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Tomáš Cajthaml
Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic

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Review article
Published: 30 August 2021 in Chemosphere
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Despite being drastically restricted in the 1970s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) still belong among the most hazardous contaminants. The chemical stability and dielectric properties of PCBs made them suitable for a number of applications, which then lead to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. PCBs are highly bioaccumulative and persistent, and their teratogenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine-disrupting features have been widely reported in the literature. This review discusses recent advances in different techniques and approaches to remediate historically contaminated matrices, which are one of the most problematic in regard to decontamination feasibility and efficiency. The current knowledge published in the literature shows that PCBs are not sufficiently removed from the environment by natural processes, and thus, the suitability of some approaches (e.g., natural attenuation) is limited. Physicochemical processes are still the most effective; however, their extensive use is constrained by their high cost and often their destructiveness toward the matrices. Despite their limited reliability, biological methods and their application in combinations with other techniques could be promising. The literature reviewed in this paper documents that a combination of techniques differing in their principles should be a future research direction. Other aspects discussed in this work include the incompleteness of some studies. More attention should be given to the evaluation of toxicity during these processes, particularly in terms of monitoring different modes of toxic action. In addition, decomposition mechanisms and products need to be sufficiently clarified before combined, tailor-made approaches can be employed.

ACS Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Tomáš Cajthaml. Recent advances in PCB removal from historically contaminated environmental matrices. Chemosphere 2021, 132096 .

AMA Style

Kamila Šrédlová, Tomáš Cajthaml. Recent advances in PCB removal from historically contaminated environmental matrices. Chemosphere. 2021; ():132096.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2021. "Recent advances in PCB removal from historically contaminated environmental matrices." Chemosphere , no. : 132096.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2021 in EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
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In this study, we used a model bio drying reactor to optimize the drying of municipal solid waste (MSW). Two methods of aeration were used: one involved controlling the concentration of oxygen (16–20%) and the other the temperature in the upper part of the reactor (temperature 42–45 °C, oxygen concentration 16– 20%). In terms of moisture content, the highest increase recorded was 0.94% and the highest decrease was 27.54%. The highest decrease in lower calorific value recorded was 9.23% and the highest increase was 41.12%. The energy balance in all the trial runs was positive. We noted that aeration using different concentrations of oxygen is strongly influenced by organic content. Thus, it is suitable only for drying wastes with known and stable compositions. The outcomes of the different methods used were influenced by ambient relative air humidity. Moisture gradients, which are often described in the literature, were not consistently reproduced in this study.

ACS Style

Vojtěch Pilnáček; Libuše Benešová; Tomáš Cajthaml; Petra Inemannová. Comparison of temperature and oxygen concentration driven aeration methods for biodrying of municipal solid waste. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2021, 11, 38 -45.

AMA Style

Vojtěch Pilnáček, Libuše Benešová, Tomáš Cajthaml, Petra Inemannová. Comparison of temperature and oxygen concentration driven aeration methods for biodrying of municipal solid waste. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES. 2021; 11 (1):38-45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vojtěch Pilnáček; Libuše Benešová; Tomáš Cajthaml; Petra Inemannová. 2021. "Comparison of temperature and oxygen concentration driven aeration methods for biodrying of municipal solid waste." EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1: 38-45.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Chemosphere
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Abiotic and biotic remediation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) in groundwater from a real contaminated site was studied using biochar-based composites containing nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI/BC) and natural resident microbes/specific CE degraders supported by a whey addition. The material represented by the biochar matrix decorated by isolated iron nanoparticles or their aggregates, along with the added whey, was capable of a stepwise dechlorination of CEs. The tested materials (nZVI/BC and BC) were able to decrease the original TCE concentration by 99% in 30 days. Nevertheless, regarding the transformation products, it was clear that biotic as well as abiotic transformation mechanisms were involved in the transformation process when nonchlorinated volatiles (i.e., methane, ethane, ethene, and acetylene) were detected after the application of nZVI/BC and nZVI/BC with whey. The whey addition caused a massive increase in bacterial biomass in the groundwater samples (monitored by 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR) that corresponded with the transformation of trichloro- and dichloro-CEs, and this process was accompanied by the formation of less chlorinated products. Moreover, the biostimulation step also eliminated the adverse effect caused by nZVI/BC (decrease in microbial biomass after nZVI/BC addition). The nZVI/BC material or its aging products, and probably together with vinyl chloride-respiring bacteria, were able to continue the further reductive dechlorination of dichlorinated CEs into nonhalogenated volatiles. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrate the potential, feasibility, and environmental safety of this nanobioremediation approach.

ACS Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Alena Ševců; Nhung H.A. Nguyen; Pavel Hrabák; Roman Špánek; Kateřina Bobčíková; Kristýna Pospíšková; Jan Filip; Ivo Medřík; Josef Kašlík; Ivo Šafařík; Alena Filipová; Jaroslav Nosek; Martin Pivokonský; Tomáš Cajthaml. Discovering the potential of an nZVI-biochar composite as a material for the nanobioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater: Degradation efficiency and effect on resident microorganisms. Chemosphere 2021, 281, 130915 .

