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Frode Skarstein; Tuula H. Skarstein. Skalaproblematikk i utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling. Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift 2020, 104, 313 -326.
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein, Tuula H. Skarstein. Skalaproblematikk i utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling. Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift. 2020; 104 (3):313-326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein; Tuula H. Skarstein. 2020. "Skalaproblematikk i utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling." Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift 104, no. 3: 313-326.
A large proportion of people in western societies do not believe in the concept of human-induced climate change (HICC), and oil-dependent economies might be expected to have more climate contrarian populations than others. Recent recessions in the Norwegian oil industry caused an influx of dismissed oil engineers into Norwegian science teacher education. With their background in the natural sciences and associations with the oil industry, this group of pre-service teachers might express mixed attitudes towards HICC and how to approach this subject while teaching. A survey of students attending a one-year course for qualifying people with a university degree in science as science teachers was conducted. Association with the oil industry covaries with climate skeptic thinking and reluctance towards teaching about HICC in these groups of students. This suggests that a green shift might create an influx of climate contrarian views into schools in oil-dependent economies.
Frode Skarstein. Climate beliefs in an oil-dependent economy: Norwegian pre-service science teachers’ attitudes towards climate change. Environmental Education Research 2020, 26, 491 -510.
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein. Climate beliefs in an oil-dependent economy: Norwegian pre-service science teachers’ attitudes towards climate change. Environmental Education Research. 2020; 26 (4):491-510.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein. 2020. "Climate beliefs in an oil-dependent economy: Norwegian pre-service science teachers’ attitudes towards climate change." Environmental Education Research 26, no. 4: 491-510.
The field of geography is important for any sustainability education. The aim of geography education is to enable students to understand the environment, its influence on human activity, and how humans influence the environment. In this article we present a study on how the interplay between the three pillars of sustainability thinking (environment, society and economy) play out on smaller and larger scales of time, space and multitude in geography education. In this paper, we argue that central issues in high quality sustainability education in geography relates to students’ deeper grasp of how to shift between magnitudes of time, space and multitude patterns. We show how an appreciation of many core issues in sustainability education require students to understand and traverse different magnitudes of the scalable concepts of time, space and multitude. Furthermore, we argue and exemplify how common sustainability misconceptions arise due to an inability to make the cognitive shift between relevant magnitudes on these scalable concepts. Finally, we briefly discuss useful educational approaches to mediating this problem, including the use of digital tools in order to allow geography teachers to facilitate the students’ better understanding of different magnitudes of slow, fast, small and large scale entities and processes.
Frode Skarstein; Lili-Ann Wolff. An Issue of Scale: The Challenge of Time, Space and Multitude in Sustainability and Geography Education. Education Sciences 2020, 10, 28 .
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein, Lili-Ann Wolff. An Issue of Scale: The Challenge of Time, Space and Multitude in Sustainability and Geography Education. Education Sciences. 2020; 10 (2):28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein; Lili-Ann Wolff. 2020. "An Issue of Scale: The Challenge of Time, Space and Multitude in Sustainability and Geography Education." Education Sciences 10, no. 2: 28.
During the last century, the human way of life has begun to transgress many of the Earth’s biophysical boundaries in an alarming way. The consequences of this are more dramatic and long lasting than ever before. Many researchers even argue that humanity has created a new geological epoch, which they call Anthropocene. Education, even in early childhood (EC), is often presented as a remedy for these complex problems. Yet, how can anyone prepare young children to deal with such tremendous changes? The primary aim of our study is to define and outline what the mission of early childhood education (ECE) might be in the epoch of the Anthropocene. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we have tried to find answers about how the Anthropocene could be addressed in ECE. We have searched for answers in the natural science literature, policy documents, educational research articles and philosophy, and discuss the various standpoints we have identified. We argue that the Anthropocene demands a new, more authentic education; a change towards a more holistic, transformative, sustainability-oriented approach. At the same time, children, as always, have a right to a safe, positive and encouraging childhood.
Lili-Ann Wolff; Tuula H. Skarstein; Frode Skarstein. The Mission of Early Childhood Education in the Anthropocene. Education Sciences 2020, 10, 27 .
AMA StyleLili-Ann Wolff, Tuula H. Skarstein, Frode Skarstein. The Mission of Early Childhood Education in the Anthropocene. Education Sciences. 2020; 10 (2):27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLili-Ann Wolff; Tuula H. Skarstein; Frode Skarstein. 2020. "The Mission of Early Childhood Education in the Anthropocene." Education Sciences 10, no. 2: 27.
