Nepotism, just like any other form of favouratism in the workplace, is a phenomenon that is basically evaluated negatively. It adversely influences social and economic development and it has not been considered in relation to the membership of a given Christian denomination. This article reviews the literature on nepotism and takes into account the religious perspective on nepotism while the research part focuses on the analysis of nepotism taking into consideration both Catholic and Protestant perspectives. Thus, the article falls within the discussion initiated by Max Weber, who found that religious membership had an influence on economic development because business leaders, capital owners, and a highly qualified workforce and well-trained enterprise employees were, by and large, Protestants. The article is aimed at analyzing the effects of nepotism and evaluating this phenomenon from the perspective of the abovementioned Christian denominations. Qualitative and quantitative methods were included in the conducted research. As far as the qualitative method is concerned, an individual in-depth interview, conducted with two Catholic and two Protestant clerics, was applied. Within the second stage, i.e., the quantitative surveys, information received in the interviews was verified and the way of understanding and accepting the phenomenon of nepotism depending on the religious membership was learnt. This research demonstrated that Protestants regard the phenomenon of nepotism as negative more frequently than Catholics and the phenomenon is more common among Catholics than Protestants.

Nepotism and cronyism are forms of favoritism towards certain people in the workplace. For this reason, they constitute a problem for organization managers, ethicists and psychologists. Identifying the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the increase of nepotism and cronyism may provide a basis for organizations to assess their extent and to take possible measures to prevent their negative effects. At the same time, the research presented in the article may provide a basis for further research work related to nepotism and cronyism at the times of other threats, different from the pandemic. The aim of the article is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on growing acceptance for nepotism and cronyism in Polish enterprises. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been included in the conducted research. Qualitative study aimed at improving knowledge of nepotism and cronyism and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these phenomena, followed by a quantitative study conducted in order to verify the information obtained in the qualitative study. This research has demonstrated that Nepotism and cronyism in the workplace, are phenomenon that are basically evaluated negatively. They adversely influences social and economic development, but the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nepotism and cronyism is not significant.

Objective: The aim of the paper is to examine whether the impact of patriotic entrepreneurship may differ from the perspective of buyers depending on the country in question and how it affects entrepreneurial behaviour. Methods: The method are semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and management and economics students from two countries who were introduced to the main elements that make up the concept of patriotic entrepreneurship and an online survey conducted among students coming from the two countries using questionnaire data will be mentioned. Results: Both quantitative and qualitative research indicated that most respondents understand and are willing to be guided by principles that take it into account. At the same time, the differences in the behaviour of entrepreneurs and buyers in Poland and Ukraine show that the very concept of this entrepreneurship, not supported by a strong economy and an attractive offer of domestic enterprises, will remain only a theoretical concept, not implemented in practice. Conclusions: Patriotic entrepreneurship can be one of the important motivations for consumer, managerial and employee actions. The research should be continued in the future. Other countries should be selected to see if there is a correlation that the intensity of patriotic entrepreneurship increases as the economic level rises. It would also be useful to investigate whether the attachment to local brands increases as the competitiveness of their offer improves.

The aim of the paper is to examine the significance of the war in Ukraine for patriotic entrepreneurship in both Poland and Ukraine. The methods are semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and an online survey conducted among participants coming from both countries, who were introduced to the main elements that make up the concept of patriotic entrepreneurship. Both quantitative and qualitative research indicated that there is no significant impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on inclinations related to patriotic entrepreneurship among Polish entrepreneurs, while there is such an impact among Ukrainian entrepreneurs. While patriotic entrepreneurship can be one of the important motivations for managerial and employee actions, the noticeable impact of war on it was only in the country where hostilities are taking place. The research limitation was the lack of representativeness of the sample. The research should be repeated after the war. It would also be useful to continue the research on the representative study.

Objective: The subject of this article is the marketing aspect of familiness related to building the image of a family business brand. The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of familiness in the activities connected with building the brand image of small and medium-sized family businesses. Methodology: Qualitative and quantitative methods have been included in the conducted research. Findings: The research has shown that Facebook is used by the vast majority of companies. This research has also demonstrated that a large percentage of companies do not emphasize the familiness of their company in their activities on social media. This is surprising because the analysis of the literature shows that emphasizing the family character brings definitely more benefits than risks. Value Added: This article presents a research of how family-owned companies use familiness in the brand image. The results of the research can be used to guide companies on how to use familiness in their social media marketing campaigns. Recommendations: It is recommended that family businesses make greater use of the potential of their family strengths. It would be advisable to conduct research explaining why the family nature of companies is so rarely emphasized in social media activities. We also suggest conducting similar research in other countries, which would allow for more general conclusions and capture cross-cultural differences.