AMA Style

Jaroslav Semerád, Alena Ševců, Nhung H.A. Nguyen, Pavel Hrabák, Roman Špánek, Kateřina Bobčíková, Kristýna Pospíšková, Jan Filip, Ivo Medřík, Josef Kašlík, Ivo Šafařík, Alena Filipová, Jaroslav Nosek, Martin Pivokonský, Tomáš Cajthaml. Discovering the potential of an nZVI-biochar composite as a material for the nanobioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater: Degradation efficiency and effect on resident microorganisms. Chemosphere. 2021; 281 ():130915.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Alena Ševců; Nhung H.A. Nguyen; Pavel Hrabák; Roman Špánek; Kateřina Bobčíková; Kristýna Pospíšková; Jan Filip; Ivo Medřík; Josef Kašlík; Ivo Šafařík; Alena Filipová; Jaroslav Nosek; Martin Pivokonský; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2021. "Discovering the potential of an nZVI-biochar composite as a material for the nanobioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater: Degradation efficiency and effect on resident microorganisms." Chemosphere 281, no. : 130915.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in Water
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Agriculture is being negatively affected by the decrease in precipitation that has been observed over the last few years. Even in the Czech Republic, farmers are being urged to irrigate their fields despite the fact that sources of water for irrigation are rapidly being depleted. This problem might be partially solved via the reuse of treated wastewater in certain agricultural sectors. However, the public perception of the reuse of wastewater remains negative primarily due to unknown risks to the environment and public health. To overcome this barrier, a semi-operated irrigation field was established at Kostelec nad Ohří in the Central Bohemian region of the Czech Republic and planted with common garden crops such as tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) irrigated with two different water sources, i.e., treated wastewater from a local nature-based treatment system, a hybrid constructed wetland (HCW), and local fresh water from well. The HCW was put into operation in 2017 and was reconstructed in 2018 and includes both horizontal and vertical flow beds; the trial irrigation field was added in the same year. The reconstruction of the facility significantly enhanced the removal efficiency with respect to all monitored parameters, e.g., biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), N–NH4 +, total N and the suspended solids (TSS), except for total P. The HCW also ensured the significant removal of several observed pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli, intestinal enterococci and thermotolerant coliforms). During the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, we observed the significantly enhanced growth of the crops irrigated with wastewater from the HCW due to the fertilizing effect. The risks associated with the contamination of crops irrigated with treated water are not negligible and it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to them, especially when introducing irrigation with wastewater into practice.

ACS Style

Michal Šereš; Petra Innemanová; Tereza Hnátková; Miloš Rozkošný; Alexandros Stefanakis; Jaroslav Semerád; Tomáš Cajthaml. Evaluation of Hybrid Constructed Wetland Performance and Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Agricultural Irrigation. Water 2021, 13, 1165 .

AMA Style

Michal Šereš, Petra Innemanová, Tereza Hnátková, Miloš Rozkošný, Alexandros Stefanakis, Jaroslav Semerád, Tomáš Cajthaml. Evaluation of Hybrid Constructed Wetland Performance and Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Agricultural Irrigation. Water. 2021; 13 (9):1165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michal Šereš; Petra Innemanová; Tereza Hnátková; Miloš Rozkošný; Alexandros Stefanakis; Jaroslav Semerád; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2021. "Evaluation of Hybrid Constructed Wetland Performance and Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Agricultural Irrigation." Water 13, no. 9: 1165.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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A low- permeability locality with heterogeneous geology contaminated primarily by tetrachloroethene (PCE) present partially in the free phase in the unsaturated zone was treated on a pilot scale via direct push pneumatic fracturing combined with the hydraulic delivery of a remediation suspension consisting of milled iron, sulphidated nanosized zerovalent iron and sand in guar gum solution. Afterwards, a whey solution was injected into the fractures as a carbon source for bacteria. The unsaturated and saturated zones were treated. Long-term monitoring of the groundwater revealed that the abiotic reduction of PCE and trichloroethene was the dominant remediation processes for several months after the injections. A complex microbial consortium was developed that was capable of effective, long-term chlorinated ethenes (ClE) dechlorination. The consortium consisted mainly of Dehalococcoides but also of other anaerobic bacterial strains capable of partial dechlorination of ClE, including the sulphate-reducing bacteria Geobacter and Desulfitobacterium. The average chlorine number in the groundwater decreased from 3.65 to 1.38 within 2.5 years after the injections, while the average ClE concentration increased from 13.5 mg·L-1 to 31.5 mg·L-1 because of the substantial acceleration of the ClE mass-transfer to the groundwater caused by the treatment. The remediation processes remained fully active 2.5 years.

ACS Style

Ondřej Lhotský; Jan Kukačka; Jan Slunský; Kristýna Marková; Jan Němeček; Vladislav Knytl; Tomáš Cajthaml. The Effects of Hydraulic/Pneumatic Fracturing-Enhanced Remediation (FRAC-IN) at a Site Contaminated by Chlorinated Ethenes: a Case Study. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021, 417, 125883 .