This study investigates early childhood (EC) student-teachers’ species identification skills and their views on the importance of species knowledge. The study used a mixed methods approach, including a species identification test and a questionnaire, and involved 186 Norwegian EC student-teachers. Our results reveal that species knowledge of first-year students was poor when they entered university. During their first semester, the students learn about common, local species and this knowledge seems to be maintained throughout their studies. The majority of the students had use of species knowledge during their practical training periods in kindergartens and considered species knowledge important for EC teachers as well as for sustainable development. The need for species knowledge was often associated with spontaneously occurring situations initiated by children during nature excursions. The students argued that species knowledge is important for fostering children’s curiosity, increasing their understanding of nature and strengthening their relationship with nature. We hope that this study can illustrate the importance of species knowledge in EC teacher education. It is essential that students acquire both the knowledge and skills to facilitate the variety of learning possibilities that exist in nature and are able to provide children possibilities to learn about the diversity of nature as well as to develop a relationship with it.
Tuula H. Skarstein; Frode Skarstein. Curious children and knowledgeable adults – early childhood student-teachers’ species identification skills and their views on the importance of species knowledge. International Journal of Science Education 2020, 42, 310 -328.
AMA StyleTuula H. Skarstein, Frode Skarstein. Curious children and knowledgeable adults – early childhood student-teachers’ species identification skills and their views on the importance of species knowledge. International Journal of Science Education. 2020; 42 (2):310-328.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuula H. Skarstein; Frode Skarstein. 2020. "Curious children and knowledgeable adults – early childhood student-teachers’ species identification skills and their views on the importance of species knowledge." International Journal of Science Education 42, no. 2: 310-328.
In May this year, a Briton named Alex Hartley gamely claimed as his personal territory a tiny island in Svalbard that had been revealed by retreating ice. Sval bard’s islands have a long history of claims and counter-claims by adventurers of diverse nations: the question of who owns the Arctic is an old one. In this next article in our unreviewed biographical/historical series, Frode Skarstein describes Norway’s bid to wrest a corner of Greenland from the Danish crown 75 years ago.
Frode Skarstein. Erik the Red’s Land: the land that never was. Polar Research 2006, 25, 173 -179.
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein. Erik the Red’s Land: the land that never was. Polar Research. 2006; 25 (2):173-179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein. 2006. "Erik the Red’s Land: the land that never was." Polar Research 25, no. 2: 173-179.
In May this year, a Briton named Alex Hartley gamely claimed as his personal territory a tiny island in Svalbard that had been revealed by retreating ice. Sval bard’s islands have a long history of claims and counter-claims by adventurers of diverse nations: the question of who owns the Arctic is an old one. In this next article in our unreviewed biographical/historical series, Frode Skarstein describes Norway’s bid to wrest a corner of Greenland from the Danish crown 75 years ago.
Frode Skarstein. Erik the Red's Land: the land that never was. Polar Research 2006, 25, 173 -179.
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein. Erik the Red's Land: the land that never was. Polar Research. 2006; 25 (2):173-179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein. 2006. "Erik the Red's Land: the land that never was." Polar Research 25, no. 2: 173-179.
The relationship between parasite infection and breeding ornamentation in an Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus population was examined. Interrelationships between the intensities of parasites with different dietary transmission routes suggested that hosts were segregated by habitat and diet preferences. That is, intensities of parasites transmitted through intermediate hosts that share habitat were, in both sexes, positively interrelated. Negative interrelationships in the intensities of parasites transmitted through different hosts were found only in females. The intensity of breeding colouration was positively correlated with intensities of amphipod‐transmitted parasites in both sexes. Intensities of parasites transmitted through copepods showed no relationship to morphological or ornamental characters. Seen in the context of morphology and ornaments of previously described sympatric populations of Arctic charr, these relationships suggested that individual variation in niche background may provide a source for the initial variation in morphology and secondary sexual traits leading to sympatric speciation through sexual selection.
Frode Skarstein; I. Folstad; H. P. Ronning. Spawning colouration, parasites and habitat selection in Salvelinus alpinus: initiating speciation by sexual selection? Journal of Fish Biology 2005, 67, 969 -980.
