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Mazlin Bin Mokhtar
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia

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Journal article
Published: 29 September 2020 in Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
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Inadequate public participation has already been reported in the sustainable water resources management at Langat River Basin, Malaysia, primarily due to weak enforcement of policies along with public apathy. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 402 random households in the study area in 2017 to assess people’s attitudes, perceptions and behaviour through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in order to predict their willingness to participate in water resources management. Although there are a few studies on public participation in water management globally, this study is the pioneer in predicting public participation in water management with moderate predictive power based on a PLS-SEM model. The model showed significant positive mediating effects of public’s attitudes towards and perceptions of river and drinking water (APRDW) as well as positive moderating effects of their perceived water quality (PWQ) to enhance their willingness to participate in water management at a 99 % confidence interval. However, people’s awareness about river and drinking water (ARDW) and the value of river and drinking water (VRDW) showed no significant mediating and moderating effects, respectively to increase their participation in a water management platform. Therefore, environmental education along with information concerning water management programmes should be well disseminated to people via awareness-raising and capacity-building activities by relevant authorities to increase their willingness to participate in sustainable water resources management in Langat River Basin, Malaysia.

ACS Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam. Factors influencing people’s willingness to participate in sustainable water resources management in Malaysia. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2020, 31, 100737 .

AMA Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, Lubna Alam. Factors influencing people’s willingness to participate in sustainable water resources management in Malaysia. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2020; 31 ():100737.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam. 2020. "Factors influencing people’s willingness to participate in sustainable water resources management in Malaysia." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 31, no. : 100737.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Water
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Prolonged persistence of toxic cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) in the aquatic environment are due to its nonbiodegradable characteristic. A few studies have reported higher concentrations of these metals in the transboundary Langat River, Malaysia. This study determined the spatial and temporal distributions of Cd, Cr and Pb concentrations (2005–2015) in the Langat River along with assessing the status of these metals in the drinking water supply chain at the basin. Water samples were collected once in 2015 from the drinking water supply chain, i.e., from the river, treated water at plants, taps and filtration water at households. Determined mean concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the Langat River were within the drinking water quality standard of Malaysia and the WHO, except for the Pb (9.99 ± 1.40 µg/L) concentration, which was at the maximum limit, 10 µg/L. The spatial and temporal distribution of these metals’ concentrations indicate dilution of it downstream, along with the increasing trend in rainfall and water flow, especially during the northeast monsoon. Significant correlation and regression analysis of the Cd, Cr and Pb concentrations also indicate that the sources of this metal pollution are mainly the natural weathering of minerals along with anthropogenic activities in the basin. The determined overall water quality of the Langat River is categorized Class IIA (i.e., clean), which requires conventional treatment before drinking; however, the maximum removal efficiency of these metals by the plants at the basin was about 90.17%. Therefore, the proactive leadership roles of the local authorities will be appropriate to reduce the pollution of this river as well as introducing a two-layer water filtration system at the Langat River Basin to accelerate the achievement of a sustainable drinking water supply.

ACS Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam; Che Abd Rahim Mohamed; Goh Choo Ta. Investigating the Status of Cadmium, Chromium and Lead in the Drinking Water Supply Chain to Ensure Drinking Water Quality in Malaysia. Water 2020, 12, 2653 .

AMA Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, Lubna Alam, Che Abd Rahim Mohamed, Goh Choo Ta. Investigating the Status of Cadmium, Chromium and Lead in the Drinking Water Supply Chain to Ensure Drinking Water Quality in Malaysia. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2653.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam; Che Abd Rahim Mohamed; Goh Choo Ta. 2020. "Investigating the Status of Cadmium, Chromium and Lead in the Drinking Water Supply Chain to Ensure Drinking Water Quality in Malaysia." Water 12, no. 10: 2653.