AMA Style

Ondřej Lhotský, Jan Kukačka, Jan Slunský, Kristýna Marková, Jan Němeček, Vladislav Knytl, Tomáš Cajthaml. The Effects of Hydraulic/Pneumatic Fracturing-Enhanced Remediation (FRAC-IN) at a Site Contaminated by Chlorinated Ethenes: a Case Study. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; 417 ():125883.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ondřej Lhotský; Jan Kukačka; Jan Slunský; Kristýna Marková; Jan Němeček; Vladislav Knytl; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2021. "The Effects of Hydraulic/Pneumatic Fracturing-Enhanced Remediation (FRAC-IN) at a Site Contaminated by Chlorinated Ethenes: a Case Study." Journal of Hazardous Materials 417, no. : 125883.

Article
Published: 14 April 2021 in Crime, Law and Social Change
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Twenty-five samples of ivory artefacts were analysed using a radiocarbon dating method. These artefacts were part of a collection of 77 items seized during a wildlife law enforcement operation targeting online illegal ivory trade. Based on the opinion of a qualified expert, 14 of the 25 samples were declared antique, meaning their presumed origin is older than 1947. According to the European Union’s law, antique ivory is exempt from an otherwise total ban on commercial ivory activities since such trade does not contribute to the current decline in elephant population. The radiocarbon measurement has revealed alarming findings that 17 of the 25 processed samples (68%) are not antique as their origin is younger than 1947. The antique expert’s determination of the ivory age failed in 12 of 14 cases (86%).

ACS Style

Jitka Kufnerová; Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová; Václav Suchý; Zuzana A. Ovšonková; Jaroslava Frouzová; Tomáš Cajthaml; Ivo Světlík. Are ivory antiques actually antique? Crime, Law and Social Change 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Jitka Kufnerová, Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová, Václav Suchý, Zuzana A. Ovšonková, Jaroslava Frouzová, Tomáš Cajthaml, Ivo Světlík. Are ivory antiques actually antique? Crime, Law and Social Change. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jitka Kufnerová; Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová; Václav Suchý; Zuzana A. Ovšonková; Jaroslava Frouzová; Tomáš Cajthaml; Ivo Světlík. 2021. "Are ivory antiques actually antique?" Crime, Law and Social Change , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Toxics
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Metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), chlorobenzyl alcohols (CB-OHs), and chlorobenzaldehydes (CB-CHOs)—were incubated in vitro with the extracellular liquid of Pleurotus ostreatus, which contains mainly laccase and low manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) activity. The enzymes were able to decrease the amount of most of the tested OH-PCBs by > 80% within 1 h; the removal of more recalcitrant OH-PCBs was greatly enhanced by the addition of the laccase mediator syringaldehyde. Conversely, glutathione substantially hindered the reaction, suggesting that it acted as a laccase inhibitor. Hydroxylated dibenzofuran and chlorobenzoic acid were identified as transformation products of OH-PCBs. The extracellular enzymes also oxidized the CB-OHs to the corresponding CB-CHOs on the order of hours to days; however, the mediated and nonmediated setups exhibited only slight differences, and the participating enzymes could not be determined. When CB-CHOs were used as the substrates, only partial transformation was observed. In an additional experiment, the extracellular liquid of Irpex lacteus, which contains predominantly MnP, was able to efficiently transform CB-CHOs with the aid of glutathione; mono- and di-chloroacetophenones were detected as transformation products. These results demonstrate that extracellular enzymes of ligninolytic fungi can act on a wide range of PCB metabolites, emphasizing their potential for bioremediation.

ACS Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Kateřina Šírová; Tatiana Stella; Tomáš Cajthaml. Degradation Products of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their In Vitro Transformation by Ligninolytic Fungi. Toxics 2021, 9, 81 .

AMA Style

Kamila Šrédlová, Kateřina Šírová, Tatiana Stella, Tomáš Cajthaml. Degradation Products of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their In Vitro Transformation by Ligninolytic Fungi. Toxics. 2021; 9 (4):81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Kateřina Šírová; Tatiana Stella; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2021. "Degradation Products of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their In Vitro Transformation by Ligninolytic Fungi." Toxics 9, no. 4: 81.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Toxicon
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Secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria and algae released during algal blooms often exhibit toxic effects, but only a small number of the metabolites are the subject of routine analytical screenings. Alternatively, ecotoxicological assays offer a better representation of the overall negative effects. The aim of this work was to compare multiple assays in their sensitivity towards cellular algal organic matter (COM) of the toxin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Multiple endpoints were investigated: mortality, growth inhibition, bioluminescence inhibition, genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects, oxidative stress, and the induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD). Three rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines as well as representatives of bacteria, yeasts, algae, vascular plants, and crustaceans were employed, and the results were expressed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the COM. M. aeruginosa COM was toxic to the RTgill-W1, RTG-2, and RTL-W1 cell lines (EC50 values ranging from 0.48 ± 0.02 to 1.9 ± 0.1 mgDOC/L), to the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus (LC50 = 20 ± 1 mgDOC/L), and to Lepidium sativum (IC50 = 241 ± 13 mgDOC/L). In contrast, no effect was observed for bacteria and yeasts, and the growth of the alga Desmodesmus subspicatus was even stimulated. No genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects or increase in oxidative stress or EROD activity was detected. The content of six microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LY, MC-LW, and MC-LF), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and nodularin in the M. aeruginosa COM was determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. An artificially prepared mixture of the detected cyanotoxins in the corresponding concentrations did not induce response in the O. mykiss cell lines and T. platyurus, suggesting that other cyanobacterial metabolites are responsible for the toxicity of M. aeruginosa.

