear wave velocity maps in the geographical information system (GIS) environment. The research showed that the Malaysian national annex to Eurocode 8 (MNA-EC8) site class C, D and E are dominant in the Miri district. Due to the inadequacy of records of input ground motions of low-to-moderate seismicity regions, this research used an earthquake record from other locations well-matched from a target response spectrum with similar characteristics obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) online database (PEER NGA). The equivalent linear method (EQL) using DEEPSOIL is an extensively researched numeric technique that is used for assessment of site response. From the results, it has been found that the amplification ratio varies from 2.1 to 4.79 and it suggests that it is vital to study the site effect in the seismic hazard assessment of the Miri district. The work also emphasizes the relationship between seismic microzonation and site response analysis in order to reduce the adverse effects of earthquakes in Miri city by planning a proper land use.

This study looks at how likely landslides are to happen in Souk Ahras, eastern Algeria. This area is known for having unstable slopes and landslides that damage property and crops and move people out of their homes. The study uses remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods along with two predictive models, the Frequency Ratio (FR) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), to find and map locations that are likely to have landslides. Nine things that could have caused the problem were looked at, such as slope, rock type, height, rainfall, and how far away it was from faults, rivers, and roadways. There were 248 historical landslide incidents found, and 60% of them were utilized to train the model and 40% to check its accuracy. Using ArcGIS 10.8, the landslide susceptibility index (LSI) was divided into five classes of susceptibility. IDRISI Selva 17.0 was used to figure out the weights of the factors. The FR model said that 26.03% of the region was very likely to be affected, while the AHP model noted that 9.06% was very likely to be affected and 4.63% was highly likely to be affected. The FR and AHP models were found to be 77% and 68% accurate, respectively, according to the validation analysis. The FR model did a better job of predicting what would happen because it used data from past landslides. On the other hand, subjective weight allocations affected how well the AHP model worked. These maps of landslide susceptibility are essential for managing land and preventing disasters. They help people in Souk Ahras make wise choices by showing them where areas are most in danger.

Malaysia has become more aware of potential seismic hazards after one of the most devastating earthquakes in 2015. It is necessary to make seismic analysis of areas with active fault lines and access the current structure design in the seismically active areas. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and analyse the structural response of the Murum Powerhouse under seismic load using the finite element modelling software ABAQUS. It was discussed to evaluate the seismic capacity of powerhouse structure under different seismic loads using the dynamic time-history analysis. The assembled model was subjected to seismic load, and the earthquake time history was taken from the Eregli station in the Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey with peak ground accelerations (PGAs) of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.5g, and 0.8g. The scope of this study included the analysis of acceleration, displacement and principal stress response of the Murum Powerhouse structure. Further findings showed that the Murum Powerhouse was likely to have structural failure in earthquake, based on the model using the ABAQUS software with 0.3g PGA and above. The powerhouse model only passed the allowable displacement required by Uniform Building Code 1997 (UBC97) with PGAs of 0.1g and 0.2g. Further recommendations were made in this study in order to determine the response of the facility under different conditions.