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein, I. Folstad, H. P. Ronning. Spawning colouration, parasites and habitat selection in Salvelinus alpinus: initiating speciation by sexual selection? Journal of Fish Biology. 2005; 67 (4):969-980.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein; I. Folstad; H. P. Ronning. 2005. "Spawning colouration, parasites and habitat selection in Salvelinus alpinus: initiating speciation by sexual selection?" Journal of Fish Biology 67, no. 4: 969-980.
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are remarkably polymorphic. Several selection mechanisms have been invoked to account for this diversity, including disassortative mating preferences. In addition, eggs may discriminate between sperm based on MHC. To investigate the effects of MHC-genotype on fertilization success, we obtained mature gametes from ripe Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) males and females captured on spawning grounds. The eggs of each female were divided into two batches, and by letting each of 2 males fertilize 1 of the batches, we obtained a total of 36 half-sibling batch-pairs. The semen was diluted to ensure that the two males in each half-sibling batch-pair contributed with the same number of sperm cells. We found that MHC-heterozygous males had significantly higher fertilization success than MHC-homozygous males and neither initial spermatocrit, sperm motility nor swimming velocity co-varied with difference in fertilization success. There was no effect of female genotype or female-male MHC-similarity on fertilization success. However, one MHC-allele was associated with increased fertilization success. It seems plausible that the difference in fertilization success between homo- and heterozygous males may be due to MHC-dependent sperm selection by the ovum.
Frode Skarstein; Ivar Folstad; Mats Grahn. MHC and fertilization success in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2004, 57, 374 -380.
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein, Ivar Folstad, Mats Grahn. MHC and fertilization success in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 2004; 57 (4):374-380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein; Ivar Folstad; Mats Grahn. 2004. "MHC and fertilization success in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 57, no. 4: 374-380.
Maturation time is a pivotal life–history trait of parasitic nematodes, determining adult body size, as well as daily and total fecundity. Recent theoretical work has emphasized the influence of prematurational mortality on the optimal values of age and size at maturity in nematodes. Eosinophils are a family of white blood cells often associated with infections by parasitic nematodes. Although the role of eosinophils in nematode resistance is controversial, recent work has suggested that the action of these immune effectors might be limited to the larval stages of the parasite. If eosinophils act on larval survival, one might predict, in line with theoretical models, that nematode species living in hosts with large eosinophil numbers should show reduced age and size at maturity. We tested this prediction using the association between the pinworms (Oxyuridae, Nematoda) and their primate hosts. Pinworms are highly host specific and are expected to be involved in a coevolutionary process with their hosts. We found that the body size of female parasites was negatively correlated with eosinophil concentration, whereas the concentration of two other leucocyte families––neutrophils and lymphocytes––was unrelated to female body size. Egg size of parasites also decreased with host eosinophil concentration, independently of female size. Male body size was unrelated to host immune parameters. Primates with the highest immune defence, therefore, harbour small female pinworms laying small eggs. These results are in agreement with theoretical expectations and suggest that life histories of oxyurid parasites covary with the immune defence of their hosts. Our findings illustrate the potential for host immune defence as a factor driving parasite life–history evolution.
Gabriele Sorci; Frode Skarstein; Serge Morand; Jean-Pierre Hugot. Correlated evolution between host immunity and parasite life histories in primates and oxyurid parasites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 2003, 270, 2481 -2484.
AMA StyleGabriele Sorci, Frode Skarstein, Serge Morand, Jean-Pierre Hugot. Correlated evolution between host immunity and parasite life histories in primates and oxyurid parasites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2003; 270 (1532):2481-2484.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriele Sorci; Frode Skarstein; Serge Morand; Jean-Pierre Hugot. 2003. "Correlated evolution between host immunity and parasite life histories in primates and oxyurid parasites." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270, no. 1532: 2481-2484.
Frode Skarstein; Ivar Folstad; Ståle Liljedal. REGULAR ARTICLES / ARTICLES RÉGULIERS Whether to reproduce or not: immune suppression and costs of parasites during reproduction in the Arctic charr. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2001, 79, 271 -278.
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein, Ivar Folstad, Ståle Liljedal. REGULAR ARTICLES / ARTICLES RÉGULIERS Whether to reproduce or not: immune suppression and costs of parasites during reproduction in the Arctic charr. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 2001; 79 (2):271-278.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein; Ivar Folstad; Ståle Liljedal. 2001. "REGULAR ARTICLES / ARTICLES RÉGULIERS Whether to reproduce or not: immune suppression and costs of parasites during reproduction in the Arctic charr." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 2: 271-278.
