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Dr. Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute (Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy), Poland

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Original paper
Published: 16 July 2021 in Environmental Geochemistry and Health
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Humic substances, including humin fraction, play a key role in the fate of organic and inorganic xenobiotics contaminating the environment. Humin is an important fraction of humic substances, which has been the least studied to date. This is due to the difficulties connected with its isolation that pose a number of methodological problems. Methods of humin fraction isolation can be divided into following main groups: (1) digestion of mineral soil components with HF/HCl followed by alkali extraction of HA and FA; (2) alkali extraction of HA and FA followed by extraction of humin by different organic solvents; and (3) alkali extraction of HA and FA followed by HF/HCl digestion of mineral soil components. Nevertheless, each of these methods has different limitations. We described in detail a useful procedure of humin isolation, in which this fraction was not extracted, but isolated from the soil by removing its soluble organic and mineral components. A modified method of HA and FA extraction with 0.1 M NaOH, according to the International Humic Substances Society, was used in the first step. Then, the mineral components in the residue were digested with the 10% HF/HCl. Unlike the procedures oriented to increase the concentration of organic matter, samples were treated several times with the HF/HCl mixture until the mineral fraction was almost completely digested. The main assumption of the method modification was to obtain the highest yield with the lowest possible ash content, but without affecting humin chemical structure. The results showed that the proposed procedure is characterized by a high efficiency and recovery and, therefore, it can be used to isolate high amounts of humin from soil.

ACS Style

Jerzy Weber; Elżbieta Jamroz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Debicka; Jakub Bekier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejger; Maria Jerzykiewicz. Optimized isolation method of humin fraction from mineral soil material. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Jerzy Weber, Elżbieta Jamroz, Andrzej Kocowicz, Magdalena Debicka, Jakub Bekier, Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Lilla Mielnik, Romualda Bejger, Maria Jerzykiewicz. Optimized isolation method of humin fraction from mineral soil material. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jerzy Weber; Elżbieta Jamroz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Debicka; Jakub Bekier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejger; Maria Jerzykiewicz. 2021. "Optimized isolation method of humin fraction from mineral soil material." Environmental Geochemistry and Health , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Agronomy
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The objective of this paper was to investigate the molecular characterization of soil organic matter fractions (humic substances (HS): fulvic acids-FAs, humic acids-HAs, and humins-HNs), which are the most reactive soil components. A wide spectrum of spectroscopic (UV–VIS and VIS–nearIR), as well as electrochemical (zeta potential, particle size diameter, and polydispersity index), methods were applied to find the relevant differences in the behavior, formation, composition, and sorption properties of HS fractions derived from various soils. Soil material (n = 30) used for the study were sampled from the surface layer (0–30 cm) of agricultural soils. FAs and HAs were isolated by sequential extraction in alkaline and acidic solutions, according to the International Humic Substances Society method, while HNs was determined in the soil residue (after FAs and HAs extraction) by mineral fraction digestion using a 0.1M HCL/0.3M HF mixture and DMSO. Our study showed that significant differences in the molecular structures of FAs, Has, and HNs occurred. Optical analysis confirmed the lower molecular weight of FAs with high amount of lignin-like compounds and the higher weighted aliphatic–aromatic structure of HAs. The HNs were characterized by a very pronounced and strong condensed structure associated with the highest molecular weight. HAs and HNs molecules exhibited an abundance of acidic, phenolic, and amine functional groups at the aromatic ring and aliphatic chains, while FAs mainly showed the presence of methyl, methylene, ethenyl, and carboxyl reactive groups. HS was characterized by high polydispersity related with their structure. FAs were characterized by ellipsoidal shape as being associated to the long aliphatic chains, while HAs and HNs revealed a smaller particle diameter and a more spherical shape caused by the higher intermolecular forcing between the particles. The observed trends directly indicate that individual HS fractions differ in behavior, formation, composition, and sorption properties, which reflects their binding potential to other molecules depending on soil properties resulting from their type. The determined properties of individual HS fractions are presented as averaged characteristics over the examined soils with different physico-chemical properties.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Romualda Bejger; Guillaume Debaene; Bożena Smreczak. Characterization of Soil Organic Matter Individual Fractions (Fulvic Acids, Humic Acids, and Humins) by Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Techniques in Agricultural Soils. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1067 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Romualda Bejger, Guillaume Debaene, Bożena Smreczak. Characterization of Soil Organic Matter Individual Fractions (Fulvic Acids, Humic Acids, and Humins) by Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Techniques in Agricultural Soils. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Romualda Bejger; Guillaume Debaene; Bożena Smreczak. 2021. "Characterization of Soil Organic Matter Individual Fractions (Fulvic Acids, Humic Acids, and Humins) by Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Techniques in Agricultural Soils." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1067.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2021 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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Purpose The aims of the study were to investigate the interaction between fractions of organic matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom sediments and to use mussels as passive biomonitors and consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for ecological risk assessment in sediments. Methods Bottom sediment samples were taken from 46 points located in the Rożnów reservoir (Poland). The sediment organic matter (SOM) characteristics included total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), humic acid carbon (Cha), fulvic acid carbon (Cfa), non-hydrolysing carbon (Cnh), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The extraction procedure was carried out in bottom sediments as well as in freeze-dried mussel tissue samples to directly determine the accumulation potential of PAHs to the living organisms in their natural environment. Results The content of organic matter fractions was in the following order: Cfa (fulvic acid) > Cnh (non-hydrolysing carbon) > Cha (humic acid) > DOC (dissolved organic carbon). The mean ∑16PAHs (μg kg−1) concentration was 1755.2 ± 724 (total) and 256 ± 254 (bioavailable) in sediments and 1740 ± 72.2 in the mussel tissues. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of PAHs in the mussel tissues and the total and bioavailable concentration of PAHs in bottom sediments. Conclusion The PAH concentration in bottom sediments depended on the stabile carbon forms Cnh. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that the fine fraction can significantly increase the bioavailability of PAHs and can be an important factor in the distribution of PAHs in the sediments.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Baran; Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek; Krzysztof Gondek; Magdalena Szara-Bąk; Marek Tarnawski; Iwona Spałek. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bottom sediments of a dam reservoir, their interaction with organic matter and risk to benthic fauna. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2021, 21, 2418 -2431.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Baran, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Krzysztof Gondek, Magdalena Szara-Bąk, Marek Tarnawski, Iwona Spałek. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bottom sediments of a dam reservoir, their interaction with organic matter and risk to benthic fauna. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2021; 21 (6):2418-2431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Baran; Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek; Krzysztof Gondek; Magdalena Szara-Bąk; Marek Tarnawski; Iwona Spałek. 2021. "Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bottom sediments of a dam reservoir, their interaction with organic matter and risk to benthic fauna." Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, no. 6: 2418-2431.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Humin fraction of soil organic matter is assigned to play an important role in carbon sequestration and sorption of xenobiotics. This study concerns the properties of humin (elemental composition, FTIR and SEM-EDS of humin ash) isolated from mollic horizons of eight Chernozems and Phaeozems, used as arable soils in various regions of Poland. Isolation procedure was described by Weber et al. (2021) in another abstract presented in this session. Investigated soils differed in the content of TOC, ranging from 13.3 to 41.7 g kg−1, as well as texture from loam (Magnice, Pyrzyce) through silt loam (Trzebnik, Ciepłowody, Hrubieszów) and sandy clay loam (Psary) till clay (Ziemnice, Kętrzyn). They also differed in their pH values (from 5.64 to 7.71), and CEC (from 21.6 to  53.2cmol(+)kg-1). Ash content of humin varied between 22.89%  - 54.50%, which is typical for humin originated from mineral soils (Stevenson 1994). This parameter was not correlated neither with the content of <0.002 mm fraction nor TOC content. SEM-EDS analyzes revealed that ash contained mainly Mg (3 – 14 weight%), Al (4 – 22 weight %) and Ti (10 – 25 weight%), depending on the area studied. The lowest pH as well as  the highest TOC and CEC showed Trzebnik soil. Humin from this soil indicated the lowest content of carbon (30.84 %) and the highest values of H/C ratio, which point out to the higher aliphacity of their molecules (Rice and MacCarthy 1991). High O/C ratio (0.91) calculated for humin from Trzebnik is common for more oxidized carbohydrate molecules and makes them similar to fulvic acids which are polysaccharidic in nature (Tan 2014). In contrast, the lowest TOC and CEC were determined in Ciepłowody soil. Humin molecules from this soil indicated the highest carbon content (43.12 %) and the lowest H/C ratio, what reflects the highest aromacity among investigated samples. FTIR spectra confirmed results from elemental analysis and indicated that humin from Ciepłowody and Hrubieszów was the most aromatic among all analyzed soils.