Thematic issue
Published: 10 September 2020 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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The water of Langat River is not suitable for drinking without treatment because of chemical pollution from both the point and non-point pollution sources, although it is one of the primary sources of drinking water in Selangor state, Malaysia. There is no significant study in Malaysia that has investigated the efficiency of treatment plants to remove metals from treated water. Therefore, Chelex 100 resin-ion exchanged method was applied to investigate the raw water samples and treated water samples of eight treatment plants. Samples were analyzed by Inductive Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for the dissolved concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, which have complied with the drinking water quality standard of Ministry of Health Malaysia and World Health Organization. However, the average metal removal efficiency is about 52.48 ± 8.89% from treated water by the treatment plants based on a single sampling and this could be considered a preliminary indication to upgrade the treatment technology in Malaysia, because the efficiency in removing trace metals by the plants may vary in hourly samplings.

ACS Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. Treated water quality based on conventional method in Langat River Basin, Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences 2020, 79, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. Treated water quality based on conventional method in Langat River Basin, Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2020; 79 (18):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. 2020. "Treated water quality based on conventional method in Langat River Basin, Malaysia." Environmental Earth Sciences 79, no. 18: 1-16.

Original paper
Published: 05 May 2020 in Environmental Geochemistry and Health
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The prolonged persistence of toxic arsenic (As) in environment is due to its non-biodegradable characteristic. Meanwhile, several studies have reported higher concentrations of As in Langat River. However, it is the first study in Langat River Basin, Malaysia, that As concentrations in drinking water supply chain were determined simultaneously to predict the health risks of As ingestion. Water samples collected in 2015 from the four stages of drinking water supply chain were analysed for As concentration by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Determined As concentrations along with the time series data (2004–2015) were significantly within the maximum limit 0.01 mg/L of drinking water quality standard set by World Health Organization. The predicted As concentration by auto-regression moving average was 3.45E−03 mg/L in 2020 at 95% level based on time series data including climatic control variables. Long-term As ingestion via household filtration water at Langat Basin showed no potential lifetime cancer risk (LCR) 9.7E−06 (t = 6.68; p = 3.37E−08) as well as non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) 4.8E−02 (t = 6.68; p = 3.37E−08) risk at 95% level. However, the changing landscape, ex-mining ponds and extensive use of pesticides for palm oil plantation at Langat Basin are considered as the major sources of increased As concentration in Langat River. Therefore, a two-layer water filtration system at Langat Basin should be introduced to accelerate the achievement of sustainable development goal of getting safe drinking water supply.

ACS Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk of arsenic ingestion via drinking water in Langat River Basin, Malaysia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2020, 43, 897 -914.

AMA Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, Lubna Alam. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk of arsenic ingestion via drinking water in Langat River Basin, Malaysia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2020; 43 (2):897-914.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam. 2020. "Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk of arsenic ingestion via drinking water in Langat River Basin, Malaysia." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 43, no. 2: 897-914.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Although toxic Cd (cadmium) and Cr (chromium) in the aquatic environment are mainly from natural sources, human activities have increased their concentrations. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of Cd and Cr in the aquatic environment of Malaysia; however, the association between metal ingestion via drinking water and human health risk has not been established. This study collected water samples from four stages of the drinking water supply chain at Langat River Basin, Malaysia in 2015 to analyze the samples by inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of Cd and Cr and the time-series river data (2004–2014) of these metals were significantly within the safe limit of drinking water quality standard proposed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the World Health Organization. Hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of Cd and Cr in 2015 and 2020 also indicate no significant human health risk of its ingestion via drinking water. Additionally, management of pollution sources in the Langat Basin from 2004 to 2015 decreased Cr concentration in 2020 on the basis of autoregression moving average. Although Cd and Cr concentrations were found to be within the safe limits at Langat Basin, high concentrations of these metals have been found in household tap water, especially due to the contamination in the water distribution pipeline. Therefore, a two-layer water filtration system should be introduced in the basin to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 agenda of a better and more sustainable future for all, especially via SDG 6 of supplying safe drinking water at the household level.

ACS Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2966 .

