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J Apajalahti
Alimetrics Ltd., Koskelontie 19B, 02920 Espoo, Finland

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Journal article
Published: 13 March 2021 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins that can affect livestock health and performance upon consumption of contaminated feedstuffs. To mitigate the negative effects of mycotoxins, sequestering agents, adsorbents, or binders can be included to feed to interact with toxins, aiding their passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and reducing their bioavailability. The parietal cell wall components of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been found to interact in vitro with mycotoxins, such as, but not limited to, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and to improve animal performance when added to contaminated diets in vivo. The present study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetics of the absorption of radiolabeled AFB1 in rats in the presence of a yeast cell wall-based adsorbent (YCW) compared with that in the presence of the clay-based binder hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS). The results of the initial pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the absorption process across the GI tract was relatively slow, occurring over a matter of hours rather than minutes. The inclusion of mycotoxin binders increased the recovery of radiolabeled AFB1 in the small intestine, cecum, and colon at 5 and 10 h, revealing that they prevented AFB1 absorption compared with a control diet. Additionally, the accumulation of radiolabeled AFB1 was more significant in the blood plasma, kidney, and liver of animals fed the control diet, again showing the ability of the binders to reduce the assimilation of AFB1 into the body. The results showed the potential of YCW in reducing the absorption of AFB1 in vivo, and in protecting against the damaging effects of AFB1 contamination.

ACS Style

Alexandros Yiannikouris; Juha Apajalahti; Osmo Siikanen; Gerald Dillon; Colm Moran. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall-Based Adsorbent Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Absorption in Rats. Toxins 2021, 13, 209 .

AMA Style

Alexandros Yiannikouris, Juha Apajalahti, Osmo Siikanen, Gerald Dillon, Colm Moran. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall-Based Adsorbent Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Absorption in Rats. Toxins. 2021; 13 (3):209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandros Yiannikouris; Juha Apajalahti; Osmo Siikanen; Gerald Dillon; Colm Moran. 2021. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall-Based Adsorbent Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Absorption in Rats." Toxins 13, no. 3: 209.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using a commercial slow-release urea product (SRU; Optigen®, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) as a partial replacement for vegetable protein sources in cattle diets. The first experiment was an in vitro rumen fermentation that evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) nitrogen with nitrogen from either SRU or free urea in diets varying in forage:concentrate ratios. The second experiment examined the effect of replacing SBM with SRU on in situ dry matter and nitrogen degradability in the rumen. In the third experiment, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing SBM (0% as-fed SRU) with 1% or 3% as-fed SRU on feed carbon footprint (CFP; total greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life cycle of feed raw materials) and the toxicity potential of SRU in growing beef cattle. Results showed that replacing SBM with SRU up to 1.3% did not negatively affect in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Supplementing SRU favourably decreased ruminal accumulation of ammonia and lactic acid when compared to free urea. There was no significant effect on effective rumen degradability of dry matter and nitrogen when one-third of SBM was replaced by SRU in the in situ study. Compared with the 0% SRU diet, feed CFP decreased by 18% and 54% in 1% SRU and 3% SRU diets, respectively. Additionally, feeding up to 3% SRU diet to beef cattle did not affect health and intake, and blood hematological and biochemical indices were within the physiological range for healthy bulls, suggesting no indication of ammonia toxicity. Overall, these results indicate that SRU can be used as a sustainable alternative to partially replace vegetable protein sources in ruminant diets without compromising rumen function and health of ruminants.

ACS Style

Saheed Salami; Maria Devant; Juha Apajalahti; Vaughn Holder; Sini Salomaa; Jason Keegan; Colm Moran. Slow-Release Urea as a Sustainable Alternative to Soybean Meal in Ruminant Nutrition. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2464 .

AMA Style

Saheed Salami, Maria Devant, Juha Apajalahti, Vaughn Holder, Sini Salomaa, Jason Keegan, Colm Moran. Slow-Release Urea as a Sustainable Alternative to Soybean Meal in Ruminant Nutrition. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saheed Salami; Maria Devant; Juha Apajalahti; Vaughn Holder; Sini Salomaa; Jason Keegan; Colm Moran. 2021. "Slow-Release Urea as a Sustainable Alternative to Soybean Meal in Ruminant Nutrition." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2464.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Toxins
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In this work, adsorption of the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by two sequestrants—a yeast cell wall-based adsorbent (YCW) and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS)—was studied across four laboratory models: (1) an in vitro model from a reference method was employed to quantify the sorption capabilities of both sequestrants under buffer conditions at two pH values using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD); (2) in a second in vitro model, the influence of the upper gastrointestinal environment on the mycotoxin sorption capacity of the same two sequestrants was studied using a chronic AFB1 level commonly encountered in the field (10 µg/L and in the presence of feed); (3) the third model used a novel ex vivo approach to measure the absorption of 3H-labelled AFB1 in the intestinal tissue and the ability of the sequestrants to offset this process; and (4) a second previously developed ex vivo model readapted to AFB1 was used to measure the transfer of 3H-labelled AFB1 through live intestinal tissue, and the influence of sequestrants on its bioavailability by means of an Ussing chamber system. Despite some sorption effects caused by the feed itself studied in the second model, both in vitro models established that the adsorption capacity of both YCW and HSCAS is promoted at a low acidic pH. Ex vivo Models 3 and 4 showed that the same tested material formed a protective barrier on the epithelial mucosa and that they significantly reduced the transfer of AFB1 through live intestinal tissue. The results indicate that, by reducing the transmembrane transfer rate and reducing over 60% of the concentration of free AFB1, both products are able to significantly limit the bioavailability of AFB1. Moreover, there were limited differences between YCW and HSCAS in their sorption capacities. The inclusion of YCW in the dietary ration could have a positive influence in reducing AFB1′s physiological bioavailability.