 

References:

Hayes M.H.B., Mylotte R., Swift R.S. 2017. Humin: Its Composition and Importance in Soil Organic Matter. In: Sparks D.L. (ed) Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 143, Academic Press, Burlington, 47–138.

Rice J.A., MacCarthy P. 1991. Statistical evaluation of the elemental composition of humic substances. Org. Geochem, 17(5), 635-648.

Stevenson FJ. 1994. Humus chemistry: Genesis, composition, and reactions. New York: John Wiley and Sons, p 512.

Swift R.S. 1996. Organic matter characterization. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods – SSSA Book Series no.5. Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, pp 1011-1068.

Tan HK. 2014. Humic matter in soil and the environment, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 463.

Weber J., Jamroz E., Kocowicz A., Debicka M., Ukalska-Jaruga A., Mielnik L., Bejger R., Jerzykiewicz M., Bekier J., Ćwieląg-Piasecka I. Recommendations for isolation of humin fraction from soil material. EGU21-8315

 

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Science Center (NCN) Poland (project No 2018/31/B/ST10/00677 “Chemical and spectroscopic properties of soil humin fraction in relation to their mutual interaction with pesticides")

ACS Style

Elżbieta Jamroz; Jerzy Weber; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Dębicka; Jakub Bekier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejger. Selected properties of the humin fraction isolated from Chernozems and Phaeozems from various regions of Poland . 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Elżbieta Jamroz, Jerzy Weber, Maria Jerzykiewicz, Andrzej Kocowicz, Magdalena Dębicka, Jakub Bekier, Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Lilla Mielnik, Romualda Bejger. Selected properties of the humin fraction isolated from Chernozems and Phaeozems from various regions of Poland . . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elżbieta Jamroz; Jerzy Weber; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Dębicka; Jakub Bekier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejger. 2021. "Selected properties of the humin fraction isolated from Chernozems and Phaeozems from various regions of Poland ." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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The aim of the research was to identify potential processes influencing the accumulation and persistence of pesticides in soils.

The pesticides have been the most effective and modern method of counteracting threats to the yield from biotic factors, despite numerous controversies related to their negative impact on the environment. A natural storage of all types of contaminations in ecosystems, including pesticides, is soil. Pesticides behavior in soils is determined by various processes including volatilization, uptake by plants, leaching and runoff, sorption and binding by soil components, chemical degradation by hydrolysis, oxidation – reduction and photolysis processes as well as degradation by soil microorganisms [2]. Many of these mechanisms depend on molecular properties of individual pesticides and accompanying substances occurring in plant protection products. A strong influence on behavior of pesticide in the environment is related to their formulation/composition. The accompanying substances such as synergists, buffers, activators, organic solvents, adsorbents, fillers, or adjuvants may significantly modify the physical and chemical properties of the active substance. According to numerous studies, these compounds have an effect on availability, durability, mobility, and, in consequence, biologic characteristics of the pesticides in soils [4, 5].