ACS Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Simona Šilhavecká; Lucie Linhartová; Jaroslav Semerád; Klára Michalíková; Martin Pivokonský; Tomáš Cajthaml. The sensitivity of multiple ecotoxicological assays for evaluating Microcystis aeruginosa cellular algal organic matter and contribution of cyanotoxins to the toxicity. Toxicon 2021, 195, 69 -77.

AMA Style

Kamila Šrédlová, Simona Šilhavecká, Lucie Linhartová, Jaroslav Semerád, Klára Michalíková, Martin Pivokonský, Tomáš Cajthaml. The sensitivity of multiple ecotoxicological assays for evaluating Microcystis aeruginosa cellular algal organic matter and contribution of cyanotoxins to the toxicity. Toxicon. 2021; 195 ():69-77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Simona Šilhavecká; Lucie Linhartová; Jaroslav Semerád; Klára Michalíková; Martin Pivokonský; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2021. "The sensitivity of multiple ecotoxicological assays for evaluating Microcystis aeruginosa cellular algal organic matter and contribution of cyanotoxins to the toxicity." Toxicon 195, no. : 69-77.

Research article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Biologically active micropollutants that contain diverse phenolic/aromatic structures are regularly present in wastewater effluents and are even found in drinking water. Advanced green technologies utilizing immobilized laccase and/or peroxidase, which target these micropollutants directly, may provide a reasonable alternative to standard treatments. Nevertheless, the use of these enzymes is associated with several issues that may prevent their application, such as the low activity of laccase at neutral and basic pH or the necessity of hydrogen peroxide addition as a co-substrate for peroxidases. In this study, the activity of laccase from Trametes versicolor and horseradish peroxidase was evaluated across a range of commonly used substrates (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine, and guaiacol). Moreover, conditions for their optimal performance were explored along with an assessment of whether these conditions accurately reflect the effectivity of both enzymes in the degradation of a mixture of bisphenol A, 17α-ethinylestradiol, triclosan, and diclofenac in tap drinking water and secondary wastewater effluent. Laccase and horseradish peroxidase showed optimal activity at strongly acidic pH if ABTS was used as a substrate. Correspondingly, the activities of both enzymes detected using ABTS in real waters were significantly enhanced by adding approximately 2.5% (v/v) of McIlvaine’s buffer. Degradation of a mixture of micropollutants in wastewater with 2.5% McIlvaine’s buffer (pH 7) resulted in a substantial decrease in estrogenic activity. Low degradation efficiency of micropollutants by laccase was observed in pure McIlvaine’s buffer of pH 3 and 7, compared with efficient degradation in tap water of pH 7.5 without buffer. This study clearly shows that enzyme activity needs to be evaluated on micropollutants in real waters as the assessment of optimal conditions based on commonly used substrates in pure buffer or deionized water can be misleading.

ACS Style

Milena Maryskova; Lucie Linhartova; Vit Novotny; Miroslava Rysova; Tomas Cajthaml; Alena Sevcu. Laccase and horseradish peroxidase for green treatment of phenolic micropollutants in real drinking water and wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Milena Maryskova, Lucie Linhartova, Vit Novotny, Miroslava Rysova, Tomas Cajthaml, Alena Sevcu. Laccase and horseradish peroxidase for green treatment of phenolic micropollutants in real drinking water and wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Maryskova; Lucie Linhartova; Vit Novotny; Miroslava Rysova; Tomas Cajthaml; Alena Sevcu. 2021. "Laccase and horseradish peroxidase for green treatment of phenolic micropollutants in real drinking water and wastewater." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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The interaction of microplastics (MPs) and common environmental organic pollutants has been a frequently discussed topic in recent years. Although the estimated contamination caused by MPs in terrestrial ecosystems is one order of magnitude higher than that in the oceans, experiments have been conducted solely in an aqueous matrix. Therefore, an experiment was carried out with two soils differing in their concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polyurethane foams used for scent fences along roads and crop fields. Two types of polyurethane foam (biodegradable and conventional in aged and unaged form) were exposed to soils containing PAHs that originated from historically contaminated localities. The exposure lasted 28 days, and a newly developed three-step procedure to separate MPs from soil was then applied. Biodegradable polyurethane MPs exhibited a strong tendency to accumulate PAHs after 7 days, and their concentrations significantly grew over time. In contrast, the sorption of PAHs on conventional polyurethane MPs was substantially lower (a maximum of 3.6 times higher concentration than that in the soil). Neither type of foam changed their sorption behaviors after the aging procedure. The results indicate that the flexibility of the polyurethane polymeric network could be the main driving factor for the sorption.

ACS Style

Tereza Černá; Kateřina Pražanová; Hynek Beneš; Ivan Titov; Kateřina Klubalová; Alena Filipová; Petr Klusoň; Tomáš Cajthaml. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in aged and unaged polyurethane microplastics in contaminated soil. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 770, 145254 .