ACS Style

Alexandros Yiannikouris; Juha Apajalahti; Hannele Kettunen; Suvi Ojanperä; Andrew N. W. Bell; Jason D. Keegan; Colm A. Moran. Efficient Aflatoxin B1 Sequestration by Yeast Cell Wall Extract and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Evaluated Using a Multimodal In-Vitro and Ex-Vivo Methodology. Toxins 2021, 13, 24 .

AMA Style

Alexandros Yiannikouris, Juha Apajalahti, Hannele Kettunen, Suvi Ojanperä, Andrew N. W. Bell, Jason D. Keegan, Colm A. Moran. Efficient Aflatoxin B1 Sequestration by Yeast Cell Wall Extract and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Evaluated Using a Multimodal In-Vitro and Ex-Vivo Methodology. Toxins. 2021; 13 (1):24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandros Yiannikouris; Juha Apajalahti; Hannele Kettunen; Suvi Ojanperä; Andrew N. W. Bell; Jason D. Keegan; Colm A. Moran. 2021. "Efficient Aflatoxin B1 Sequestration by Yeast Cell Wall Extract and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Evaluated Using a Multimodal In-Vitro and Ex-Vivo Methodology." Toxins 13, no. 1: 24.

Original research article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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Tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) are novel, health-improving feed ingredients which have been shown to improve the performance of broiler chickens. TOFA contains resin acids, the suggested key components for its beneficial effects. For product safety, possible accumulation of TOFA components in tissues consumed by end-users is an issue of major importance. Wheat-soy-based diets with an indigestible marker and TOFA at 0, 750 and 3,000 g/t were fed to broiler chickens for 5 weeks; 11 replicate pens/treatment. Deposition of resin acids was assessed by analyzing jejunal tissue, breast muscle, abdominal fat, blood, liver, bile, and digesta along the intestinal tract at the end of the 35-day trial. Both free and conjugated resin acids were quantified. With TOFA 3,000 g/t diet, 30% of ingested resin acids could not be recovered from jejunal digesta. Also, a proportion representing 45% of resin acids fed were in conjugated form and thus had already re-entered the intestine from the bile duct. This means that at least 75% of resin acids ingested had become absorbed in, or proximal to jejunum. Recovery of resin acids in excreta was 45 and 70% when TOFA was fed at 750 and 3,000 g/t, respectively. Based on recovery data, of the estimated 1,087 mg of resin acids ingested by birds on the high TOFA dose during their lifetime, about 330 mg was unaccounted for. In analysis of jejunal tissue, blood, liver, bile, breast muscle, and abdominal tissue, <1 mg of resin acids was found after the 35-day trial when TOFA at the 4-fold the recommended dose was fed. It is likely that the host or microbiota mineralized or converted one-third of resin acids to a form that escaped analysis. TOFA at 3,000 g/t dose caused no detectable adverse effects in broiler chickens. Based on analysis of breast meat and liver, the common edible tissues, a human consumer would ingest <100 μg of resin acids in a single meal. That is one-thousandth of the dose shown to be harmless in rodents. Thus, unintentional exposure of human consumers to resin acids is marginal, and posed no safety concerns.

ACS Style

Juha Apajalahti; Kirsi Vienola; Kari Raatikainen; Hannele Kettunen; Juhani Vuorenmaa. Distribution, Metabolism, and Recovery of Resin Acids in the Intestine and Tissues of Broiler Chickens in a Feeding Trial With Tall Oil Fatty Acid-Supplemented Diets. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020, 7, 437 .

AMA Style

Juha Apajalahti, Kirsi Vienola, Kari Raatikainen, Hannele Kettunen, Juhani Vuorenmaa. Distribution, Metabolism, and Recovery of Resin Acids in the Intestine and Tissues of Broiler Chickens in a Feeding Trial With Tall Oil Fatty Acid-Supplemented Diets. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020; 7 ():437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juha Apajalahti; Kirsi Vienola; Kari Raatikainen; Hannele Kettunen; Juhani Vuorenmaa. 2020. "Distribution, Metabolism, and Recovery of Resin Acids in the Intestine and Tissues of Broiler Chickens in a Feeding Trial With Tall Oil Fatty Acid-Supplemented Diets." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, no. : 437.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Toxins
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common mycotoxin contaminant in animal feed. When absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, OTA has a propensity for pathological effects on animal health and deposition in animal tissues. In this study, the potential of yeast cell wall extracts (YCWE) to adsorb OTA was evaluated using an in vitro method in which consecutive animal digestion events were simulated. Low pH markedly increased OTA binding to YCWE, which was reversed with a pH increased to 6.5. Overall, in vitro analysis revealed that 30% of OTA was adsorbed to YCWE. Additional computational molecular modelling revealed that change in pH alters the OTA charge and modulates the interaction with the YCWE β-d-glucans. The effectiveness of YCWE was tested in a 14-day broiler chicken trial. Birds were subjected to five dietary treatments; with and without OTA, and OTA combined with YCWE at three dosages. At the end of the trial, liver OTA deposition was evaluated. Data showed a decrease of up to 30% in OTA deposits in the liver of broilers fed both OTA and YCWE. In the case of OTA, a tight correlation between the mitigation efficacy of YCWE between in vitro and in vivo model could be observed.