According to the literature data, accumulation of pesticides in soils is strictly dependent on the sorption - desorption mechanisms with soil organic and mineral particles. The extent of these processes depends on the properties of soil and the compounds such as molecular size, shape, configuration, structure, functional groups, solubility, polarity, polarizability, charge distribution of interacting species and acid-base nature [3]. Moreover, the pesticides adsorption involves two phases including (1) macroscopic process (macro sorption) which includes surface sorption where the  the equilibrium constant is reached relatively fast as well as (2) microscopic process (micro sorption) which requires longer contact between soil and pesticide, related to diffusion of pesticides into inner active layers. Both processes lead to pesticide enclosing in 3D - structure of the organic matter or in interpocket space of clay minerals [1-5].

The number of processes that determine the behavior of pesticides may occur simultaneously or individually, nevertheless, it is important to identify them in detail in terms of counteracting soil degradation or undertaking appropriate soil remediation processes.

 

Literature:

1. Bejger, R.; Włodarczyk, M.; Waszak. M.; Mielnik, L.; Nicia, P. The adsorption of pendimethalin by peats and lakes bottom sediments. Ecol. Chem. Eng. A. 2014, 21(1), 79-87.

2. Pignatello, J. Dynamic interactions of natural organic matter and organic compounds. J. Soil. Sediment. 2012, 12, 1241-1256.

3. Mamy, L.; Barriuso, E. Desorption and time-dependent sorption of herbicides in soils. Eur. J. Soil. Sci. 2007, 58, 174–187. 

4. Ukalska-Jaruga, A.; Smreczak, B.; Siebielec, G. Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils. Molecules. 2020, 25, 587doi:10.3390/molecules25030587.

5. Włodarczyk M. Influence of formulation on mobility of metazachlor in soil. Environ Monit Assess. 2014, 186, 3503–3509.

 

Acknowledgements:

This work was supported by the National Science Center (NCN) Poland (project No 2018/31/B/ST10/00677 “Chemical and spectroscopic properties of soil humin fraction in relation to their mutual interaction with pesticides").

 

ACS Style

Romualda Bejger; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka; Jerzy Weber; Lilla Mielnik; Elżbieta Jamroz; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Magdalena Dębicka; Jakub Bekier; Andrzej Kocowicz. Identification of potential pesticide accumulation processes in soil. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Romualda Bejger, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka, Jerzy Weber, Lilla Mielnik, Elżbieta Jamroz, Maria Jerzykiewicz, Magdalena Dębicka, Jakub Bekier, Andrzej Kocowicz. Identification of potential pesticide accumulation processes in soil. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Romualda Bejger; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka; Jerzy Weber; Lilla Mielnik; Elżbieta Jamroz; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Magdalena Dębicka; Jakub Bekier; Andrzej Kocowicz. 2021. "Identification of potential pesticide accumulation processes in soil." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Methods of isolation of the humin fraction can be divided into two main groups: (1) extraction of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids followed by extraction of humin with different organic solvents, and (2) extraction of HA and FA followed by removal of soil mineral fraction. To isolate the large amounts of humin necessary to study the interactions of this fraction with pesticides, we examined some modifications of the latter method.

The first step was to separate HA and FA according to a modified IHSS method (Swift 1996). HA and FA were extracted with 0.1 M NaOH with a 5:1 ratio of extractant to soil. 20 hours shaking was found to be more effective, but 4 hours shaking provided the advantage of being able to extract twice a day,  which ultimately shortened the procedure time.

The HA and FA free residue was then digested to remove mineral components. We used several (up to 8 weeks) digestions with 10% HF/HCl as higher concentrations of HF can result in structural alteration of the organic compounds (Hayes et al. 2017). While HF/HCl treatment can lead to hydrolysis and loss of polysaccharide and protein materials (Stevenson 1994), the advantage of using HF is the removal of paramagnetic compounds (such as Fe), which facilitates the use of spectroscopic techniques to characterize humin. In contrast to the procedures for only increasing the concentration of organic matter (Schmidt et al. 1997), the sample was digested until the mineral fraction not complexed with humin was completely digested. We tested different modes of mineral fraction digestion in 10% HF/HCl using polyethylene centrifuge bottles. Occasional shaking once a day had the same effect as continuous shaking. It takes 6 weeks to digest 200 g of pure sand in a 1000 cm3 bottle, when the HF/HCL was weekly replaced. After replacing HF/HCl every 2 weeks, the digestion time of the same material increased to 8 weeks.

After treatment with HF/HCl, the residue was rinsed with 10% HCl to remove secondary minerals. The residue was washed with distilled water until the neutral pH and then dialyzed to a negative Cl test with AgNO3. Then the humin fraction was freeze dried. 

 

Literature

Hayes M.H.B., Mylotte R., Swift R.S. 2017. Humin: Its Composition and Importance in Soil Organic Matter. In: Sparks D.L. (ed) Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 143, Academic Press, Burlington, 47–138.

Schmidt, M.W.I., Knicker, H., Hatcher, P.G., Kögel-Knabner, I. 1997. Improvement of 13C and 15N CPMAS NMR spectra of bulk soils, particle size fractions and organic material by treatment with 10% hydrofluoric acid. European Journal of Soil Science, 48, 319-328.

Stevenson F.J. 1994. Humus Chemistry; Genesis, Composition, Reaction. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons., New York.

Swift R.S. 1996. Organic matter characterization. In: Sparks, D.L., et al. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods - Soil Science Society of America, Book Series no 5,  1011-1069.

 

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Science Center (NCN) Poland (project No 2018/31/B/ST10/00677 “Chemical and spectroscopic properties of soil humin fraction in relation to their mutual interaction with pesticides").

ACS Style

Jerzy Weber; Elżbieta Jamroz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Debicka; Jakub Bekier; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejgier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka. Recommendations for isolation of humin fraction from soil material. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Jerzy Weber, Elżbieta Jamroz, Andrzej Kocowicz, Magdalena Debicka, Jakub Bekier, Maria Jerzykiewicz, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Lilla Mielnik, Romualda Bejgier, Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka. Recommendations for isolation of humin fraction from soil material. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jerzy Weber; Elżbieta Jamroz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Debicka; Jakub Bekier; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejgier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka. 2021. "Recommendations for isolation of humin fraction from soil material." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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The objective of this paper was to investigate the molecular characterization of individual humic substances ( fulvic acids-FAs, humic ascids-HAs, and humins-HNs), which are the most reactive soil components and exhibit high sorption capacity in relation to various groups of organic contaminants. A wide spectrum of spectroscopic (UV-VIS, VIS-nearIR), as well as electrochemical (zeta potential, particle size diameter, polidyspersity index), methods were applied to find the relevant differences in the behavior, formation, composition and sorption properties of HS fractions derived from various mineral soils.

