Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km²resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km²pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.

Parts of Antarctica were amongst the most rapidly changing regions of the planet during the second half of the Twentieth Century. Even so, today, most of Antarctica remains in the grip of continental ice sheets, with only about 0.2% of its overall area being ice-free. The continent’s terrestrial fauna consists only of invertebrates, with just two native species of insects, the chironomid midgesParochlus steineniiandBelgica antarctica. We integrate ecophysiological information with the development of new high-resolution climatic layers for Antarctica, to better understand how the distribution ofP. steineniimay respond to change over the next century under different IPCC climate change scenarios. We conclude that the species has the potential to expand its distribution to include parts of the west and east coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula and even coastal ice-free areas in parts of continental Antarctica. We proposeP. steineniias an effective native sentinel and indicator species of climate change in the Antarctic.

Las zonas costeras de Magallanes poseen alta diversidad de macroalgas y moluscos. A su vez, han sido habitadas por pueblos originarios, como el pueblo yagán, que han desarrollado una variedad de interacciones bioculturales con los ecosistemas costeros. Este trabajo es un estudio interdisciplinario ecológico, etno-ecológico y filosófico que utiliza el marco conceptual de la ética biocultural para caracterizar el hábitat intermareal en el contexto biocultural del pueblo yagán a través de la composición de habitantes como macroalgas y moluscos, vinculado con hábitos estacionales de abundancia. Mediante esta caracterización se proponen métodos y actividades de conservación biocultural. Para ello, adaptamos la aproximación metodológica interdisciplinaria de la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo, en un estudio realizado en bahía Róbalo, isla Navarino (55°S). Los resultados ecológicos mostraron que la biomasa y riqueza de macroalgas aumentó en verano y disminuyó en invierno; en contraste, los moluscos sésiles Mytilus edulis chilensis y Perumytilus purpuratus no presentaron una variabilidad estacional en su abundancia. Los resultados etnográficos basados en revisión de literatura y participación observante, muestran que la baja variabilidad estacional de la abundancia de moluscos ha sido vital para la subsistencia del pueblo yagán. Desde la perspectiva de la ética ambiental contemporánea identificamos diversos valores en la cosmovisión yagán. En un sentido amplio, identificamos un valor instrumental en los moluscos, que han sido utilizados por el pueblo yagán como fuente de alimentación, decoración estética, elaboración de herramientas y construcción de chozas. En las narrativas y otros registros etnográficos, identificamos un valor intrínseco, de los moluscos, arraigado en un profundo sentido de empatia. Para contribuir a la conservación biocultural, proponemos la metáfora “bosques sumergidos del Cabo de Hornos” y la actividad de campo “ojo buceo con ojo”, que recuperan hábitos de encuentros experienciales con el hábitat intermareal y el conjuntos de sus cohabitantes.

Egg masses of the Patagonian squid ( Doryteuthis Amerigo gahi ) attached to giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) in the sub-Antarctic ecoregion