ACS Style

Suvi Vartiainen; Alexandros Yiannikouris; Juha Apajalahti; And Colm A Moran. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Efficiency of Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Adsorb Ochratoxin A and Mitigate Accumulation of the Toxin in Broiler Chickens. Toxins 2020, 12, 37 .

AMA Style

Suvi Vartiainen, Alexandros Yiannikouris, Juha Apajalahti, And Colm A Moran. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Efficiency of Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Adsorb Ochratoxin A and Mitigate Accumulation of the Toxin in Broiler Chickens. Toxins. 2020; 12 (1):37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suvi Vartiainen; Alexandros Yiannikouris; Juha Apajalahti; And Colm A Moran. 2020. "Comprehensive Evaluation of the Efficiency of Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Adsorb Ochratoxin A and Mitigate Accumulation of the Toxin in Broiler Chickens." Toxins 12, no. 1: 37.

Original research article
Published: 18 September 2019 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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In this paper we describe a study that evaluates the applicability of an in vitro fermentation model to assess the resistance of protein supplements to rumen degradation. The protein sources used were: soybean meal (SBM); whey protein (WHEY), which was expected to be rapidly degraded, and yeast-derived microbial protein (YMP), which was proposed to be resistant to rumen degradation. The basal diet was composed of grass silage and a commercial compound feed. The protein supplements were added at three isonitrogenous doses. Fermentation was monitored for 24 h and gas production, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, and ammonia were analyzed at three timepoints. Protein degradation was estimated by determining the extent to which branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) introduced with the protein supplement were converted to corresponding branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA). At the highest dose of WHEY, 60% of introduced valine, leucine, and isoleucine was recovered as isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, and isovaleric acid (products of BCAA decarboxylation and deamination), respectively. The BCVFA detected represented 50% of added BCAA with SBM, but <15% with YMP. Further indications that YMP protein is resistant to degradation were provided by analysis of ammonia. With YMP, the residual ammonia concentration only marginally exceeded that of the cultures with no protein supplementation, while it increased dose-dependently when the vessels were supplemented with WHEY or SBM. This suggests that with WHEY and SBM, the rate of deamination exceeded the rate of ammonia assimilation by bacteria. Residual ammonia and BCVFA, the two indicators of protein fermentation, were strongly correlated. Overall bacterial activity was monitored as yield of gas, volatile fatty acids, and bacteria. These three correlating parameters showed that WHEY only modestly stimulated fermentation, whereas SBM and YMP stimulated fermentation extensively, possibly owing to their higher carbohydrate content. The results presented suggest that the in vitro fermentation method was suitable for detecting differences in resistance of protein supplements to rumen degradation and following a full method validation could be a useful tool for diet formulation. The data obtained suggested that YMP was the most resistant and WHEY the most susceptible to degradation.

ACS Style

Juha Apajalahti; Kirsi Vienola; Kari Raatikainen; Vaughn Holder; Colm A. Moran. Conversion of Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Corresponding Isoacids - An in vitro Tool for Estimating Ruminal Protein Degradability. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2019, 6, 311 .

AMA Style

Juha Apajalahti, Kirsi Vienola, Kari Raatikainen, Vaughn Holder, Colm A. Moran. Conversion of Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Corresponding Isoacids - An in vitro Tool for Estimating Ruminal Protein Degradability. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019; 6 ():311.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juha Apajalahti; Kirsi Vienola; Kari Raatikainen; Vaughn Holder; Colm A. Moran. 2019. "Conversion of Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Corresponding Isoacids - An in vitro Tool for Estimating Ruminal Protein Degradability." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6, no. : 311.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Poultry Science
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It was hypothesized that dietary inclusion of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 could inhibit Clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis (NE), thereby improving broiler performance. Male, d 0 chicks were randomly assigned 14 birds/pen, 11 pens/treatment in 3 treatments: a basal diet (control), a coccidiostat fed control (Narasin), and a direct fed microbial (DFM) B. subtilis DSM 32315 treatment. Necrotic enteritis was induced in all birds by oral inoculation of Eimeria maxima oocysts on d 12 and a virulent C. perfringens on d 16. Mortality was reduced (P < 0.001) in DFM and Narasin compared to control. DFM reduced (P < 0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to control. Furthermore, DFM and Narasin reduced (P < 0.001) footpad lesions. The DFM was shown to increase (P < 0.05) Bacillus spp. and decrease (P < 0.05) C. perfringens in the ileum and cecum at several time points. To investigate microbiome changes in the cecum, digesta samples were analyzed with % guanine and cytosine (%G+C) microbial profiling which fractionates bacterial chromosomes based on the %G+C in DNA. The method revealed treatment profile peaks in low (27.0 to 34.5%), mid (40.5 to 54.0%), and high (59.0 to 68.0%) G+C fractions. 16S rRNA gene amplification and high throughput sequencing was conducted on each of these fractions in order to elucidate specific bacterial population differences. In the low and mid %G+C fractions, DFM had greater abundance of Lactobacillaceae family members (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively) and Lactobacillus salivarius (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively) than control or Narasin. Lactobacillus johnsonii was also greater in the low %G+C fraction compared to control and Narasin (P = 0.01). Lachnospiraceae (P = 0.04) and Ruminococcaceae (P < 0.01) in the mid %G+C fraction were reduced in the DFM compared to control. Positive alterations to the microbial populations in the gut of broilers may at least be a partial mechanism by which B. subtilis DSM 32315 reduced pathology and improved performance of broilers in the NE challenge.

