One of the most important ideas ever produced by the application of materials science to the medical field is the notion of biomaterials. The nanostructured biomaterials play a crucial role in the development of new treatment strategies including not only the replacement of tissues and organs, but also repair and regeneration. They are designed to interact with damaged or injured tissues to induce regeneration, or as a forest for the production of laboratory tissues, so they must be micro-environmentally sensitive. The existing materials have many limitations, including impaired cell attachment, proliferation, and toxicity. Nanotechnology may open new avenues to bone tissue engineering by forming new assemblies similar in size and shape to the existing hierarchical bone structure. Organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials are increasingly used for bone tissue engineering applications because they may allow to overcome some of the current restrictions entailed by bone regeneration methods. This review covers the applications of different organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials in the field of hard tissue engineering.

Bioceramics are class of biomaterials that are specially developed for application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines. Sol-gel method used for producing bioactive and reactive bioceramic materials more than those synthesized by traditional methods. In the present research study, the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on Ca₅(PO₄)₂SiO₄ (CPS) bioceramics was investigated. The addition of 5% and 10% PEG significantly affected the porosity and bioactivity of sol-gel derived Ca₅(PO₄)₂SiO₄. The morphology and physicochemical properties of pure and modified materials were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The effect of PEG on the surface area and porosity of Ca₅(PO₄)₂SiO₄ was measured by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The results obtained from XRD and FTIR studies confirmed the interactions between PEG and CPS. Due to the high concentration of PEG, the CPS-3 sample showed the largest-sized particle with an average of 200.53 µm. The porous structure of CPS-2 and CPS-3 revealed that they have a better ability to generate an appetite layer on the surface of the sample when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for seven days. The generation of appetite layer showed the bioactive nature of CPS which makes it a suitable material for hard tissue engineering applications. The results have shown that the PEG-modified porous CPS could be a more effective material for drug delivery, implant coatings and other tissue engineering applications. The aim of this research work is to fabricate SBF treated and porous polyethylene glycol-modified Ca₅(PO₄)₂SiO₄ material. SBF treatment and porosity of material can provide a very useful target for bioactivity and drug delivery applications in the future.

Herein, we report a micro-plasma assisted solvothermal synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanosheets (ZnO-NSs) and their application for the removal of Cr⁶⁺ ion from aqueous solution. The morphological investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the high-density growth of nanosheets with the typical sizes in the range of 145.8–320.25 nm. The typical surface area of the synthesized ZnO-NSs, observed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), was found to be 948 m²/g. The synthesized ZnO-NSs were used as efficient absorbent for the removal of Cr⁶⁺ ion from aqueous solution. Various parameters such as pH, contact time, amount of adsorbate and adsorbent on the removal efficiency of Cr⁶⁺ ion was optimized and presented in this paper. At optimized conditions, the highest value for removal was 87.1% at pH = 2 while the calculated maximum adsorption capacity was ~87.37 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm data were found to be best fitted to Temkin adsorption isotherm and the adsorption process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Furthermore, the toxicity of ZnO-NSs were also examined against fibroblast cells, which show favorable results and proved that it can be used for wastewater treatment.