AMA Style

Tereza Černá, Kateřina Pražanová, Hynek Beneš, Ivan Titov, Kateřina Klubalová, Alena Filipová, Petr Klusoň, Tomáš Cajthaml. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in aged and unaged polyurethane microplastics in contaminated soil. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 770 ():145254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tereza Černá; Kateřina Pražanová; Hynek Beneš; Ivan Titov; Kateřina Klubalová; Alena Filipová; Petr Klusoň; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2021. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in aged and unaged polyurethane microplastics in contaminated soil." Science of The Total Environment 770, no. : 145254.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Nanomaterials
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are manufactured worldwide. Once they arrive in the soil environment, they can endanger living organisms. Hence, monitoring and assessing the effects of these nanoparticles is required. We focus on the Eisenia andrei earthworm immune cells exposed to sublethal concentrations of TiO2 NPs (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) for 2, 6, and 24 h. TiO2 NPs at all concentrations did not affect cell viability. Further, TiO2 NPs did not cause changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and phagocytic activity. Similarly, they did not elicit DNA damage. Overall, we did not detect any toxic effects of TiO2 NPs at the cellular level. At the gene expression level, slight changes were detected. Metallothionein, fetidin/lysenin, lumbricin and MEK kinase I were upregulated in coelomocytes after exposure to 10 µg/mL TiO2 NPs for 6 h. Antioxidant enzyme expression was similar in exposed and control cells. TiO2 NPs were detected on coelomocyte membranes. However, our results do not show any strong effects of these nanoparticles on coelomocytes at both the cellular and molecular levels.

ACS Style

Natividad Navarro Pacheco; Radka Roubalova; Jaroslav Semerad; Alena Grasserova; Oldrich Benada; Olga Kofronova; Tomas Cajthaml; Jiri Dvorak; Martin Bilej; Petra Prochazkova. In Vitro Interactions of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Earthworm Coelomocytes: Immunotoxicity Assessment. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 250 .

AMA Style

Natividad Navarro Pacheco, Radka Roubalova, Jaroslav Semerad, Alena Grasserova, Oldrich Benada, Olga Kofronova, Tomas Cajthaml, Jiri Dvorak, Martin Bilej, Petra Prochazkova. In Vitro Interactions of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Earthworm Coelomocytes: Immunotoxicity Assessment. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (1):250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natividad Navarro Pacheco; Radka Roubalova; Jaroslav Semerad; Alena Grasserova; Oldrich Benada; Olga Kofronova; Tomas Cajthaml; Jiri Dvorak; Martin Bilej; Petra Prochazkova. 2021. "In Vitro Interactions of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Earthworm Coelomocytes: Immunotoxicity Assessment." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1: 250.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2020 in Nanomaterials
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During the last two decades, nanomaterials based on nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) have ranked among the most utilized remediation technologies for soil and groundwater cleanup. The high reduction capacity of elemental iron (Fe0) allows for the rapid and cost-efficient degradation or transformation of many organic and inorganic pollutants. Although worldwide real and pilot applications show promising results, the effects of nZVI on exposed living organisms are still not well explored. The majority of the recent studies examined toxicity to microbes and to a lesser extent to other organisms that could also be exposed to nZVI via nanoremediation applications. In this work, a novel approach using amoebocytes, the immune effector cells of the earthworm Eisenia andrei, was applied to study the toxicity mechanisms of nZVI. The toxicity of the dissolved iron released during exposure was studied to evaluate the effect of nZVI aging with regard to toxicity and to assess the true environmental risks. The impact of nZVI and associated iron ions was studied in vitro on the subcellular level using different toxicological approaches, such as short-term immunological responses and oxidative stress. The results revealed an increase in reactive oxygen species production following nZVI exposure, as well as a dose-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and necrosis were detected upon exposure to ferric and ferrous ions, although no lethal effects were observed at environmentally relevant nZVI concentrations. The decreased phagocytic activity further confirmed sublethal adverse effects, even after short-term exposure to ferric and ferrous iron. Detection of sublethal effects, including changes in oxidative stress-related markers such as reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production revealed that nZVI had minimal impacts on exposed earthworm cells. In comparison to other works, this study provides more details regarding the effects of the individual iron forms associated with nZVI aging and the cell toxicity effects on the specific earthworms’ immune cells that represent a suitable model for nanomaterial testing.

ACS Style

Jaroslav Semerad; Natividad Isabel Navarro Pacheco; Alena Grasserova; Petra Prochazkova; Martin Pivokonsky; Lenka Pivokonska; Tomas Cajthaml. In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2189 .