ACS Style

Rose A Whelan; Kiran Doranalli; Teemu Rinttilä; Kirsi Vienola; German Jurgens; Juha Apajalahti. The impact of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the pathology, performance, and intestinal microbiome of broiler chickens in a necrotic enteritis challenge. Poultry Science 2019, 98, 3450 -3463.

AMA Style

Rose A Whelan, Kiran Doranalli, Teemu Rinttilä, Kirsi Vienola, German Jurgens, Juha Apajalahti. The impact of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the pathology, performance, and intestinal microbiome of broiler chickens in a necrotic enteritis challenge. Poultry Science. 2019; 98 (9):3450-3463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rose A Whelan; Kiran Doranalli; Teemu Rinttilä; Kirsi Vienola; German Jurgens; Juha Apajalahti. 2019. "The impact of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the pathology, performance, and intestinal microbiome of broiler chickens in a necrotic enteritis challenge." Poultry Science 98, no. 9: 3450-3463.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Poultry Science
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A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was used to evaluate the effect of xylanase and sodium butyrate supplementation on performance, intestinal fermentation, histology, and morphometry in broiler chickens. A total of 384 Ross 308 broiler chicks (1-day-old) were allocated to 4 experimental treatments: CTR (control diet), XYL (CTR diet with 16,000 BXU/kg of xylanase), BUT (CTR diet with 1 kg/t sodium butyrate), and XYL+BUT (CTR diet plus xylanase and sodium butyrate). Each treatment had 8 replicates of 12 animals. Starter and grower diets, based on wheat and soybean meal, and water were available ad libitum. Body weight gain and feed intake were measured from 0 to 42 D, and feed conversion ratio corrected for mortality (FCR) was calculated. The profile of short-chain fatty acids in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ceca digesta on days 21 and 42 was analyzed in addition to the relative weights of the different portions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and villus to crypt (VH: CD) ratio from the ileal tissue on day 42 were also evaluated. Statistical comparisons were performed using a 2-way ANOVA. Xylanase supplementation improved 42-D FCR by 5 points (P = 0.006), while butyrate did not affect 42-D FCR. On day 21, birds fed butyrate had heavier total GIT (P = 0.024), duodenum (P < 0.001), and jejunum (P = 0.025). Xylanase did not influence the relative weights in any intestinal section except the crop which was smaller in xylanase supplemented birds. At day 42, the VH: CD ratio was increased with sodium butyrate (P = 0.005). Supplementation of broiler diets with xylanase improved performance but had little effect on intestinal measures, whereas sodium butyrate influenced many of the intestinal indices with no consequence on animal performance.

ACS Style

G González-Ortiz; T T dos Santos; K Vienola; S Vartiainen; J Apajalahti; M R Bedford. Response of broiler chickens to xylanase and butyrate supplementation. Poultry Science 2019, 98, 3914 -3925.

AMA Style

G González-Ortiz, T T dos Santos, K Vienola, S Vartiainen, J Apajalahti, M R Bedford. Response of broiler chickens to xylanase and butyrate supplementation. Poultry Science. 2019; 98 (9):3914-3925.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G González-Ortiz; T T dos Santos; K Vienola; S Vartiainen; J Apajalahti; M R Bedford. 2019. "Response of broiler chickens to xylanase and butyrate supplementation." Poultry Science 98, no. 9: 3914-3925.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2018 in Journal of Animal Science
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Investigations were carried out in a swine model, to understand the distribution of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) and one of its phase I metabolites, α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) along the digestive tract and in the faeces of pigs following ingestion of ZEA at 200 μg/kg feed. In parallel, the administration of ZEA in feed amended with 4kg/T Mycosorb A+ (MSA+) was evaluated to test if MSA+ would increase the ZEA/α-ZOL recoveries in faeces and would decrease consequently the ZEA uptake in the digestive tract. Experimental diets included a commercial pig feed base diet (F0); the base feed amended with ZEA (F1); and the base feed amended with a combination of ZEA and MSA+ (F2). All feeds contained a digestibility marker (Celite™) and 10% cracked wheat. Individually housed pigs (n=12) were given F0 over a one-week adaptation period, followed by four-weeks where half the pigs (n=6) were randomly assigned either to F1 or F2 treatments. At the end, four pigs from each treatment were sacrificed, and remaining pigs underwent a two-weeks washout period using F0 before being sacrificed. Faecal samples were taken biweekly and reproductive tract samples at the end of treatments or wash-out. ZEA and α-ZOL quantitative analysis was performed using immunoaffinity extraction before separation on a RP-C18 HPLC system equipped with fluorescent detection. The amount of ZEA recovered in faeces vs. added in the diet was calculated. Results showed that animals receiving F2 regimen significantly (p<0.0001) exhibited higher concentration of both ZEA and α-ZOL in faeces compared to F1 challenged pigs (30.5 vs 54.7% at 4 weeks). MSA+ significantly reduced the accumulation of ZEA (77 vs 15 μg/kg) and [ZEA+α-ZOL] (89 vs 17 μg/kg) in the reproductive tract after five weeks. These results indicate that MSA+ successfully decreased ZEA uptake and metabolization, whilst increasing digestive clearance of ZEA via faeces. Key Words:

ACS Style

A Yiannikouris; C Moran; J Keegan; P Groenewegen; K Vienola; Juha Apajalahti. PSX-4 Zearalenone and metabolite uptake modulation by feeding Mycosorb A+® to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 2018, 96, 490 -490.

