Peri-implantitis, a disease caused by bacteria, affects dental implants in patients. It is widely treated with antibiotics, however, with growing antibiotic resistance new strategies are required. Titanium-copper alloys are prospective antibacterial biomaterials, with the potential to be a remedy against peri-implantitis and antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate Ti-Cu_x alloys, exploring how Cu content (up to 10 wt%) and ageing affect the material properties. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, hardness testing, bacteriological culture, and electrochemical testing were employed to characterize the materials. It was found that alloys with above 3 wt% Cu had two phases and ageing increased the volume fraction of Ti₂Cu. An un-aged alloy of 5 wt% Cu showed what could be Ti₃Cu, in addition to the α-Ti phase. The hardness gradually increased with increased Cu additions, while ageing only affected the alloy with 10 wt% Cu (due to changes in microstructure). Ageing resulted in faster passivation of the alloys. After two hours the aged 10 wt% Cu alloy was the only material with an antibacterial effect, while after six hours, bacteria killing occurred in all alloys with above 5 wt% Cu. In conclusion, it was possible to tune the material and antibacterial properties of Ti-Cu_x alloys by changing the Cu concentration and ageing, which makes further optimization towards an antibacterial material promising.

Alloys of Ti-10Ta-1.6Zr (wt%) with and without 3 wt% Cu made by arc-melting, heat-treated in two stages and quenched to have α + β microstructures were studied. These alloys were studied for potential replacement of Ti-6Al-4V alloys because Ta and Zr are more biocompatible than Al and V, and copper was added for potential antimicrobial properties. The heat-treated samples were investigated by SEM-EDX, transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) and XRD. When studied at a higher magnification, the heat-treated alloys revealed a bi-lamellar microstructure, consisting of broad α lamellae and β transformed to fine α′ lamellae with various orientations. The fraction β transformed to fine α′ lamellae was higher in the alloy with Cu than that without Cu. Furthermore, copper was found to lower the solubility of tantalum in the β. The hardest alloy was the heat-treated alloy containing Cu, albeit with a wide standard deviation, probably due to the high fraction of martensitically transformed β.