Background and Aim: The aim of any breeding process is to create a herd based on certain parameters that reflect an ideal animal vision. Targeted herding involves selecting the source of breeding material to be imported from another country. Therefore, there is a problem in selecting a breeding material importer to rapidly form a uterine canopy with the required properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a set of predictive milk productivity traits in Holstein cattle across countries. Materials and Methods: This research was based on records of 819,358 recorded animals from 28 countries born after January 1, 2018, from open databases. We used the Euclidean metric to construct dendrograms characterizing the similarity of countries according to the complex milk productivity traits of the daughters of bulls. The Ward method was used to minimize intracluster variance when forming clusters and constructing the corresponding diagrams. Principal component analysis was used to reduce dimensionality and eliminate the effect of multicollinearity. The principal components were selected using the Kaiser–Harris criteria. Results: A ranking of multidimensional complex milk productivity traits in different countries over the past 5 years was performed. A group of leading countries led by the USA was established according to the studied indicators, and the possible reasons for such a division into groups were described. Conclusion: The pressure of purposeful artificial selection prevails in comparison with the pressure of natural selection concerning milk productivity traits in a certain group of countries, which allows specialists to choose suppliers when buying breeding animals and materials. The findings are based solely on data from recorded animals, which may not represent the entire breed population within each country, especially in regions where record-keeping may be inconsistent. It is expected that further studies will include regional data from large enterprises not part of Interbull, with mandatory verification and validation. An important element of such work is seen as the ability to compare the milk productivity of populations from different countries using a different scale, as well as studying the differentiation of countries by other selection traits of dairy. Keywords: breeding material, cattle productivity, dairy productivity traits, Holstein cattle.

The gene frequencies of AM allotypes of serum α-macroglobulins, class G immunoglobulins, and allotypes of lipoproteins of blood serum of North Siberian pig breed are determined. Genetic markers for...

The development of Siberian black-and-white Holstein cattle has been studied. The subject of the study was the history of the origin and domestication of the ancestral forms of Siberian black-and-white Holstein cattle, namely the Holstein, Soviet black-and-white breeds, indigenous cattle of Siberia and the western regions of Russia. It has been shown that cattle in western Russia most likely originated from wild auroch (Bos primigenius) that lived in North Africa or the Middle East. However, some records indicate the introduction of genes from the wild wisent (Bison bonasus). The Holstein breed originated from the European wild aurochs (Bos primigenius), but evolved without the influx of genes from Russian cattle. In turn, since the 18th century, Russian cattle have been periodically improved by producers of Frisian, Dutch, and then Holstein breeds. The origin of indigenous Siberian cattle is still a matter of debate. According to one hypothesis, the indigenous Siberian cattle are descendants of the wild aurochs (Bos primigenius), which was domesticated in North Africa and entered Siberia along with the migration of human tribes. Another theory attributes the indigenous Siberian cattle to the so-called TuranoMongolian group, the origin of which also raises questions. In the genome of modern representatives of Turano-Mongolian cattle, haplotypes peculiar to wild aurochs (Bos primigenius), zebu (Bos indicus), as well as markers not peculiar to any of these species were found. This may indicate the origin of Turano-Mongolian cattle from a separate wild ancestor, as well as the introduction of yak (Bos mutus) or another type of bull. Thus, the gene pool of Siberian black-and-white cattle is a unique genetic reserve that combines the adaptive qualities of local cattle and the high potential of dairy productivity inherited from the Holstein breed.