AMA Style

A Yiannikouris, C Moran, J Keegan, P Groenewegen, K Vienola, Juha Apajalahti. PSX-4 Zearalenone and metabolite uptake modulation by feeding Mycosorb A+® to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 2018; 96 (suppl_3):490-490.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A Yiannikouris; C Moran; J Keegan; P Groenewegen; K Vienola; Juha Apajalahti. 2018. "PSX-4 Zearalenone and metabolite uptake modulation by feeding Mycosorb A+® to growing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 96, no. suppl_3: 490-490.

Journal article
Published: 07 September 2018 in British Poultry Science
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1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ferric tyrosine on the reduction of Campylobacter spp. and zootechnical performance in broilers exposed to Campylobacter spp. using a natural challenge model to simulate commercial conditions. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ferric tyrosine against common enteropathogens were evaluated. 2. At the start of the trial, 840 healthy male 1-d-old birds (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to 6 replicate pens of 35 birds each and fed diets containing different concentrations of ferric tyrosine (0, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.2 g/kg) in mash form for 42 d. 3. Broilers fed diets containing ferric tyrosine showed significantly higher body weight at d 42 and weight gain compared to the control group. However, birds fed ferric tyrosine ate significantly more than the control birds so significant improvements in feed conversion rate were not observed. 4. Microbiological analyses of caecal samples collected on d 42 of the study showed, per gram of sample, 2-3 log10 reduction in Campylobacter spp. and 1 log10 reduction in Escherichia coli in the groups fed diets containing ferric tyrosine compared to the control. 5. The MICs of ferric tyrosine was >400 mg/l for C. jejuni and >200 mg/l for E. coli and Salmonella enterica, indicating that ferric tyrosine did not exert antimicrobial activity. 6. The results showed that birds fed ferric tyrosine grew faster and consumed more feed compared to the control group, indicating potential benefits of faster time to reach slaughter weight with no significant reduction on feed efficiency. Moreover, ferric tyrosine significantly reduced caecal Campylobacter spp. and E. coli indicating potential as a non-antibiotic feed additive to lower the risk of infections transmitted through the food chain.

ACS Style

D. Currie; Matthew Green; O. A. Dufailu; P. Matthaios; P. Soultanas; E. McCartney; H. Lester; L. Van Den Eede; Juha Apajalahti; J. Mahdavi. Dietary supplementation with ferric tyrosine improves zootechnical performance and reduces caecal Campylobacter spp. load in broilers. British Poultry Science 2018, 59, 646 -653.

AMA Style

D. Currie, Matthew Green, O. A. Dufailu, P. Matthaios, P. Soultanas, E. McCartney, H. Lester, L. Van Den Eede, Juha Apajalahti, J. Mahdavi. Dietary supplementation with ferric tyrosine improves zootechnical performance and reduces caecal Campylobacter spp. load in broilers. British Poultry Science. 2018; 59 (6):646-653.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Currie; Matthew Green; O. A. Dufailu; P. Matthaios; P. Soultanas; E. McCartney; H. Lester; L. Van Den Eede; Juha Apajalahti; J. Mahdavi. 2018. "Dietary supplementation with ferric tyrosine improves zootechnical performance and reduces caecal Campylobacter spp. load in broilers." British Poultry Science 59, no. 6: 646-653.

Nutrition and metabolism
Published: 20 April 2018 in British Poultry Science
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1. Studies were conducted with tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) to determine their effect on broiler chicken performance and ileal microbiota. TOFA, a product originating from coniferous trees and recovered by fractional distillation of side-streams from pulp production, mainly comprises free long-chain fatty acids (~90%) and resin acids (~8%). Conjugated linolenic acids and pinolenic acid are characteristic fatty acid components of TOFA. 2. TOFA products at 750 mg/kg feed were tested in two 35-day broiler chicken trials, each using a wheat soya-based diet and with 12 replicate pens per treatment. In both trials, TOFA improved body weight gain at all time points (P < 0.001) and feed conversion efficiency during the first 21 days (P < 0.01). Two different dry TOFA formulations (silica carrier and palm oil coating) were tested and showed performance effects similar to liquid TOFA. 3. Ileal digesta of the broiler chickens was analysed for total eubacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 35. TOFA significantly increased total eubacteria and lactobacilli density on day 14 (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between these bacterial groups and broiler body weight on day 14 (P < 0.01). 4. A numerical reduction in C. perfringens was observed. In vitro growth inhibition studies showed that C. perfringens was strongly inhibited by 10 mg/l TOFA (P < 0.001), while common lactobacilli were resistant to >250 mg/l. The in vitro results were thus in line with in vivo observations. 5. The mechanisms behind the bacterial shifts and their role in performance improvement are unknown. Further purification of TOFA components is needed to identify the effective agents.

ACS Style

K. Vienola; G. Jurgens; J. Vuorenmaa; Juha Apajalahti. Tall oil fatty acid inclusion in the diet improves performance and increases ileal density of lactobacilli in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 2018, 59, 349 -355.