Soil material (n = 30) used for the study were sampled from the surface layer (0–30 cm) of agricultural soils. FAs and HAs were isolated by sequential extraction in alkaline and acidic solutions, according to the International Humic Substances Society method, while HNs was determined in the soil residue (after FAs and HAs extraction) by mineral fraction digestion using a 0.1M HCL/0.3M HF mixture and DMSO.

Our study showed that significant differences in the molecular structures of FAs, HAs and HNs occurred. Optical analysis confirmed the lower molecular weight of FAs with high amount of lignin-like compounds and the higher weighted aliphatic–aromatic structure of HAs. The HNs were characterized by a very pronounced and strong condensed structure associated with the highest molecular weight. HAs and HNs molecules exhibited an abundance of acidic, phenolic and amine functional groups at the aromatic ring and aliphatic chains, while FAs mainly showed the presence of methyl, methylene, ethenyl and carboxyl reactive groups. HS was characterized by high polydispersity related with their structure. FAs were characterized by ellipsoidal shape as being associated to the long aliphatic chains, while HAs and HNs revealed a smaller particle diameter and a more spherical shape caused by the higher intermolecular forcing between the particles.  

The observed trends directly indicate that individual HS fractions differ in behavior, formation, composition and sorption properties, which reflects their binding potential to different group of organic contaminants, but the general properties of individual fractions are similar and do not depend on the type of soil.

Acknowledgement: The studies were supported from the National Science Centre project No. 2018/29/N/ST10/01320 “Analysis of the fractional composition and sorption properties of humic substances in relation to various groups of organic contaminants”

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Romualda Bejger; Guillaume Debaene; Bozena Smreczak. Structural characterization of soil organic matter individual fractions (fulvic acids, humic acids and humins) in relation to potential sorption of organic contaminants . 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Romualda Bejger, Guillaume Debaene, Bozena Smreczak. Structural characterization of soil organic matter individual fractions (fulvic acids, humic acids and humins) in relation to potential sorption of organic contaminants . . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Romualda Bejger; Guillaume Debaene; Bozena Smreczak. 2021. "Structural characterization of soil organic matter individual fractions (fulvic acids, humic acids and humins) in relation to potential sorption of organic contaminants ." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Soil Science Annual
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ACS Style

Bożena Smreczak; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. Dissolved organic matter in agricultural soils. Soil Science Annual 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Bożena Smreczak, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. Dissolved organic matter in agricultural soils. Soil Science Annual. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bożena Smreczak; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. 2021. "Dissolved organic matter in agricultural soils." Soil Science Annual , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Animals
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The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of toxic elements accumulated in the bone marrow and bones (Cervus elaphus). The studies were carried out on two groups of young stags: farmed (n = 6) and wild (n = 9). Their body weights were measured and bone and bone marrow samples were collected. The concentrations of toxic elements were analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. The mean aluminum content in the bone marrow and bones of the farmed animals was significantly higher than in the wild group (p < 0.05). The mean concentration of arsenic, barium and lead in the bones of the wild red deer was significantly higher than in the bones of the farmed animals (p < 0.05), while the cadmium concentration in the bones of the farmed red deer exceeded the value determined in the wild animals. A significant difference was found between the mean concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, barium, lead, vanadium and nickel in the bone marrow and bones of both red deer groups (p < 0.05). Although the study involved animals living in an uncontaminated area, the concentrations of some heavy metals were higher than values reported from industrial regions.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Tajchman; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Marek Bogdaszewski; Monika Pecio; Katarzyna Dziki-Michalska. Accumulation of Toxic Elements in Bone and Bone Marrow of Deer Living in Various Ecosystems. A Case Study of Farmed and Wild-Living Deer. Animals 2020, 10, 2151 .

