Background: Xanthone derivatives have a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as those involving antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, and anticancer properties. Among these, we investigated the anticancer properties of xanthone. This research aimed to analyze the biological activity of ten novel xanthone derivatives, to investigate the most contributing-descriptors for their cytotoxic activities, and to examine the possible mechanism of actions of xanthone compound through molecular docking. Materials and methods: The cytotoxic tests were carried out on WiDR and Vero cell lines, by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method. The structural features required for xanthone’s anticancer activity were conducted by using the semi-empirical Austin Model-1 method, and continued with quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis using BuildQSAR program. The study of the possible mechanism of actions of the selected xanthone compound was done through molecular docking with PLANTS. Results: The three novel xanthone derivatives (compounds 5, 7, and 8) exhibited cytotoxic activity with compound 5 showed the highest degree of cytotoxicity at concentration 9.23 µg/mL (37.8 µM). The following best equation model was obtained from the BuildQSAR calculation: log 1/IC₅₀ = -8.124 qC1 -35.088 qC2 -6.008 qC3 + 1.831 u + 0.540 logP -9.115 (n = 10, r = 0.976, s = 0.144, F = 15.920, Q2 = 0.651, SPRESS = 0.390). This equation model generated 15 proposed new xanthone compounds with better-predicted anticancer activities. A molecular docking study of compound 5 showed that xanthone formed binding interactions with some receptors involved in cancer pathology, including telomerase, tumor-promoting inflammation (COX-2), and cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2) inhibitor.
Conclusion: The results suggested that compound 5 showed the best cytotoxic activity among the xanthone derivatives tested. QSAR analysis showed that the descriptors contributed to xanthone’s cytotoxic activity were the net atomic charge at qC1, qC2, and qC3 positions, also dipole moment and logP. Compound 5 was suspected to be cytotoxic by its inhibition of telomerase, COX-2, and CDK2 receptors.

The increasing rate of cancer chemoresistance and adverse side effects of therapy have led to the wide use of various chemotherapeutic combinations in cancer management, including lymphoid malignancy. We investigated the effects of a combination of 1,3,6-trihydroxy-4,5,7-trichloroxanthone (TTX) and doxorubicin on the Raji lymphoma cell line. Raji cells were treated with different concentrations of TTX, doxorubicin, or combinations thereof. Cancer cell growth inhibition was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide/MTT assay to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Combination index values were calculated using CompuSyn (ComboSyn, Inc, Paramus, NJ). Molecular docking was conducted using a Protein-Ligand ANT System. The mean (SD) half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of TTX and doxorubicin were 15.948 (3.101) µM and 25.432 (1.417) µM, respectively. The combination index values of the different combinations ranged from 0.057 to 0.285, indicating strong to very strong synergistic effects. The docking study results reveal that TTX docks at the active site of Raf-1 and c-Jun N-kinase receptors with predicted free energies of binding of -79.37 and -75.42 kcal/mol, respectively. The xanthone-doxorubicin combination showed promising in vitro activity against lymphoma cells. The results also indicate that the TTX and doxorubicin combination's effect was due to the interaction between TTX with Raf-1 and c-Jun N-kinase receptors, 2 determinants of doxorubicin resistance progression.

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are developed independently or connected to the electronic health record (EHR) or other computerized systems. The study begins with identification by searching the literature through the Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. The search results obtained 5,595 articles. Forty-two articles were obtained, which were used further. Most of the research focus is on "CDSS development and evaluation". In terms of impacts, the most common is "reduce prescribing errors". One of the biggest problems reported was the presence of "alert fatigue," which was felt to be disturbing to doctors and pharmacists. CDSS must be supported by a method that is able to indicate the presence of drug-drug interactions (DDI). The use of alerts indicating the presence of a DDI should be interpreted using clinical judgment to determine the risks and benefits of a particular drug for a specific patient. The performance of CDSS is mostly reported to have been able to reduce prescribing errors, which in turn will improve patient safety. However, increased adherence to clinical protocols has not been widely reported. Complaints that are still quite a lot reported are the presence of "alert fatigue", which can interfere with effectiveness.

Hyperlipidemia remains an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Some standard hypolipidemic drugs available in the market still do not meet expectations in lowering lipid levels. Investigation of alternative hypolipidemic agents continues to be carried out, including using purple corn plants with high-anthocyanin content. Plant anthocyanins have been shown to play an important role in lowering blood lipid levels. Here, we explored the potential of anthocyanin compounds in purple corn as a lipid-lowering agent through various mechanisms of action using an in-silico analysis. A total of fourteen proteins known to play a role in modulating blood lipid levels were set as target in molecular docking. Three active compounds from purple corn anthocyanin extract namely cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin chloride, and peonidin-3-glucoside were used as ligands. The docking methods used the Protein-Ligand ANT System (PLANTS) to determine the binding affinities of those ligands to all target proteins and visualization of docking results displayed using Discovery Studio. Molecular docking of the three ligands with target proteins showed that purple corn anthocyanin extracts bound effectively to the active site of AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase), ATP (adenosine triphosphate) citrate lyase, FABP4 (fatty acid-binding protein), glucokinase, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Testing ligands c3g and p3g showed a better potency than cya-ch in lowering lipid serum level. In-silico analysis showed that purple corn anthocyanin extract has potential as a hypolipidemic agent, and it should be confirmed by a wet lab setup.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease with increasing prevalence worldwide and causing many threatening life complications. Various alternative therapies continue to be developed to control blood sugar level in T2DM, including from tradisional plants. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a traditional plant that is easily obtained at relatively low cost. Many preclinical and clinical studies have shown the capability of Allium sativum L. to inhibit T2DM pathophysiology. This scoping review was aimed to know the efficacy of Allium sativum L. as adjuvant therapy for T2DM patients. Articles used for this review were original articles about Allium sativum L. adjuvant intervention for T2DM patients, published in 2011–2021, and in English or Indonesian language. Databases used were EBSCO, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis Online, Ovid, Springer Link, Portal Garuda, OneSearch, and Neliti, with Boolean search. The articles in the search results were selected by PRISMA-ScR. Selected articles were extracted, pointed, then synthesized to answer the review goal. Review process from six selected articles have shown that administration of 500–900 mg/day Allium sativum L. combined with metformin for 12- or 24-weeks improved blood glucose, ADA, hs-CRP, and lipid profile significantly. However, intervention of Allium sativum L. in less than 12 weeks, did not improve the result significantly. Enteric-coated and odorless tablet preparation of Allium sativum L. is recommended to prevent digestive disturbances from Allium sativum L. This scoping review showed that administration of 500–900 mg/day Allium sativum L. for 12 or 24 weeks, showed efficacy for T2DM as an adjuvant therapy with still considering patient clinical conditions and adverse events that may be occurred.

Colorectal cancer is a significant global issue with rising incidence and mortality rates. There is growing interest in using functional foods high in anthocyanins as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. This study aims to analyze current trends in research on anthocyanins and colorectal cancer using the keywords "anthocyanin" AND "colorectal cancer." The analysis covers the main journals, authors, their countries of origin, and keyword usage. Data from the Scopus database were used and VOSviewer analysis was employed. A total of 216 articles were analyzed. The findings revealed a significant increase in publications starting from 2007 to 2008, peaking in 2022. China had the most authors, and Zhou et al. were the most productive authors. The journal with the most articles was Nutrients. The analysis highlighted various mechanisms through which anthocyanins may help prevent colorectal cancer, including effects on cell growth, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These findings indicate potential for further research, particularly in understanding the health benefits of anthocyanins