AMA Style

K. Vienola, G. Jurgens, J. Vuorenmaa, Juha Apajalahti. Tall oil fatty acid inclusion in the diet improves performance and increases ileal density of lactobacilli in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science. 2018; 59 (3):349-355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Vienola; G. Jurgens; J. Vuorenmaa; Juha Apajalahti. 2018. "Tall oil fatty acid inclusion in the diet improves performance and increases ileal density of lactobacilli in broiler chickens." British Poultry Science 59, no. 3: 349-355.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Food and Nutrition Sciences
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The omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) content of broiler tissues can be increased through dietary supplementation of hens with n-3 FA-rich microalgae. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different dietary inclusion levels of a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae (AURA) on broiler performance and the enrichment of tissues with n-3 FA. The randomized study was conducted using 352 birds, housed in 32 pens with 11 birds per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to one of four treatments, with each treatment replicated 8 times. The treatments included one unsupplemented control (0%) and three wheat-soya based experimental diets supplemented with AURA at a level of 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5% for the starter, grower and finisher periods. Birds were weighed on days 0, 10, 24, 35 and 41, and feed intake was recorded per pen. On day 41, five birds per treatment were euthanized and individually weighed. Thigh muscle, breast muscle, liver, kidney and skin samples were taken post-mortem, freeze dried and DHA content quantified, following fat extraction and methylation, by GC-FID (AOAC 996.06 method). Performance and tissue data were analyzed by ANOVA with Dunnett’s (2-sided) post-hoc test to determine the differences between the mean values for each treatment. Dietary supplementation with AURA had no effect on body weight or feed intake during any period of the study. For thigh muscle, kidney and skin the DHA increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing level of dietary AURA, whilst there was a quadratic response in uptake of DHA in breast muscle and liver. The study demonstrated the potential of efficiently enriching broiler meat and organs with DHA by feeding AURA.

ACS Style

Colm A. Moran; Jason Keegan; Kirsi Vienola; Juha Apajalahti. Broiler Tissue Enrichment with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) through Dietary Supplementation with Aurantiochytrium limacinum Algae. Food and Nutrition Sciences 2018, 09, 1160 -1173.

AMA Style

Colm A. Moran, Jason Keegan, Kirsi Vienola, Juha Apajalahti. Broiler Tissue Enrichment with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) through Dietary Supplementation with Aurantiochytrium limacinum Algae. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2018; 09 (10):1160-1173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Colm A. Moran; Jason Keegan; Kirsi Vienola; Juha Apajalahti. 2018. "Broiler Tissue Enrichment with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) through Dietary Supplementation with Aurantiochytrium limacinum Algae." Food and Nutrition Sciences 09, no. 10: 1160-1173.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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S.A. Lee; Juha Apajalahti; K. Vienola; G. González-Ortiz; Carlos Fontes; M.R. Bedford. Age and dietary xylanase supplementation affects ileal sugar residues and short chain fatty acid concentration in the ileum and caecum of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2017, 234, 29 -42.

AMA Style

S.A. Lee, Juha Apajalahti, K. Vienola, G. González-Ortiz, Carlos Fontes, M.R. Bedford. Age and dietary xylanase supplementation affects ileal sugar residues and short chain fatty acid concentration in the ileum and caecum of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2017; 234 ():29-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S.A. Lee; Juha Apajalahti; K. Vienola; G. González-Ortiz; Carlos Fontes; M.R. Bedford. 2017. "Age and dietary xylanase supplementation affects ileal sugar residues and short chain fatty acid concentration in the ileum and caecum of broiler chickens." Animal Feed Science and Technology 234, no. : 29-42.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in World's Poultry Science Journal
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The importance of the crop is often underestimated in poultry production. In addition to storing ingested feed, it also can impact nutrient digestion by digesta softening and the initial activity of feed (endogenous and exogenous) and microbial enzymes. The crop represents the first major defence against poultry pathogens and zoonotic organisms with well established adaptive and innate immune function, and a lactobacilli dominated microbiota capable of reducing the passage of these organisms further along the digestive tract. However, the potential to improve bird productivity and health, as well as affect meat and egg safety, are influenced by the nature of the diet, and in particular feed entry and extended presence in the crop. This is required to promote lactobacilli fermentation, the production of lactic acid and other volatile fatty acids, and the lowering of crop pH. Management practices such as meal feeding and the use of lighting programs with extended dark periods encourage crop utilisation. Further, the use of feed additives such as prebiotics and probiotics may enhance crop function, which in turn contributes to well-being of the entire digestive tract. A healthy and functional crop, along with other segments of digestive tract, has increased importance in an era of reduced antibiotic use in poultry feeds.

ACS Style

H.L. Classen; Juha Apajalahti; B. Svihus; Mingan Choct. The role of the crop in poultry production. World's Poultry Science Journal 2016, 72, 459 -472.