AMA Style

Jaroslav Semerad, Natividad Isabel Navarro Pacheco, Alena Grasserova, Petra Prochazkova, Martin Pivokonsky, Lenka Pivokonska, Tomas Cajthaml. In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10 (11):2189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaroslav Semerad; Natividad Isabel Navarro Pacheco; Alena Grasserova; Petra Prochazkova; Martin Pivokonsky; Lenka Pivokonska; Tomas Cajthaml. 2020. "In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells." Nanomaterials 10, no. 11: 2189.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2020 in Chemosphere
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Highly persistent, toxic and bioaccumulative per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents a serious problem for the environment and their concentrations and fate remain largely unknown. The present study consists of a PFAS screening in sludges originating from 43 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Czech Republic. To analyze an extended group of PFAS consisting of 32 PFAS, including GenX and other new replacements of older and restricted PFAS in sludge, a new method was optimized and validated using pressurized solvent extraction, followed by the SPE clean-up step to eliminate the observed matrix effects and LC-MS/MS. The results revealed high PFAS contamination of sewage sludge, reaching values from 5.6 to 963.2 ng g−1. The results showed that in the majority of the samples (about 60%), PFOS was the most abundant among the targeted PFAS, reaching 932.9 ng g−1. Approximately 20% of the analyzed samples contained more short-chain PFAS, suggesting the replacement of long-chain PFAS (especially restricted PFOA and PFOS). GenX was detected in 9 samples, confirming the trend in the use of new PFAS. The results revealed that significantly higher contamination was detected in the samples from large WWTPs (population equivalent > 50,000; p-value <0.05). Concerning the application of sludge in agriculture, our prediction using the respective PFAS bioconcentration factors, the observed concentrations, and the legislatively permitted management of biosolids in Czech Republic agriculture revealed that PFAS can cause serious contamination of cereals and vegetables (oat, celery shoots and lettuce leaves), as well as general secondary contamination of the environment.

ACS Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Nicolette Hatasová; Alena Grasserová; Tereza Černá; Alena Filipová; Aleš Hanč; Petra Innemanová; Martin Pivokonský; Tomáš Cajthaml. Screening for 32 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including GenX in sludges from 43 WWTPs located in the Czech Republic - Evaluation of potential accumulation in vegetables after application of biosolids. Chemosphere 2020, 261, 128018 .

AMA Style

Jaroslav Semerád, Nicolette Hatasová, Alena Grasserová, Tereza Černá, Alena Filipová, Aleš Hanč, Petra Innemanová, Martin Pivokonský, Tomáš Cajthaml. Screening for 32 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including GenX in sludges from 43 WWTPs located in the Czech Republic - Evaluation of potential accumulation in vegetables after application of biosolids. Chemosphere. 2020; 261 ():128018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Nicolette Hatasová; Alena Grasserová; Tereza Černá; Alena Filipová; Aleš Hanč; Petra Innemanová; Martin Pivokonský; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2020. "Screening for 32 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including GenX in sludges from 43 WWTPs located in the Czech Republic - Evaluation of potential accumulation in vegetables after application of biosolids." Chemosphere 261, no. : 128018.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
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The advantages of combining composting and vermicomposting to break down and remove pollutants from organic waste are reviewed. This mini-review aims to present the benefits of combining these methods and the outcome of specific cases of environmental remediation.

ACS Style

Alena Grasserová; Aleš Hanč; Petra Innemanová; Tomáš Cajthaml. Composting and vermicomposting used to break down and remove pollutants from organic waste: a mini review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2020, 10, 9 -14.

AMA Style

Alena Grasserová, Aleš Hanč, Petra Innemanová, Tomáš Cajthaml. Composting and vermicomposting used to break down and remove pollutants from organic waste: a mini review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES. 2020; 10 (1):9-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alena Grasserová; Aleš Hanč; Petra Innemanová; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2020. "Composting and vermicomposting used to break down and remove pollutants from organic waste: a mini review." EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 10, no. 1: 9-14.

Paper
Published: 23 April 2020 in Environmental Science: Nano
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This work describes an important, environmentally relevant phenomenon of metal nanoparticle aging in relation to the toxicity of nanomaterials; in this case, sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent materials intended for remediation purposes.

ACS Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Jan Filip; Alena Ševců; Miroslav Brumovský; Nhung H. A. Nguyen; Jiří Mikšíček; Tomáš Lederer; Alena Filipová; Jana Boháčková; Tomáš Cajthaml. Environmental fate of sulfidated nZVI particles: the interplay of nanoparticle corrosion and toxicity during aging. Environmental Science: Nano 2020, 7, 1794 -1806.

AMA Style

Jaroslav Semerád, Jan Filip, Alena Ševců, Miroslav Brumovský, Nhung H. A. Nguyen, Jiří Mikšíček, Tomáš Lederer, Alena Filipová, Jana Boháčková, Tomáš Cajthaml. Environmental fate of sulfidated nZVI particles: the interplay of nanoparticle corrosion and toxicity during aging. Environmental Science: Nano. 2020; 7 (6):1794-1806.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Jan Filip; Alena Ševců; Miroslav Brumovský; Nhung H. A. Nguyen; Jiří Mikšíček; Tomáš Lederer; Alena Filipová; Jana Boháčková; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2020. "Environmental fate of sulfidated nZVI particles: the interplay of nanoparticle corrosion and toxicity during aging." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 6: 1794-1806.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Microbial Genomics
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The complete genome sequence of Rhodococcus sp. WAY2 (WAY2) consists of a circular chromosome, three linear replicons and a small circular plasmid. The linear replicons contain typical actinobacterial invertron-type telomeres with the central CGTXCGC motif. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene along with phylogenomic analysis based on the genome-to-genome blast distance phylogeny (GBDP) algorithm and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) with other Rhodococcus type strains resulted in a clear differentiation of WAY2, which is likely a new species. The genome of WAY2 contains five distinct clusters of bph, etb and nah genes, putatively involved in the degradation of several aromatic compounds. These clusters are distributed throughout the linear plasmids. The high sequence homology of the ring-hydroxylating subunits of these systems with other known enzymes has allowed us to model the range of aromatic substrates they could degrade. Further functional characterization revealed that WAY2 was able to grow with biphenyl, naphthalene and xylene as sole carbon and energy sources, and could oxidize multiple aromatic compounds, including ethylbenzene, phenanthrene, dibenzofuran and toluene. In addition, WAY2 was able to co-metabolize 23 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, consistent with the five different ring-hydroxylating systems encoded by its genome. WAY2 could also use n-alkanes of various chain-lengths as a sole carbon source, probably due to the presence of alkB and ladA gene copies, which are only found in its chromosome. These results show that WAY2 has a potential to be used for the biodegradation of multiple organic compounds.

