Microbial communities in the plant environment are highly dynamic, with bacterial populations rapidly responding to changes. Numerous studies have examined how both inherent plant characteristics and environmental factors shape plant-associated microbiota. These factors determine which bacterial communities thrive and how they interact with plants; certain conditions favor beneficial bacteria, and others support pathogens. In this mini-review, we focus on an additional factor influencing plant microbiomes and their surrounding environments: the use of biocontrol agents. The increasing application of microbial inoculants and their metabolites as biocontrol strategies in agriculture has created a critical knowledge gap about the effects of introducing non-native bacterial species into natural plant ecosystems. The inoculation of plants and their environments with exogenous biocontrol microorganisms has the potential to alter microbial community diversity and composition, presenting both opportunities and challenges for sustainable agricultural practices.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of batch and semi-continuous treatment systems for phenol degradation using a consortium of bacterial cultures that were encapsulated using the ‘Small Bioreactor Platform’ (SBP) encapsulation method. The maximal phenol biodegradation rate was 22 and 48 mg/L/h at an initial phenol concentration of 100 and 1000 mg/L in the batch and semi-continuous bioreactors, respectively. The initial phenol concentration played an important role in the degradation efficiency rates. The batch bioreactor results could be described by the Haldane model, where the degradation rate decreased under low as well as under very high initial phenol concentrations. Concentration equalization between the two sides of the SBP capsule's membrane occurred after 80 min. The microfiltration membrane is perforated with holes that have an average diameter of 0.2-0.7 µm. It is therefore suggested that the capsule's membrane is more permeable compared to other polymeric matrixes used for bacterial encapsulation (such as alginate). This study shows that the encapsulation of phenol degraders within microfiltration-membrane capsules which create a confined environment has a potential for enhancing phenol removal in phenol-rich wastewaters.

Yellows diseases, caused by phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Phytoplasma, are a major threat to grapevines worldwide. Because conventional applications against this pathogen are inefficient and disease management is highly challenging, the use of beneficial bacteria has been suggested as a biocontrol solution. A Dyella-like bacterium (DLB), isolated from the Israeli insect vector of grapevine yellows (Hyalesthes obsoletus), was suggested to be an endophyte. To test this hypothesis, the bacterium was introduced by spraying the plant leaves, and it had no apparent phytotoxicity to grapevine. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis showed that DLB is colonizing grapevine phloem. Because phytoplasmas inhabit the same niche, DLB interactions with this phytopathogen were examined. When the isolate was introduced to phytoplasma-infected Chardonnay plantlets, morphological disease symptoms were markedly reduced. The mode of DLB action was then tested using bioinformatics and system biology tools. DLB genome analysis suggested that the ability to reduce phytoplasma symptoms is related to inhibition of the pathogenic bacterium. These results provide the first step in examining the potential of DLB as a biological control agent against phytoplasmas in grapevine and, possibly, other agricultural crops.

Phelipanche aegyptiaca is an obligate holo-parasitic weedlacking a functional photosynthetic system, which subsists on roots of a wide range of host crops, causing severe losses in yield quality and quantity. The parasite and its host are connected through their vascular system, forming a unique ecological system that enables the exchange of various substances. In a previous study, it was suggested that endophytic bacteria, which naturally inhabit the internal tissues of plants, can also be transmitted from the parasitic weed to its host and vice versa. In the current study, we investigate the characteristics of a previously isolated Pseudomonas sp. PhelS10 strain using both biochemical and molecular methods. This isolate was obtained from tomato plant tissue and was able to reduce P. aegyptiaca parasitism, and thus it may serve as a biocontrol agent. Our results revealed that production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quinolone signal (PQS) was 2.1 times higher than that of the standard Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain (PAO1), which contributed to a 22% higher biofilm formation capability. PhelS10 strain was detected in the xylem of tomato plants using FISH analysis. In addition, PhelS10 strain was found in the parasitic weed’s inner tissues, confirming the hypothesis that endophytic bacteria traffic between the host plant and its parasitic weed.

Candidatus Phytoplasma, the causative agent of yellows disease, inflicts substantial damage on several hundred plant species including perennials and annual plants. The endophytic bacterium Frateuria defendens reduces the symptoms of yellows disease in a number of agricultural crops. One possible mode of action is that the bacterium secretes antimicrobial metabolites. To test this hypothesis, the substances secreted by the endophyte during 10 days of growth in an artificial medium were identified by GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). Synthetic analogues to these substances were then used on periwinkle, a nurse culture plant infected by phytoplasma. Phytoplasma quantities were evaluated by quantitative PCR, and disease symptoms were monitored and recorded. It was found that specific compounds identified by the biochemical analysis caused a significant reduction in both the titer of phytoplasma and the disease symptoms in periwinkle when compared to untreated infected plants. Further research is required to examine the potential of these compounds as an effective treatment against yellows disease.