Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is a heterodimeric cytokine involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to establish if the polymorphisms ofIL-12AandEBI3genes that encode the IL-35 subunits are associated with the development of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in Mexican individuals. TheIL-12AandEBI3polymorphisms were determined in 1162 patients with premature CAD and 873 controls. Under different models, theEBI3rs428253 (OR = 0.831,Padd= 0.036; OR = 0.614,Prec= 0.033; OR = 0.591,Pcod2= 0.027) andIL-12Ars2243115 (OR = 0.674,Padd= 0.010; OR = 0.676,Pdom= 0.014; OR = 0.698,Phet= 0.027; OR = 0.694,Pcod1= 0.024) polymorphisms were associated with decreased risk of developing premature CAD. Some polymorphisms were associated with clinical and metabolic parameters. Significant different levels of IL-35 were observed inEBI3rs4740 and rs4905 genotypes only in the group of healthy controls. In summary, our study suggests that theEBI3andIL-12Apolymorphisms play an important role in decreasing the risk of developing premature CAD; it also demonstrates the relationship of theEBI3rs4740 and rs4905 genotypes with IL-35 levels in healthy individuals.

Background: The control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection begins with the recognition of mycobacterial structural components by toll like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors. Our objective was to determine the influence of TLRs polymorphisms in the susceptibility to develop tuberculosis (TB) in Amerindian individuals from a rural area of Oaxaca, Mexico with high TB incidence. Methods: We carried out a case–control association community based study, genotyping 12 polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR9 genes in 90 patients with confirmed pulmonary TB and 90 unrelated exposed but asymptomatic household contacts. Results: We found a significant increase in the frequency of the allele A of the TLR9 gene polymorphism rs352139 (A>G) in the group of TB patients (g.f. = 0.522) when compared with controls (g.f. = 0.383), (Pcorr = 0.01, OR = 1.75). Under the recessive model (A/G + A/A vs G/G) this polymorphism was also significantly associated with TB (Pcorr = 0.01, OR= 2.37). The association of the SNP rs352139 was statistically significant after adjustment by age, gender and comorbidities by regression logistic analysis (Dominant model: p value = 0.016, OR = 2.31; Additive model: p value = 0.023, OR = 1.68). The haplotype GAA of TLR9 SNPs was also associated with TB susceptibility (Pcorr = 0.02). Differences in the genotype or allele frequencies of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 polymorphisms between TB patients and healthy contacts were not detected. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the allele A of the intronic polymorphism rs352139 on TLR9 gene might contribute to the risk of developing TB in Mexican Amerindians.

Since the start of the vaccination programs against COVID-19 in 2020, it was evident that due to global shortages, the demand for the dose required in Mexico could only be covered by acquiring different vaccines. Therefore, determining the effectiveness of these and the longevity of acquired immunity is extremely important in a scenario where SARS-CoV-2 circulation becomes endemic and booster doses are required periodically.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disorder that results from an excessive inflammatory response. Secretory phospholipase A₂-V (sPLA₂-V) encoded byPLA2G5gene promotes diverse proinflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to analyze ifPLA2G5gene polymorphisms are associated with premature CAD. ThreePLA2G5polymorphisms (rs11573187, rs2148911, and rs11573191) were analyzed in 707 patients with premature CAD and 749 healthy controls. Haplotypes were constructed after linkage disequilibrium analysis. Under dominant, recessive, and additive models, the rs11573191 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of premature CAD (OR = 1.51,P_dom= 3.5 × 10⁻³; OR = 2.95,P_rec= 0.023; OR = 1.51,P_add= 1.2 × 10⁻³). According to the informatics software, this polymorphism had a functional effect modifying the affinity of the sequence by the MZF1 transcription factor.PLA2G5polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium and theCGAhaplotype was associated with increased risk of premature CAD (OR = 1.49,P= 0.0023) and with hypertension in these patients (OR = 1.75,P= 0.0072). Our results demonstrate the association of thePLA2G5rs11573191 polymorphism with premature CAD. In our study, it was possible to distinguish one haplotype associated with increased risk of premature CAD and hypertension.

Inflammation has been involved in the development of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and obesity. Interleukin 20 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine encoded by a polymorphic gene located in chromosome 1. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of two IL-20 polymorphisms (rs1400986 and rs1518108) with subclinical atherosclerosis (SA), cardiovascular risk factors and IL-20 levels in a cohort of Mexican individuals. The polymorphisms were determined in 274 individuals with SA and 672 controls. Under different models, rs1400986 (OR = 0.51, P_codominant1 = 0.0001; OR = 0.36, P_codominant2 = 0.014; OR = 0.49, P_dominant = 0.0001 and OR = 0.55, P_additive = 0.0001) and rs1518108 (OR = 0.62, P_codominant2 = 0.048 and OR = 0.79, P_additive = 0.048) were associated with a lower risk of SA. These polymorphisms were associated with cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with SA and controls. Controls with the rs1400986 TT genotype presented high levels of IL-20 (p = 0.031). In individuals with the rs1400986 CC genotype, we observed a negative correlation between IL-20 levels and total abdominal tissue (TAT), visceral abdominal tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal tissue (SAT). Our results indicate that the IL-20 rs1400986 and rs1518108 polymorphisms were associated with decreased risk of developing SA and with some cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with SA and healthy controls. Negative correlation between BMI and VAT/SAT ratio in individuals with rs1400986 CC genotype and among IL-20 levels and TAT, VAT and SAT was observed.