ACS Style

Daniel Garrido-Sanz; Paula Sansegundo-Lobato; Miguel Redondo-Nieto; Jachym Suman; Tomas Cajthaml; Esther Blanco-Romero; Marta Martin; Ondrej Uhlik; Rafael Rivilla. Analysis of the biodegradative and adaptive potential of the novel polychlorinated biphenyl degrader Rhodococcus sp. WAY2 revealed by its complete genome sequence. Microbial Genomics 2020, 6, mgen000363 .

AMA Style

Daniel Garrido-Sanz, Paula Sansegundo-Lobato, Miguel Redondo-Nieto, Jachym Suman, Tomas Cajthaml, Esther Blanco-Romero, Marta Martin, Ondrej Uhlik, Rafael Rivilla. Analysis of the biodegradative and adaptive potential of the novel polychlorinated biphenyl degrader Rhodococcus sp. WAY2 revealed by its complete genome sequence. Microbial Genomics. 2020; 6 (4):mgen000363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Garrido-Sanz; Paula Sansegundo-Lobato; Miguel Redondo-Nieto; Jachym Suman; Tomas Cajthaml; Esther Blanco-Romero; Marta Martin; Ondrej Uhlik; Rafael Rivilla. 2020. "Analysis of the biodegradative and adaptive potential of the novel polychlorinated biphenyl degrader Rhodococcus sp. WAY2 revealed by its complete genome sequence." Microbial Genomics 6, no. 4: mgen000363.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2020 in Molecules
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Chlorhexidine (CHX) and octenidine (OCT), antimicrobial compounds used in oral care products (toothpastes and mouthwashes), were recently revealed to interfere with human sex hormone receptor pathways. Experiments employing model organisms—white-rot fungi Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus—were carried out in order to investigate the biodegradability of these endocrine-disrupting compounds and the capability of the fungi and their extracellular enzyme apparatuses to biodegrade CHX and OCT. Up to 70% ± 6% of CHX was eliminated in comparison with a heat-killed control after 21 days of in vivo incubation. An additional in vitro experiment confirmed manganese-dependent peroxidase and laccase are partially responsible for the removal of CHX. Up to 48% ± 7% of OCT was removed in the same in vivo experiment, but the strong sorption of OCT on fungal biomass prevented a clear evaluation of the involvement of the fungi or extracellular enzymes. On the other hand, metabolites indicating the enzymatic transformation of both CHX and OCT were detected and their chemical structures were proposed by means of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Complete biodegradation by the ligninolytic fungi was not achieved for any of the studied analytes, which emphasizes their recalcitrant character with low possibility to be removed from the environment.

ACS Style

Lucie Linhartová; Klára Michalíková; Kamila Šrédlová; Tomáš Cajthaml. Biodegradability of Dental Care Antimicrobial Agents Chlorhexidine and Octenidine by Ligninolytic Fungi. Molecules 2020, 25, 400 .

AMA Style

Lucie Linhartová, Klára Michalíková, Kamila Šrédlová, Tomáš Cajthaml. Biodegradability of Dental Care Antimicrobial Agents Chlorhexidine and Octenidine by Ligninolytic Fungi. Molecules. 2020; 25 (2):400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucie Linhartová; Klára Michalíková; Kamila Šrédlová; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2020. "Biodegradability of Dental Care Antimicrobial Agents Chlorhexidine and Octenidine by Ligninolytic Fungi." Molecules 25, no. 2: 400.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2019 in Water Research
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Due to their persistence, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent a group of important environmental pollutants, but conventional physicochemical decontamination techniques for their removal are usually expensive. The main aim of this work was to develop a cost-effective method for PCB bioremediation, focusing on contaminated water and utilizing the well-known degradation capability of Pleurotus ostreatus (the oyster mushroom). For this purpose, the conditions of several laboratory-scale reactors (working volume 1 L) were optimized. Spent oyster mushroom substrate obtained from a commercial farm was used as a fungal inoculum and growth substrate. The highest degradation efficiency (87%) was recorded with a continuous low-flow setup, which was subsequently scaled up (working volume 500 L) and used for the treatment of 4000 L of real contaminated groundwater containing 0.1–1 μg/L of PCBs. This trickle-bed pilot-scale bioreactor was able to remove 82, 80, 65, and 30–50% of di-, tri-, tetra- and pentachlorinated PCB congeners, respectively. No degradation was observed for hexa- or heptachlorinated congeners. Multiple mono- and dichlorobenzoic acids (CBAs) were identified as transformation products by mass spectrometry, confirming the role of biodegradation in PCB removal. A Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition test revealed slight ecotoxicity of the primary reactor effluent (sampling after 24 h), which was quickly suppressed once the effluent passed through the reactor for the second time. Moreover, no other effluent exhibited toxicity for the rest of the experiment (71 days in total). Microbial analyses (phospholipid fatty acid analysis and next-generation sequencing) showed that P. ostreatus was able to degrade PCBs in the presence of an abundance of other fungal species as well as aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Overall, this study proved the suitability of the use of spent oyster mushroom substrate in a bioremediation practice, even for pollutants as recalcitrant as PCBs.