AMA Style

Katarzyna Tajchman, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Marek Bogdaszewski, Monika Pecio, Katarzyna Dziki-Michalska. Accumulation of Toxic Elements in Bone and Bone Marrow of Deer Living in Various Ecosystems. A Case Study of Farmed and Wild-Living Deer. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):2151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Tajchman; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Marek Bogdaszewski; Monika Pecio; Katarzyna Dziki-Michalska. 2020. "Accumulation of Toxic Elements in Bone and Bone Marrow of Deer Living in Various Ecosystems. A Case Study of Farmed and Wild-Living Deer." Animals 10, no. 11: 2151.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Agronomy
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Application of exogenous organic matter (EOM) to soil enriches it with micro- and macro-elements necessary for the proper growth and yield of crops. One of these elements is nitrogen, which is a major nutrient affecting crop production worldwide. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the impact of various EOM treatments (with and without mineral fertilization) on wheat yield characteristics and the dynamics of mineral nitrogen release. This study was conducted as a pot experiment using three soils characterized by different physicochemical properties, which were collected from the Polish–Czech Republic transboundary area. A spring wheat (the Tybalt cultivar) was selected as the model test plant. The EOMs tested in the experiment included three soil amendments (animal meal, industrial compost, and digestate) characterized by different potential impacts on plant growth and development. The efficiency of the selected amendments was analyzed in two doses, set at 50% and 100% mineral nitrogen ratios (equivalent to 70 and 140 kg ha−1, respectively). The content of mineral nitrogen (N-NH4+ and N-NO3−) in soils before sowing and after harvesting, and the quality and biomass of the wheat yield were determined. The application of an entire N rate in the form of EOM did not cause any decrease in the wheat yields or a clear diversification of the wheat biomass. However, the appropriate selection of rates and fertilizer combinations resulted in an increased amount of available nitrogen being introduced into the soil (a 9–31% and 17–38% increase of N-NH4+ in soils before sowing and after harvesting, respectively, and a 4–63% and 10–34% increase of N-NO3− in soils before sowing and after harvesting, respectively), which resulted in an increase in grain weight, reflecting yield and grain quality (from 2% to 12% higher grain weight compared to the control). The applied EOMs were characterized by readily transforming forms of organic nitrogen into N-NH4+ and further increasing the speed of its conversion into N-NO3−, indicating the capacity of these treatments to act as substitutes for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Grzegorz Siebielec; Sylwia Siebielec; Monika Pecio. The Impact of Exogenous Organic Matter on Wheat Growth and Mineral Nitrogen Availability in Soil. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1314 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Grzegorz Siebielec, Sylwia Siebielec, Monika Pecio. The Impact of Exogenous Organic Matter on Wheat Growth and Mineral Nitrogen Availability in Soil. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Grzegorz Siebielec; Sylwia Siebielec; Monika Pecio. 2020. "The Impact of Exogenous Organic Matter on Wheat Growth and Mineral Nitrogen Availability in Soil." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1314.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2020 in Agronomy
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In many areas, organic crop production systems have been shown to contribute to maintaining good soil condition. The organic production system has been recommended as an alternative to conventional agriculture. However, in order to recommend this practice in new regions, it is necessary to obtain information about its effects and consequences in local environmental conditions. The research was completed during 2016–2018 in Osiny (Lublin region, Poland) on a field experiment established 26 years previously in a Haplic Luvisol soil. The research was aimed at comparing the effects of long-term use of tilled soil with organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) crop production systems with those in non-tilled soil under permanent grass (PRG) as a control. This comparison was done on the basis of changes in the values of soil properties as follows: Total porosity (TP), total organic matter (OM), particulate organic matter (POM), humic substances (HS), water-extractable carbon (WEC), microbial biomass carbon pool (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DH). Soil samples were collected from experimental fields (each treatment 1 ha) under winter wheat and permanent grass each year from 0–5, 5–10, 15–20 and 30–35 cm depths. Over the three year study period, it was found that permanent grass and the organic crop production system contributed to increased soil OM, POM, HS, WEC and MBC contents and DH activity compared to the CON system, especially in the top soil layer, 0–5 cm. To obtain a clearer picture of soil quality change our study examined for the first time the metabolic potential index (MPI) as a ratio of dehydrogenase activity to the soluble organic carbon content. The MPI values confirmed the increase of metabolism in ORG soil as a consequence of management practices compared with CON soil. The obtained correlations showed strong mutual relationships within properties of the heterogeneous soil complex. The results show the positive effects of the ORG management system causing soil condition improvement which is based on organic fertilization, enriching the soil with a large amount of plant residues in creating positive changes in the soil quality in contrast to the CON system.

ACS Style

Anna Maria Gajda; Ewa Antonina Czyż; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. Comparison of the Effects of Different Crop Production Systems on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Microbial Activity under Winter Wheat. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1130 .