Ejaculate quality may limit male reproductive success. Sperm cells are immunologically perceived as non–self in the male reproductive tract and may therefore be attacked by the immune system. Males may consequently have to suppress their immune system in order to produce high–quality ejaculates. This suppression may be influenced by the current level of parasite infections, suggesting that only parasite–resistant males are able to produce high–quality ejaculates. In a study of naturally infected male Arctic charr sampled during their spawning period, we found that the density of circulating granulocytes, spleen mass and the intensity of infection by one nematode species located outside the testes were negatively associated with ejaculate quality. This suggests that a male's extra–testicular immune environment may affect the production of high–quality ejaculates and that parasite infections located in the extra–testicular soma may influence ejaculate quality, a trait most likely under directional selection. Moreover, male fertilization potential was negatively correlated with their red spawning coloration. In conclusion, these results emphasize the importance of parasites and immunity as factors generating variability in sperm quality, suggesting that parasite resistance may be of importance for maintaining variance in reproductive success even after copulation.
Ståle Liljedal; Ivar Folstad; Frode Skarstein. Secondary sex traits, parasites, immunity and ejaculate quality in the Arctic charr. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1999, 266, 1893 -1898.
AMA StyleStåle Liljedal, Ivar Folstad, Frode Skarstein. Secondary sex traits, parasites, immunity and ejaculate quality in the Arctic charr. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1999; 266 (1431):1893-1898.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStåle Liljedal; Ivar Folstad; Frode Skarstein. 1999. "Secondary sex traits, parasites, immunity and ejaculate quality in the Arctic charr." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1431: 1893-1898.
The Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis (1982) underpins our understanding of the relationship between secondary sexual characters, parasites, and immunological function. However, despite the wealth of empirical studies that attempt to address issues raised by the Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis, there have been no overt attempts to identify the “good genes” that females select or how those good genes influence the host’s immune system. Behavioural ecologists have generally viewed this aspect of immunity as a black box. In this review we propose candidate good genes in vertebrates, discuss their role in immune function and parasite resistance, and discuss several aspects of the assumptions that pervade studies of parasite mediated sexual selection in vertebrates. We also examine invertebrates (specifically insects) where our current knowledge of these systems suggests the patterns apparent in vertebrates are not underpinned by the same genetic mechanisms.
Siva- Jothy; Frode Skarstein. Towards a functional understanding of "good genes". Ecology Letters 1998, 1, 178 -185.
AMA StyleSiva- Jothy, Frode Skarstein. Towards a functional understanding of "good genes". Ecology Letters. 1998; 1 (3):178-185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiva- Jothy; Frode Skarstein. 1998. "Towards a functional understanding of "good genes"." Ecology Letters 1, no. 3: 178-185.
Ivar Folstad, Prode Skarstein; Is male germ line control creating avenues for female choice?, Behavioral Ecology, Volume 8, Issue 1, 1 January 1997, Pages 109–
Ivar Folstad; Frode Skarstein. Is male germ line control creating avenues for female choice? Behavioral Ecology 1997, 8, 109 -112.
AMA StyleIvar Folstad, Frode Skarstein. Is male germ line control creating avenues for female choice? Behavioral Ecology. 1997; 8 (1):109-112.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvar Folstad; Frode Skarstein. 1997. "Is male germ line control creating avenues for female choice?" Behavioral Ecology 8, no. 1: 109-112.
Secondary sexual characters may signal parasite resistance because the development of such traits can have costs to immune functioning. Here we show that expres...
Frode Skarstein; Ivar Folstad. Sexual Dichromatism and the Immunocompetence Handicap: An Observational Approach Using Arctic Charr. Oikos 1996, 76, 359 .
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein, Ivar Folstad. Sexual Dichromatism and the Immunocompetence Handicap: An Observational Approach Using Arctic Charr. Oikos. 1996; 76 (2):359.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein; Ivar Folstad. 1996. "Sexual Dichromatism and the Immunocompetence Handicap: An Observational Approach Using Arctic Charr." Oikos 76, no. 2: 359.
Frode Skarstein. Disentangling 'Good Genes' from Immunocompetence. Oikos 1996, 76, 199 .
AMA StyleFrode Skarstein. Disentangling 'Good Genes' from Immunocompetence. Oikos. 1996; 76 (1):199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrode Skarstein. 1996. "Disentangling 'Good Genes' from Immunocompetence." Oikos 76, no. 1: 199.