The increase in population and the growing demand for food that accompanies it drive the need to achieve sustainable agriculture. Technological progress and methodological novelties provide tools that may support the processes of improving the spatial structure of agricultural lands, as well as their management. One of the examples may be the application of photogrammetric and remote-sensing products to facilitate land consolidation. In the following paper, the systematised procedure of conduct is investigated to determine the moments at which these products could be adopted. In identifying the possibilities for implementing the abovementioned tools, we analyse the legal regulations governing the process and the literature on the subject, as well as some practical examples encountered in surveying practice. In addition, the usefulness of such geospatial products is tested on data gathered during an exemplary UAV flight. We then investigate the issues with implementing the abovementioned tools and assess their advantages and disadvantages in smart agriculture. The research proves that reliable elaboration of the consolidation project concept is critical for its correct realisation, while modern measurement methods providing efficient, up-to-date, factual data facilitate the procedures and support rational decision making. Moreover, they enable us to ensure the necessary accuracy of the data for the scope of the land use and avoid analysing a compilation of several cartographic materials concerning the surveyed object. In the present study, the RMSExyz mean square error at the control points for the orthomosaic, generated using the Matrice 210 RTK v2 professional flying platform, is 5.6 cm, while for the orthomosaic created from images from the amateur drone Mavic 2 Pro RMSExyz, it is 9.2 cm. The results obtained also indicate the usefulness of low-budget drones during the land consolidation process.

In the age of the impending climate crisis, and further forecast ecological catastrophes, humankind has begun to think with growing interest about replacing existing energy sources with renewable ones. An increasing number of people have begun to discuss the need to implement registries that collect information about the energy potential of specific parts of the environment we live in. Additionally, the simultaneous registration of installations used for obtaining energy from alternative sources is desirable. In addition to quantitative attributes, such databases should also contain comprehensive spatial information. Since, in the era of globalization, the creation of such databases ought to be standardized, the purpose of this study is to indicate the directions in which the cadastre of renewable energy sources should be developed by: (i) reviewing the solutions of renewable energy sources that have been described in the scientific literature; (ii) analyzing the content of selected geoportals containing data on renewable energy sources. The literature review was preceded by a detailed bio-metric analysis, whereas the content analysis of the geoportals led to the creation of a flow chart containing a proposal for a renewable energy source cadastre, and a ranking of the analyzed portals. Nevertheless, the conceptual work was limited to the solar cadastre only.

Road transport is one among the sources of air pollution in a city, which results in lowering the comfort of life and increases the occurrence of respiratory diseases. The level of pollutants emitted in the city is variable, and it depends on the type and nature of the source and the manner of land development. For this reason, the purpose of the article is an attempt at a spatial (inner) diversification of a city in terms of air quality, using a study of perception and semantic differentials (SD). The research, which covered the period from June to November 2021, was performed in Kielce—the Polish Smart City—among local experts, people well acquainted with the city and knowledgeable about air quality and the impact of pollution on human health. The results allowed the demarcation of areas with the best and the worst parameters in terms of air quality within the city. Verification of the survey was carried out using the ADMS-Roads (Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System) software for modeling pollution levels and GIS software, using data on road traffic. The verification allowed checking whether the respondents participating in the research accurately evaluated the city space. The modeling proved that within the two selected areas, the pollution level is similar, and it does not exceed the permitted values. This might indicate that in society there is still low awareness of air quality, particularly in terms of knowing the sources of pollutants and their impact on human health, and perception of areas with the best and the worst air quality was the result of an analysis of the manner of land development and its morphology.

Appropriate and sustainable management of land is required to the preserve spatial order and the appropriate use of resources. To make quality decisions in space, as well as to actively manage a resource, it is crucial to be able to use, among others, credible, up-to-date spatial details, including the cadastral data. The question is, however, whether the data inscribed in the cadastre correspond to reality. Among others, the problem of considerable differences between recorded, cadastral and geodetic area (reflecting actual circumstances) of the parcels can be commonly observed, influencing the procedure of real estate appraisal. This research examines the scale of the problem of unreliability of cadastral data regarding the area of parcels. Based on the example of a middle-sized city, analyses of the scale of the problem and an investigation of the types of properties most commonly involved were conducted. Moreover, an analysis of legal acts in force and those already expired, as well as the literature on the subject was performed to determine the permissible differences in the area between relevant records. The influence of the unreliable cadastral data on the procedure of appraisal of real estates was also investigated.

The Act of 21 August 1997 on Real Estate Management imposes on district governors within the management of the Treasury-owned real estates, as well as the commune head, the mayor or city mayor - in the case of the real estate resources of the commune, poviat management - to the poviat real estate resource and voivodship board, in relation to the provincial real estate resource - the obligation to undertake actions in court proceedings, particularly in cases concerning ownership or other property rights. In addition, it obliges them to submit applications for the establishment of a land register and for its updating. In practice, there are numerous cases of negligence in the registration of such properties, in the updating of their designation and demonstration of rights that affect the legal status. For the purpose of this publication, examples of legal-surveying documentation were analyzed to indicate the most common problems encountered in Poland in the regulation process of the legal status of properties, and the typical content of maps for legal purposes was systematized. In addition, selected approaches used in the area of the registration of rights to properties in other countries of the world were indicated.

This paper presents the concepts of a probabilistic model for storm overflow discharges, in which arbitrary dynamics of the catchment urbanization were included in the assumed period covered by calculations. This model is composed of three components. The first constitutes the classification model for the forecast of storm overflow discharges, in which its operation was related to rainfall characteristics, catchment retention, as well as the degree of imperviousness. The second component is a synthetic precipitation generator, serving for the simulation of long-term observation series. The third component of the model includes the functions of dynamic changes in the methods of the catchment development. It allows for the simulation of changes in the extent of imperviousness of the catchment in the long-term perspective. This is an important advantage of the model, because it gives the possibility of forecasting (dynamic control) of catchment retention, accounting for the quantitative criteria and their potential changes in the long-term perspective in relation to the number of storm overflows. Analyses carried out in the research revealed that the empirical coefficients included in the logit model have a physical interpretation, which makes it possible to apply the obtained model to other catchments. The paper also shows the use of the prepared probabilistic model for rational catchment management, with respect to the forecasted number of storm overflow discharges in the long-term and short-term perspective. The model given in the work can be also applied to the design and monitoring of catchment retention in such a way that in the progressive climatic changes and urbanization of the catchment, the number of storm overflow discharges remains within the established range.