AMA Style

Anna Maria Gajda, Ewa Antonina Czyż, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. Comparison of the Effects of Different Crop Production Systems on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Microbial Activity under Winter Wheat. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8):1130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Maria Gajda; Ewa Antonina Czyż; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. 2020. "Comparison of the Effects of Different Crop Production Systems on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Microbial Activity under Winter Wheat." Agronomy 10, no. 8: 1130.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2020 in Molecules
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exhibit persistence in soils, and most of them are potentially mutagenic/carcinogenic and teratogenic for human beings but also influence the growth and development of soil organisms. The PAHs emitted into the atmosphere are ultimately deposited (by dry or wet deposition processes) onto the soil surface where they tend to accumulate. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in the fate and transformation processes of PAHs, affecting their mobility, availability, and persistence. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the influence of SOM fractional diversification (fulvic acids—FA, humic acids—HA, and humins—HN) on PAH availability and persistence in soils. Twenty soil samples (n = 20) were collected from upper horizons (0–30 cm) of agricultural soils exposed to anthropogenic emissions from industrial and domestic sources. The assessment of PAH concentrations included the determination of medium-molecular-weight compounds from the US EPA list: fluoranthene—FLA, pyrene—PYR, benz(a)anthracene—BaA, and chrysene—CHR. The assessment was conducted using the GC-MS/MS technique. Three operationally defined fractions were investigated: total extractable PAHs (TE-PAHs) fraction, available/bioavailable PAHs (PB-PAHs) fraction, and nonavailable/residual PAHs (RE-PAHs) fraction, which was calculated as the difference between total and available PAHs. TE-PAHs were analyzed by dichloromethane extraction, while PB-PAHs were analyzed with a hydrophobic β-cyclodextrin solution. SOM was characterized by total organic carbon content (Turin method) and organic carbon of humic substances including FA, HA, HN (IHSS method). Concentrations of PAHs differed between soils from 193.5 to 3169.5 µg kg−1, 4.3 to 226.4 µg kg−1, and 148.6 to 3164.7 µg kg−1 for ∑4 TE-PAHs, ∑4 PB-PAHs, and ∑4 RE-PAHs, respectively. The ∑4 PB-PAHs fraction did not exceed 30% of ∑4 TE-PAHs. FLA was the most strongly bound in soil (highest content of RE-FLA), whereas PYR was the most available (highest content of PB-PYR). The soils were characterized by diversified total organic carbon (TOC) concentration (8.0–130.0 g kg−1) and individual SOM fractions (FA = 0.4–7.5 g kg−1, HA = 0.6–13.0 g kg−1, HN = 0.9–122.9 g kg−1). FA and HA as the labile fraction of SOM with short turnover time strongly positively influenced the potential ∑4 PAH availability (r = 0.56 and r = 0.52 for FA and HA, respectively). HN, which constitutes a stable fraction of organic matter with high hydrophobicity and poor degradability, was strongly correlated with ∑4 RE-PAHs (r = 0.75), affecting their persistence in soil.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak. The Impact of Organic Matter on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Availability and Persistence in Soils. Molecules 2020, 25, 2470 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Bożena Smreczak. The Impact of Organic Matter on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Availability and Persistence in Soils. Molecules. 2020; 25 (11):2470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak. 2020. "The Impact of Organic Matter on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Availability and Persistence in Soils." Molecules 25, no. 11: 2470.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2020 in Molecules
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The aim of this study was to identify and examine the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil collected from the surroundings of historical pesticide storage facilities on former agricultural aerodromes, warehouses, and pesticide distribution sites located in the most important agricultural regions in Azerbaijan. The conducted research included determination of three groups of POPs (occurring together), in the natural soil environment influenced for many years by abiotic and biotic factors that could have caused their transformations or decomposition. In this study, soil samples were collected in 21 georeferenced points located in the administrative area of Bilasuvar, Saatly, Sabirabad, Salyan and Jalilabad districts of Azerbaijan. Soil chemical analysis involved determination of organochlorine compounds (OCP): hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (three isomers α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (six congeners 2,4′DDT; 4,4′DDT; 2,4′DDE; 4,4′DDE; 2,4′DDE; and 4,4′DDE); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): 16 compounds from the United States Environmental Protection Agency US EPA list and, PCBs (seven congeners identified with the following IUPAC numbers: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180). Our research showed that OCPs reached the highest concentration in the studied areas. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged from 0.01 to 21,888 mg∙kg−1 with significantly higher concentrations of Σ6DDTs (0.01 μg kg−1 to 21880 mg kg−1) compared to ΣHCH (0.14 ng kg−1 to 166.72 µg kg−1). The total concentrations of PCBs in the studied soils was varied from 0.02 to 147.30 μg·kg−1 but only PCB138 and PCB180 were detected in all analyzed samples. The concentrations of Σ16 PAHs were also strongly diversified throughout the sampling areas and ranged from 0.15 to 16,026 mg kg−1. The obtained results confirmed that the agricultural soils of Azerbaijan contained much lower (up to by three orders of magnitude) concentrations of PCBs and PAHs than DDT. It is supported by the fact that PCBs and PAHs were not directly used by agriculture sector and their content results from secondary sources, such as combustion and various industrial processes. Moreover, the high concentrations of PAHs in studied soils were associated with their location in direct neighborhood of the airport, as well as with accumulation of contaminants from dispersed sources and long range transport. The high concentrations of pesticides confirm that deposition of parent OCPs have occurred from obsolete pesticide landfills.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Karolina Lewińska; Elton Mammadov; Anna Karczewska; Bożena Smreczak; Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek. Residues of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Agricultural Soils Adjacent to Historical Sources of Their Storage and Distribution—The Case Study of Azerbaijan. Molecules 2020, 25, 1815 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Karolina Lewińska, Elton Mammadov, Anna Karczewska, Bożena Smreczak, Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek. Residues of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Agricultural Soils Adjacent to Historical Sources of Their Storage and Distribution—The Case Study of Azerbaijan. Molecules. 2020; 25 (8):1815.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Karolina Lewińska; Elton Mammadov; Anna Karczewska; Bożena Smreczak; Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek. 2020. "Residues of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Agricultural Soils Adjacent to Historical Sources of Their Storage and Distribution—The Case Study of Azerbaijan." Molecules 25, no. 8: 1815.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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The organic matter is the most important component of soil material, which determines most soil properties. Among humic substances, humin fraction has been the least studied to date, although it usually constitutes over half of their composition. This is probably due to the fact, that humin fraction has highly hydrophobic properties and is insoluble at all pH values, which makes its isolation much more difficult, compared to humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acid fractions. In addition, humin fraction forms very stable humic-clay complexes with mineral part of the soil (Stevenson 1994), which cannot be destructed during humic substances extraction. According to the literature, the methods of humin fraction isolation can be divided into two main groups: (1) extraction by different organic solvents, and (2) isolation by extraction of HA and FA followed by digestion of mineral soil components. Nevertheless, each of these methods has different limitations.

We investigated some modifications of the latter method, obtaining humin fraction from eight mollic horizons of Chernozems and Phaeozems, which differed in their physico-chemical properties.

The first step was to separate HA and FA according to IHSS method described by Swift (1996), however we adopted different shaking procedure. To asses differences, each supernatant obtained was analyzed for the carbon content concentration, which corresponded to HA and FA extracted.

HA and FA free residue was then digested to reduce the content of mineral components. We used several digestion with 10% HF/HCl , as higher concentrations of HF can result in structural alteration of the organic compounds (Hayes et al. 2017). To find the optimal time of the procedure, the ash content was determined following each digestion stage. After the HF/HCl treatment, the residue was rinsed with 10% HCl to eliminate secondary minerals. The residue was washed with distilled water until the neutral pH, then transferred to dialysis membranes and dialyzed with distilled water until a negative Cl test with AgNO3. Afterwards the humin fraction was freeze dried. 

Finally, obtained humin fraction contained various ash content, ranged from 6 to 30%, depending on the soil. The conducted test indicated that: (1) the concentration of carbon in supernatant considerably increased as shaking time was extended to 20 hours, and (2) longer than 4 weeks digestion with HF/HCl did not affect the reduction of the ash content of the humin fraction obtained.    

 

Literature

Hayes M.H.B., Mylotte R., Swift R.S. 2017. Humin: Its Composition and Importance in Soil Organic Matter. In: Sparks D.L. (ed) Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 143, Academic Press, Burlington, 47–138.

Stevenson F.J. 1994. Humus Chemistry; Genesis, Composition, Reaction. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons., New York.

Swift R.S. 1996. Organic matter characterization. In: Sparks, D.L., et al. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods - Soil Science Society of America, Book Series no 5,  1011-1069.

 

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Science Center (NCN) Poland (project No 2018/31/B/ST10/00677 “Chemical and spectroscopic properties of soil humin fraction in relation to their mutual interaction with pesticides").