ACS Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Zdena Škrob; Alena Filipová; Pavel Mašín; Jana Holecová; Tomáš Cajthaml. Biodegradation of PCBs in contaminated water using spent oyster mushroom substrate and a trickle-bed bioreactor. Water Research 2019, 170, 115274 .

AMA Style

Kamila Šrédlová, Zdena Škrob, Alena Filipová, Pavel Mašín, Jana Holecová, Tomáš Cajthaml. Biodegradation of PCBs in contaminated water using spent oyster mushroom substrate and a trickle-bed bioreactor. Water Research. 2019; 170 ():115274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamila Šrédlová; Zdena Škrob; Alena Filipová; Pavel Mašín; Jana Holecová; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2019. "Biodegradation of PCBs in contaminated water using spent oyster mushroom substrate and a trickle-bed bioreactor." Water Research 170, no. : 115274.

Research article
Published: 08 October 2019 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Due to their enhanced reactivity, metal and metal-oxide nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) nanomaterials have been introduced into remediation practice. To ensure that environmental applications of nanomaterials are safe, their possible toxic effects should be described. However, there is still a lack of suitable toxicity tests that address the specific mode of action of nanoparticles, especially for nZVI. This contribution presents a novel approach for monitoring one of the most discussed adverse effects of nanoparticles, i.e., oxidative stress (OS). We optimized and developed an assay based on headspace-SPME-GC-MS analysis that enables the direct determination of volatile oxidative damage products (aldehydes) of lipids and proteins in microbial cultures after exposure to commercial types of nZVI. The method employs PDMS/DVB SPME fibers and pentafluorobenzyl derivatization, and the protocol was successfully tested using representatives of bacteria, fungi, and algae. Six aldehydes, namely, formaldehyde, acrolein, methional, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal, were detected in the cultures, and all of them exhibited dose-dependent sigmoidal responses. The presence of methional, which was detected in all cultures except those including an algal strain, documents that nZVI also caused oxidative damage to proteins in addition to lipids. The most sensitive toward nZVI exposure in terms of aldehyde production was the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which had an EC50 value of 0.08 g/L nZVI. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to document the production of aldehydes resulting from lipids and proteins as a result of OS in microorganisms from different kingdoms after exposure to iron nanoparticles.

ACS Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Monika Moeder; Jan Filip; Martin Pivokonský; Alena Filipová; Tomáš Cajthaml. Oxidative stress in microbes after exposure to iron nanoparticles: analysis of aldehydes as oxidative damage products of lipids and proteins. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 26, 33670 -33682.

AMA Style

Jaroslav Semerád, Monika Moeder, Jan Filip, Martin Pivokonský, Alena Filipová, Tomáš Cajthaml. Oxidative stress in microbes after exposure to iron nanoparticles: analysis of aldehydes as oxidative damage products of lipids and proteins. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26 (32):33670-33682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaroslav Semerád; Monika Moeder; Jan Filip; Martin Pivokonský; Alena Filipová; Tomáš Cajthaml. 2019. "Oxidative stress in microbes after exposure to iron nanoparticles: analysis of aldehydes as oxidative damage products of lipids and proteins." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 32: 33670-33682.

Review article
Published: 28 February 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Microplastics (MPs) have recently been detected in oceans, seas and freshwater bodies worldwide, yet few studies have revealed the occurrence of MPs in potable water. Although the potential toxicological effects of MPs are still largely unknown, their presence in water intended for human consumption deserves attention. Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) pose a barrier for MPs to enter drinking water; thus, the fate of MPs at DWTPs is of great interest. This review includes a summary of the available information on MPs in drinking water sources and in potable water, discusses the current knowledge on MP removal by different water treatment processes, and identifies the research needs regarding MP removal by DWTP technologies. A comparison of MPs with other common pollution agents is also provided. We concluded that special attention should be given to small-size MPs (in the range of several micrometres) and that the relationship between MP character and behaviour during distinct treatment processes should be explored.

ACS Style

Katerina Novotna; Lenka Cermakova; Lenka Pivokonska; Tomas Cajthaml; Martin Pivokonsky. Microplastics in drinking water treatment – Current knowledge and research needs. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 667, 730 -740.

AMA Style

Katerina Novotna, Lenka Cermakova, Lenka Pivokonska, Tomas Cajthaml, Martin Pivokonsky. Microplastics in drinking water treatment – Current knowledge and research needs. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 667 ():730-740.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katerina Novotna; Lenka Cermakova; Lenka Pivokonska; Tomas Cajthaml; Martin Pivokonsky. 2019. "Microplastics in drinking water treatment – Current knowledge and research needs." Science of The Total Environment 667, no. : 730-740.