AMA Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2966.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. 2020. "Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2966.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2020 in Forests
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Total aboveground carbon (TAC) and total soil carbon stock in the agroforestry system at the Balung River Plantation, Sabah, Malaysia were investigated to scientifically support the sustaining of natural forest for mitigating global warming via reducing carbon in the atmosphere. Agroforestry, monoculture, and natural tropical forests were investigated to calculate the carbon stock and sequestration based on three different combinations of oil palm and agarwood in agroforestry systems from 2014 to 2018. These combinations were oil palm (27 years) and agarwood (seven years), oil palm (20 years) and agarwood (seven years), and oil palm (17 years) and agarwood (five years). Monoculture oil palm (16 years), oil palm (six years), and natural tropical forest were set as the control. Three randomly selected plots for agroforestry and monoculture plantation were 0.25 ha (50 × 50 m), respectively, whereas for the natural tropical forest it was 0.09 ha (30 × 30 m). A nondestructive sampling method followed by the allometric equation determined the standing biomass. Organic and shrub layers collected in a square frame (1 × 1 m) were analyzed using the CHN628 series (LECO Corp., MI, USA) for carbon content. Soil bulk density of randomly selected points within the three different layers, that is, 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 30 cm were used to determine the total ecosystem carbon (TEC) stock in each agroforestry system which was 79.13, 85.40, and 78.28 Mg C ha−1, respectively. The TEC in the monoculture oil palm was 76.44 and 60.30 Mg C ha−1, whereas natural tropical forest had the highest TEC of 287.29 Mg C ha−1. The forest stand had the highest TEC capacity as compared with the agroforestry and monoculture systems. The impact of planting systems on the TEC showed a statistically significant difference at a 95% confidence interval for the various carbon pools among the agroforestry, monoculture, and natural tropical forests. Therefore, the forest must be sustained because of its higher capacity to store carbon in mitigating global warming.

ACS Style

Normah Awang Besar; Herawandi Suardi; Mui-How Phua; Daniel James; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Minhaz Farid Ahmed. Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah, Malaysia. Forests 2020, 11, 210 .

AMA Style

Normah Awang Besar, Herawandi Suardi, Mui-How Phua, Daniel James, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, Minhaz Farid Ahmed. Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah, Malaysia. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Normah Awang Besar; Herawandi Suardi; Mui-How Phua; Daniel James; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Minhaz Farid Ahmed. 2020. "Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah, Malaysia." Forests 11, no. 2: 210.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2019 in Exposure and Health
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Exposure to aluminium (Al) is inevitable in the daily life because of its abundance in the environmental media through natural processes. Meanwhile, several studies have reported a positive association between Alzheimer’s disease and a higher level of Al ingestion through drinking water. The present study is the first of its kind in Malaysia which predicts the human health risk of Al ingestion via drinking water at the Langat River Basin, Malaysia. Water samples were collected during 2015–2016 from the four stages of drinking water supply chain at the basin to determine the concentrations of Al by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The determined mean concentration of Al in river 2.50E−01 ± 1.89E−01 mg/L crossed the Malaysian drinking water quality standard of 0.2 mg/L. The higher concentration of Al in the Langat River might be due to natural weathering of Al-bearing minerals. The mean Al concentrations in the treated water by the treatment plants, household’s tap and after filtration water, respectively, were found to be within the Malaysian drinking water quality standard. This study suggests that there is no potential human health risk of Al ingestion through drinking water (HQ = 3.81E−03 ± 1.82E−03) at 95% confidence level in the basin because the hazard quotient (HQ) value is less than 1. However, the authorities need to be careful of excessive ingestion of Al via drinking water because the water treatment plants in the basin follow the conventional method to treat raw water. The turbidity in the tropical Langat River changes very frequently; thus, the doses of Al2(SO4)3 for water disinfection are very crucial. Therefore, reverse osmosis technology can be introduced in the treatment plants because the United States Environmental Protection Agency has recommended that it can remove all types of metal > 90% from treated water.

ACS Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam; Che Abd Rahim Mohamed; Goh Choo Ta. Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Aluminium Ingestion Via Drinking Water in Malaysia. Exposure and Health 2019, 11, 167 -180.

AMA Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, Lubna Alam, Che Abd Rahim Mohamed, Goh Choo Ta. Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Aluminium Ingestion Via Drinking Water in Malaysia. Exposure and Health. 2019; 11 (2):167-180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minhaz Farid Ahmed; Mazlin Bin Mokhtar; Lubna Alam; Che Abd Rahim Mohamed; Goh Choo Ta. 2019. "Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Aluminium Ingestion Via Drinking Water in Malaysia." Exposure and Health 11, no. 2: 167-180.