ACS Style

Jerzy Weber; Elżbieta Jamroz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Debicka; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejger; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Jakub Bekier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka. Isolation of the humin fraction from soil: preliminary comments. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Jerzy Weber, Elżbieta Jamroz, Andrzej Kocowicz, Magdalena Debicka, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Lilla Mielnik, Romualda Bejger, Maria Jerzykiewicz, Jakub Bekier, Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka. Isolation of the humin fraction from soil: preliminary comments. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jerzy Weber; Elżbieta Jamroz; Andrzej Kocowicz; Magdalena Debicka; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Lilla Mielnik; Romualda Bejger; Maria Jerzykiewicz; Jakub Bekier; Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka. 2020. "Isolation of the humin fraction from soil: preliminary comments." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2020 in Molecules
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Pesticides belong to a group of xenobiotics harmful to humans and wildlife, whose fate and activity depends on their susceptibility to degradation. Therefore, the monitoring of their residue level in agricultural soils is very important because it provides very valuable information on the actual level of soil contamination and environmental risk resulting from their application. The aim of this study was to evaluate contemporary concentrations of organochlorine (OCPs) and non-chlorinated pesticides (NCPs) in arable soils of Poland as an example of Central and Eastern European countries. The results were assessed in relation to Polish regulations, which are more restrictive compared to those of other European countries. The sampling area covered the territory of arable lands in Poland (216 sampling points). The distribution of sampling points aimed to reflect different geographical districts, conditions of agricultural production, and various soil properties. The collected soil samples were extracted with organic solvents in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE 2000). The OCPs, including α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and p,p’DDT, p,p’DDE, and p,p’DDD, were extracted with a hexane/acetone mixture (70:30 v/v) and determined by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-μECD). NCPs included atrazine, carbaryl, and carbofuran were extracted with a dichloromethane/acetone mixture (50:50 v/v), while maneb was extracted by intensive shaking the sample with acetone (1:1 v/v) and ethylenediamine-tertraacetic acid. The NCPs were identified by a dual mass- spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The total content of individual OCPs ranged from 0.61 to 1031.64 µg kg−1, while the NCP concentrations were significantly lower, from 0.01 to 43.92 µg kg−1. DDTs were detected in all soils samples (p,p’DDD (23.60 µg kg−1) > p,p’DDT (18.23 µg kg−1) > p,p’DDE (4.06 µg kg−1), while HCHs were only in 4% of the analyzed samples (β-HCH (339.55 µg kg−1) > α-HCH (96.96 µg kg−1) > γ-HCH (3.04 µg kg−1)), but in higher values than DDTs. Among NCPs, higher concentration was observed for carbaryl (

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak; Grzegorz Siebielec. Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils. Molecules 2020, 25, 587 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Bożena Smreczak, Grzegorz Siebielec. Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils. Molecules. 2020; 25 (3):587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak; Grzegorz Siebielec. 2020. "Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils." Molecules 25, no. 3: 587.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in International Agrophysics
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Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak. Soil quality index for agricultural areas under different levels of anthropopressure. International Agrophysics 2019, 33, 455 -462.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Bożena Smreczak. Soil quality index for agricultural areas under different levels of anthropopressure. International Agrophysics. 2019; 33 (4):455-462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak. 2019. "Soil quality index for agricultural areas under different levels of anthropopressure." International Agrophysics 33, no. 4: 455-462.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2019 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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Purpose The aim of the research was to assess the effect of biochar addition on aging, degradation, and sorption processes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to soil organic matter. The study was carried out as a sorption experiment in strictly controlled water and air conditions, which allowed for the accurate observation and prediction of PAH behavior in soils. Materials and methods Four soils were fortified with a PAH mixture (Fluorene-Flu, Anthracene-Ant, Phenanthrene-Phe, Pyrene-Pyr, Chrysene-Chry) at 20 mg kg−1 of single-compound concentration level. The experiment was carried out in two trials: soils + 5PAHs amended with biochar and soil + 5PAHs without biochar addition with incubation times of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 months. After each interval time, the extractable (E-SOM) and stable organic matter (S-SOM) were measured as well as PAHs determined in two forms: total concentration (PAH-tot) and residual concentration (PAH-rest) after E-SOM extraction. The PAH loss and half-life times were estimated according to pseudo first-order kinetics equation. Results and discussion The amounts of PAH-tot in the soils without biochar decreased by an average of 92%, while in soil with biochar, this was 41% after 9 months of aging. The amount of PAHs-rest bounded with S-SOM after 9 months of incubation varied from 0.9 to 3.5% and 0.2 to 1.3% of the initial PAH concentration, respectively, for soils non-induced and induced by biochar. In soils without biochar, Flu, Ant, Phe, and Pyr exhibited similar T1/2 (43–59 days), but Chry was characterized by a much higher and broader T1/2 than other hydrocarbons (67–280 days). Biochar addition to the soils significantly influenced the half-life changes for all PAHs. The highest changes were noted for Phe (14-fold increase), and the lowest was for Flu (7-fold increase). Conclusions The addition of exogenous-rich carbon material such as biochar to the soil significantly changes the behavior and sorption potential of PAHs in the soil. Soils enriched with biochar are characterized by a higher persistence of PAHs, longer aging time, and lower affinity for sorption by native organic matter structures. Soils freshly polluted by PAH are mainly sorbed by E-SOM, which significantly increases their accessibility and reduces formation of bound-residues in the soil.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Guillaume Debaene; Bożena Smreczak. Dissipation and sorption processes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to organic matter in soils amended by exogenous rich-carbon material. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2019, 20, 836 -849.

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Guillaume Debaene, Bożena Smreczak. Dissipation and sorption processes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to organic matter in soils amended by exogenous rich-carbon material. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2019; 20 (2):836-849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Guillaume Debaene; Bożena Smreczak. 2019. "Dissipation and sorption processes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to organic matter in soils amended by exogenous rich-carbon material." Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, no. 2: 836-849.

