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Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato
Honda Motor Co., Ltd

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Chapter
Published: 03 November 2020 in Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management
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The aim of this study is to propose a dynamic model for forecasting the changes in the number of batteries recovered from end of life electric vehicles considering different power trains. To achieve a sustainable society, the dependency of the energy on fossil fuels must be overcome. One of the first steps to manage this objective is through the reduction of its direct consumption by the wide-scale adoption of EV (HV/PHV/BEV/FCV). Low cost and stable production of lithium ion batteries (LiB) are expected to be a key element for the electrification of the transportation. For this reason, an efficient cascade use of electric vehicle batteries (EVB) to minimize its raw material supply risk, disposal risk, environmental impact and material cost/consumption in its production process become essential. Additionally, by the promotion of a closed loop life cycle, cost reduction in the end of life batteries treatments can be also expected. However, to grab this opportunity and create a sustainable market, balance between the demand and recoverability of LiB must be clarified to propose reliable second life projects. This study proposes a method based on system dynamics modeling for forecasting the vehicle fleet, sales and end of life vehicles by power train considering data of scrapping rates of vehicles by year of use. Moreover, the supply potential of scrapped batteries from a reverse logistic scheme is analyzed. Here, the Japanese vehicle market is considered as a case study and a timeframe of 2018 to 2050 forecasted. Results indicate that the amount of scrapped EVB will increase 45 times from 2020 to 2050. Moreover, a complete closed loop of them can be expected around 2050 only if the exportation of used electric vehicles is hardly diminished.

ACS Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato; Toshihiko Nakata. Analysis of Electric Vehicle Batteries Recoverability Through a Dynamic Fleet Based Approach. Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management 2020, 309 -323.

AMA Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato, Toshihiko Nakata. Analysis of Electric Vehicle Batteries Recoverability Through a Dynamic Fleet Based Approach. Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. 2020; ():309-323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato; Toshihiko Nakata. 2020. "Analysis of Electric Vehicle Batteries Recoverability Through a Dynamic Fleet Based Approach." Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management , no. : 309-323.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Energies
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The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the energy consumption in the automotive industry, clarifying the effect of its productive processes. For this propose, the material flow of the vehicles has been elaborated, from mining to vehicle assembly. Initially, processes where each type of material was used, and the relationship between them, were clarified. Subsequently, material flow was elaborated, while considering materials input in each process. Consequently, the consumption of energy resources (i.e., oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity) was calculated. Open data were utilized, and the effects on the Japanese vehicle market were analyzed as a case study. Our results indicate that the energy that is required for vehicle production is 41.8 MJ/kg per vehicle, where mining and material production processes represent 68% of the total consumption. Moreover, 5.23 kg of raw materials and energy resources are required to produce 1 kg of vehicle. Finally, this study proposed values of energy consumption per mass of part produced, which can be used to facilitate future material and energy analysis for the automotive industry. Those values can be adopted and modified as necessary, allowing for possible changes in future premises to be incorporated.

ACS Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato; Toshihiko Nakata. Energy Consumption Analysis for Vehicle Production through a Material Flow Approach. Energies 2020, 13, 2396 .

AMA Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato, Toshihiko Nakata. Energy Consumption Analysis for Vehicle Production through a Material Flow Approach. Energies. 2020; 13 (9):2396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato; Toshihiko Nakata. 2020. "Energy Consumption Analysis for Vehicle Production through a Material Flow Approach." Energies 13, no. 9: 2396.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2019 in Sustainability
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This study aims to propose a model to forecast the volume of critical materials that can be recovered from lithium-ion batteries (LiB) through the recycling of end of life electric vehicles (EV). To achieve an environmentally sustainable society, the wide-scale adoption of EV seems to be necessary. Here, the dependency of the vehicle on its batteries has an essential role. The efficient recycling of LiB to minimize its raw material supply risk but also the economic impact of its production process is going to be essential. Initially, this study forecasted the vehicle fleet, sales, and end of life vehicles based on system dynamics modeling considering data of scrapping rates of vehicles by year of life. Then, the volumes of the critical materials supplied for LiB production and recovered from recycling were identified, considering variations in the size/type of batteries. Finally, current limitations to achieve closed-loop production in Japan were identified. The results indicate that the amount of scrapped electric vehicle batteries (EVB) will increase by 55 times from 2018 to 2050, and that 34% of lithium (Li), 50% of cobalt (Co), 28% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (Mn) required for the production of new LiB could be supplied by recovered EVB in 2035.

ACS Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato; Toshihiko Nakata. Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan. Sustainability 2019, 12, 147 .

AMA Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato, Toshihiko Nakata. Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato; Toshihiko Nakata. 2019. "Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 147.