AMA Style

H.L. Classen, Juha Apajalahti, B. Svihus, Mingan Choct. The role of the crop in poultry production. World's Poultry Science Journal. 2016; 72 (3):459-472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.L. Classen; Juha Apajalahti; B. Svihus; Mingan Choct. 2016. "The role of the crop in poultry production." World's Poultry Science Journal 72, no. 3: 459-472.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2016 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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The different sections of the broiler chicken intestinal tract are inhabited by specialist microbiota adapted to the physicochemical conditions, host physiology and available nutrients of the specific habitat. The small intestine is dominated by lactic acid bacteria which have complex nutrient requirements resembling those of the chicken host itself. Lactobacilli are unable to synthesise amino acids for their anabolism and are therefore highly dependent on amino acid availability in the growth environment. Thus, in the small intestine there is competition for amino acids between the microbiota and the chicken host. According to rough estimates, lactobacilli in the small intestine may assimilate 3–6% of total dietary amino acids. If the protein is highly digestible and amino acids are largely absorbed in the upper small intestine, where bacterial growth is suppressed, the proportion captured by the host may be higher. Exogenous enzymes which promote protein digestion are also likely to provide a competitive advantage to the chicken, offering less growth potential for amino acid-dependent bacteria.Protein escaping the ileum comprises resistant protein of dietary origin, protein assimilated to intestinal bacteria and endogenous protein synthesised and secreted by the host, the latter synthesised in host tissues from dietary amino acids and thus representing true endogenous protein. Activities of small intestinal bacteria affect the size of the microbial protein fraction and also the production of endogenous proteins originating from mucin, epithelial cells and antibodies.Ileal bypass protein is subject to fermentation by putrefactive bacteria in the caecum. Putrefaction produces many harmful and toxic compounds, which in high concentrations may have adverse effects on chicken growth and performance. The protein fermentation products include amines, indoles, phenols, cresol and ammonia, which can all negatively affect host or cell health. All actions to reduce the amount of ileal bypass protein potentially also reduce production of toxic protein fermentation metabolites in the caecum. Enzymes which facilitate protein digestion in the upper intestine and soluble carbohydrates resistant to ileal digestion both reduce caecal putrefaction. In the distal intestine, saccharolytic fermentation is preferred and putrefaction accelerates only when utilisable carbohydrates are depleted. Soluble oligo- and polysaccharides are produced in situ by non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes and can also be added directly to the diet as health-promoting prebiotics

ACS Style

J. Apajalahti; K. Vienola. Interaction between chicken intestinal microbiota and protein digestion. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2016, 221, 323 -330.

AMA Style

J. Apajalahti, K. Vienola. Interaction between chicken intestinal microbiota and protein digestion. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2016; 221 ():323-330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Apajalahti; K. Vienola. 2016. "Interaction between chicken intestinal microbiota and protein digestion." Animal Feed Science and Technology 221, no. : 323-330.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2016 in Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition
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SummaryThe present study examined the mode of action of a patented Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast hydrolysate product (YHP) on the fermentation of bovine rumen in vitro. Three experiments were conducted. Fresh fluid from rumen-cannulated dairy cows was used as an inoculum to ferment a mixture of grass silage and concentrate feed with or without YHP. The first two experiments were batch fermentations of 12–24 h duration while the third experiment was a semi-continuous fermentation of six days. Production of gas, concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial cell density and pH were measured from the fermentation medium as a function of time. In experiment 1, YHP dose-dependently stimulated the production of gas, and increased the density of microbial cells and concentration of SCFAs. Experiment 2 studied the effect of YHP on the ruminal fermentation using three ratios of concentrate feed to grass silage (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25). Both YHP and the elevated proportion of concentrate in the feed mixture significantly increased the production of gas, microbial populations and SCFAs, including propionic acid, by the ruminal microbiota. In experiment 3, YHP increased the concentration and relative proportion of propionic acid in the fermentation medium. YHP stimulated the rate of microbial fermentation of bovine ruminal microbiota, indicated by the effects on gas and SCFA production and microbial mass in these experiments. In particular, YHP increased the production of propionic acid. These results, which were likely due to modulation of microbial community by YHP, suggest that YHP enhances bovine ruminal fermentation and may thus improve the performance of these animals.

ACS Style

H. Kettunen; J. Vuorenmaa; D. Gaffney; Juha Apajalahti. Yeast hydrolysate product enhances ruminal fermentation in vitro. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition 2016, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

H. Kettunen, J. Vuorenmaa, D. Gaffney, Juha Apajalahti. Yeast hydrolysate product enhances ruminal fermentation in vitro. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition. 2016; 4 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Kettunen; J. Vuorenmaa; D. Gaffney; Juha Apajalahti. 2016. "Yeast hydrolysate product enhances ruminal fermentation in vitro." Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition 4, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2015 in Livestock Science
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K.-J. Leeuw; H.H. Meissner; P.H. Henning; F.K. Siebrits; Juha Apajalahti; A. Kettunen; Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. Effects of virginiamycin and monensin administered alone or together with Megasphaera elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 on in vitro production of lactate and VFA and the effects of monensin and M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 on health and performance of feedlot steers. Livestock Science 2015, 183, 54 -62.

AMA Style

K.-J. Leeuw, H.H. Meissner, P.H. Henning, F.K. Siebrits, Juha Apajalahti, A. Kettunen, Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. Effects of virginiamycin and monensin administered alone or together with Megasphaera elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 on in vitro production of lactate and VFA and the effects of monensin and M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 on health and performance of feedlot steers. Livestock Science. 2015; 183 ():54-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K.-J. Leeuw; H.H. Meissner; P.H. Henning; F.K. Siebrits; Juha Apajalahti; A. Kettunen; Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. 2015. "Effects of virginiamycin and monensin administered alone or together with Megasphaera elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 on in vitro production of lactate and VFA and the effects of monensin and M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 on health and performance of feedlot steers." Livestock Science 183, no. : 54-62.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2015 in Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition
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SummaryResin acids extracted from coniferous trees are known for their antimicrobial and antifungal effects. This trial investigated the effect of a natural resin acid-enriched composition (RAC) on the gastrointestinal microbiota and productive performance of broiler chicken. The results demonstrated that at or above 5 mg/l, RAC prevented the growth of a pure culture ofClostridium perfringens, a causative agent of necrotic enteritis in poultry. Next, the effects of RAC on the microbial community were studied in a fermentation model with both the microbial inoculum and substrate for the microbes isolated from the ileum of broiler chickens. RAC was included at 0, 0.1 and 1 g/kg digesta, and supplementation decreased the relative proportion of lactic acid and increased that of acetic acid produced during the fermentation in a dose-dependent manner. At 1 g/kg inclusion, RAC decreased the density of lactobacilli. The final part of the experiment investigated the influence of RAC on the performance and intestinal microbiota of necrotic enteritis (NE)-challenged broiler chickens. A wheat and soy -based diet was supplemented with RAC at 0, 0.5, 1 and 3 g/kg. The chickens were challenged withEimeria maximaoocysts on day 11, and a pure culture ofC. perfringenson day 14. On day 17, the final day of the trial, RAC inclusion at 1 and 3 g/kg of feed significantly increased body weight. At 3 g/kg RAC numerically decreased the daily mortality seen during the challenge period. In the ileum, RAC at 1 g/kg reduced the NE-associated peak of microbial lactic acid production. Overall, the data suggested that the dietary ingredient RAC has the potential to act as a performance-enhancer and microbial modulator in broiler chickens.