Research paper
Published: 23 April 2019 in Soil Use and Management
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The objective of this study was to investigate differences in organic matter fractions, such as dissolved organic carbon and humic substances, in soils under different land uses. Soil samples were collected from the upper layer of arable lands and grasslands. Humic substances (HS) were chemically fractionated into fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA) and humins (HUM) and based on the separated fractions, the humification index (HI) and the degree of HS transformation (DT) were calculated. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined by cold (CWE) and hot water (HWE) extractions. Regardless of land use, the results indicated significant differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and HS composition, with HA and HUM as the dominant fractions. Total SOC was higher in grassland (median = 17.51 g kg−1) than arable soils (median = 9.98 g kg−1), the HI and DT indices did not differ significantly between land uses (HI = 0.3‐10.3 and DT = 0.2‐6.2 for grasslands, p > 0.05; HI = 0.3‐3.9 and DT = 0.2‐20.1 for arable lands, p > 0.05). This indicates the relatively high stability of organic carbon and efficient humification processes in both land uses. Additionally, in arable soils lower CWE‐C (0.75 g kg−1) and higher HWE‐C (2.59 g kg−1) than in grasslands (CWE‐C = 1.13 g kg−1, HWE‐C = 1.60 g kg−1) can be related to farming practice and application of soil amendments. The results showed that both labile and humified organic matter are better protected in grassland soils and are consequently less vulnerable to mineralization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska‐Jaruga; Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas; Bożena Smreczak. Characterization of organic matter fractions in the top layer of soils under different land uses in Central‐Eastern Europe. Soil Use and Management 2019, 35, 595 -606.

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska‐Jaruga, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Bożena Smreczak. Characterization of organic matter fractions in the top layer of soils under different land uses in Central‐Eastern Europe. Soil Use and Management. 2019; 35 (4):595-606.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska‐Jaruga; Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas; Bożena Smreczak. 2019. "Characterization of organic matter fractions in the top layer of soils under different land uses in Central‐Eastern Europe." Soil Use and Management 35, no. 4: 595-606.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2018 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the mutual relations between the soil organic matter (SOM) fractions: fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA), humins (HN), black carbon (BC) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) accumulation level in agricultural soils influenced by historical and actual anthropopressure. The research allowed to indicate which fractions of SOM are the major sequestration sinks for PAHs after they are naturally introduced into the soil. Soil samples were collected from the upper layer of agricultural soils (n = 41), and basic physicochemical properties (pHKCl, total carbon, total nitrogen and clay content) were determined. The SOM was characterised by the total organic carbon content and humic substances, including HA, FA and HN, determined by an adapted method recommended by the International Humic Substances Society. The extracts of HA and FA were analysed for carbon content using a liquid CN analyser, while HN constituted the soil carbon in the residue after FA and HA extraction. The content of BC was analysed by dry combustion at 375 °C for 24 h (CTO375); the remaining carbon was determined via combustion in an elemental analyser. In all soils, significant positive relations between PAH concentrations and TOC content (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) as well as HN (r = 0.71, p < 0.001) and BC (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) were noted. Relations among PAHs, HN and BC were statistically significant only in soils with TOC content ≥ 12 g kg−1, while they were not observed for soils with TOC content < 12 g kg−1. The links between HN and PAHs were stronger for low-molecular (two and three rings)-weight PAHs (r = 0.77, p < 0.05) than for high-molecular (≥ four rings) PAHs (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). Contrary to HN, the BC faction showed higher correlations with high-molecular-weight PAHs (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). FA and HA showed no significant relationship with hydrocarbons. Different SOM fractions might possess divergent binding capabilities and dissimilar binding strengths to PAHs. The different proportions and sorption capacities of BC and HN in relation to PAHs of different molecular weight are the result of varying structure, i.e. polar and non-polar functionalities in sorption domains and pore-size structures of these fractions. The high correlation between BC and higher-molecular PAHs may be a result of their co-emission, while the stronger relationships between HN and lower-molecular PAHs are directly related to their higher mobility and easier diffusion to stable SOM fractions.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak; Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas. Soil organic matter composition as a factor affecting the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2018, 19, 1890 -1900.

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Bożena Smreczak, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas. Soil organic matter composition as a factor affecting the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2018; 19 (4):1890-1900.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga; Bożena Smreczak; Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas. 2018. "Soil organic matter composition as a factor affecting the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Journal of Soils and Sediments 19, no. 4: 1890-1900.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Soil Science Annual
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Due to the indisputable significance of humus in many biochemical processes as well as its increasing deficit particularly in light soils, alternative sources of substrates for the reproduction of this constituent should be sought. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of wheat straw and wheat straw biochar (in four rates) on quantitative and qualitative humus parameters. The following properties were determined in soil: pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, humic and fulvic acids, carbon in the extract, non-hydrolysing carbon and spectrophotometric indexes for solution of humic acids including A2/6, A2/4, A4/6. After applying 1% and 2% additions of biochar to the soil, the Corg soil content significantly increased compared to the same doses of thermally unconverted straw. After 254 days of incubation, the addition of biochar to soil at higher doses, decreased the share of humic acid carbon (CHA, CFA) in the Corg content compared to treatments without organic additions and WS treatment. The nonhydrolysing carbon soil content was significantly increased by treatments with 1% and 2% additions of WSB, which indicates greater stabilisation of humus compounds and, at the same time, lower CO2 emission. Soil humic acids amended by treatment with biochar, especially at 1% and 2% doses, were characterised by lower A2/6 and A2/4 ratios. Recognition of changes that may occur in the quantitative and qualitative composition of soil humus after the application of biochar may in the future be helpful information for determining appropriate biochar dose.

ACS Style

Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek; Krzysztof Gondek; Michał Kopeć; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. Biochar changes in soil based on quantitative and qualitative humus compounds parameters. Soil Science Annual 2018, 69, 234 -242.

AMA Style

Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Krzysztof Gondek, Michał Kopeć, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. Biochar changes in soil based on quantitative and qualitative humus compounds parameters. Soil Science Annual. 2018; 69 (4):234-242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek; Krzysztof Gondek; Michał Kopeć; Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga. 2018. "Biochar changes in soil based on quantitative and qualitative humus compounds parameters." Soil Science Annual 69, no. 4: 234-242.