ACS Style

Hannele Kettunen; Juhani Vuorenmaa; T. Rinttilä; H. Grönberg; E. Valkonen; Juha Apajalahti. Natural resin acid –enriched composition as a modulator of intestinal microbiota and performance enhancer in broiler chicken. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition 2015, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Hannele Kettunen, Juhani Vuorenmaa, T. Rinttilä, H. Grönberg, E. Valkonen, Juha Apajalahti. Natural resin acid –enriched composition as a modulator of intestinal microbiota and performance enhancer in broiler chicken. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition. 2015; 3 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hannele Kettunen; Juhani Vuorenmaa; T. Rinttilä; H. Grönberg; E. Valkonen; Juha Apajalahti. 2015. "Natural resin acid –enriched composition as a modulator of intestinal microbiota and performance enhancer in broiler chicken." Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition 3, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Livestock Science
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H.H. Meissner; P.H. Henning; K.-J. Leeuw; F.M. Hagg; C.H. Horn; A. Kettunen; Juha Apajalahti. Efficacy and mode of action of selected non-ionophore antibiotics and direct-fed microbials in relation to Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 during in vitro fermentation of an acidosis-causing substrate. Livestock Science 2014, 162, 115 -125.

AMA Style

H.H. Meissner, P.H. Henning, K.-J. Leeuw, F.M. Hagg, C.H. Horn, A. Kettunen, Juha Apajalahti. Efficacy and mode of action of selected non-ionophore antibiotics and direct-fed microbials in relation to Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 during in vitro fermentation of an acidosis-causing substrate. Livestock Science. 2014; 162 ():115-125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.H. Meissner; P.H. Henning; K.-J. Leeuw; F.M. Hagg; C.H. Horn; A. Kettunen; Juha Apajalahti. 2014. "Efficacy and mode of action of selected non-ionophore antibiotics and direct-fed microbials in relation to Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 during in vitro fermentation of an acidosis-causing substrate." Livestock Science 162, no. : 115-125.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2014 in Food Analytical Methods
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An analytical procedure for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs was introduced and validated in laboratory 1. The method consisted of the extraction of aflatoxin B1 from a sample, purification of the extract with solvents, immunoaffinity column cleanup and the determination by liquid chromatography with post-column bromination and fluorescence detection at λ ex = 362 nm and λ em = 425 nm. The method was transferred to laboratory 2, where it was modified and validated. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) obtained in laboratory 1 were 2 and 6 ng/kg, respectively, and 2 and 5 ng/kg in laboratory 2, respectively. The repeatability of measurements in laboratory 1, represented by differences between results of duplicate measurements, was 10 ng/kg at the contamination level of 50 ng/kg. At the same concentration level, the standard deviation (s R) and the relative standard deviation (RSD R) for the within-laboratory reproducibility were 5.5 ng/kg and 11 %, respectively, and the measurement uncertainty was ±10 ng/kg. The mean recovery was 70 %. In laboratory 2, the repeatability of measurements at the contamination level of 20 ng/kg, represented by the standard deviation (s R), repeatability (r) and relative standard deviation (RSD R) was 4 ng/kg, 11 ng/kg and 20 %, respectively, and the recovery was 67 %. The results indicate that the procedures are suitable for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs and can be implemented for the routine analysis. Using the procedure validated in laboratory 1, 25 samples from farms in Slovenia were analysed. In none of the analysed samples, aflatoxin B1 was detected.

ACS Style

Katarina Pavšič-Vrtač; Suvi Ojanperä; Juha Apajalahti; Karin Šrimpf; Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher. Analytical Procedures for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Eggs of Laying Hens Using Immunoaffinity Columns and Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Derivatisation and Fluorescence Detection. Food Analytical Methods 2014, 7, 1917 -1924.

AMA Style

Katarina Pavšič-Vrtač, Suvi Ojanperä, Juha Apajalahti, Karin Šrimpf, Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher. Analytical Procedures for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Eggs of Laying Hens Using Immunoaffinity Columns and Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Derivatisation and Fluorescence Detection. Food Analytical Methods. 2014; 7 (9):1917-1924.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarina Pavšič-Vrtač; Suvi Ojanperä; Juha Apajalahti; Karin Šrimpf; Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher. 2014. "Analytical Procedures for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Eggs of Laying Hens Using Immunoaffinity Columns and Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Derivatisation and Fluorescence Detection." Food Analytical Methods 7, no. 9: 1917-1924.