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Tomohiro Nishimura
Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand

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Journal article
Published: 17 August 2021 in Harmful Algae
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Harmful algal blooms, including those caused by the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, can have significant impacts on human health, ecosystem functioning and ultimately food security. In the current study we characterized a bloom of species of Pseudo-nitzschia that occurred in a south-eastern Australian oyster-growing estuary in 2019. Using light microscopy, combined with molecular (ITS/5.8S and LSU D1-D3 rDNA regions) and toxicological evidence, we observed the bloom to consist of multiple species of Pseudo-nitzschia including P. cf. cuspidata, P. hasleana, P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries, with P. cf. cuspidata being the only species that produced domoic acid (3.1 pg DA per cell). As several species of Pseudo-nitzschia co-occurred, only one of which produced DA, we developed a rapid, sensitive and efficient quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to detect only species belonging to the P. pseudodelicatissima complex Clade I, to which P. cf. cuspidata belongs, and this indicated that P. cuspidata or closely related strains may have dominated the Pseudo-nitzschia community at this time. Finally, using high resolution water temperature and salinity sensor data, we modeled the relationship between light microscopy determined abundance of P. delicatissima group and environmental variables (temperature, salinity, rainfall) at two sites within the estuary. A total of eight General Linear Models (GLMs) explaining between 9 and 54% of the deviance suggested that the temperature (increasing) and/or salinity (decreasing) data were generally more predictive of high cell concentrations than the rainfall data at both sites, and that overall, cell concentrations were more predictive at the more oceanic site than the more upstream site, using this method. We conclude that the combination of rapid molecular methods such as qPCR and real-time sensor data modeling, can provide a more rapid and effective early warning of harmful algal blooms of species of Pseudo-nitzschia, resulting in more beneficial regulatory and management outcomes.

ACS Style

Penelope A. Ajani; Arjun Verma; Jin Ho Kim; Stephen Woodcock; Tomohiro Nishimura; Hazel Farrell; Anthony Zammit; Steve Brett; Shauna A. Murray. Using qPCR and high-resolution sensor data to model a multi-species Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) bloom in southeastern Australia. Harmful Algae 2021, 108, 102095 .

AMA Style

Penelope A. Ajani, Arjun Verma, Jin Ho Kim, Stephen Woodcock, Tomohiro Nishimura, Hazel Farrell, Anthony Zammit, Steve Brett, Shauna A. Murray. Using qPCR and high-resolution sensor data to model a multi-species Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) bloom in southeastern Australia. Harmful Algae. 2021; 108 ():102095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Penelope A. Ajani; Arjun Verma; Jin Ho Kim; Stephen Woodcock; Tomohiro Nishimura; Hazel Farrell; Anthony Zammit; Steve Brett; Shauna A. Murray. 2021. "Using qPCR and high-resolution sensor data to model a multi-species Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) bloom in southeastern Australia." Harmful Algae 108, no. : 102095.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
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Molecular-based approaches for harmful algal bloom species, which can be difficult to identify by light microscopy, are important tools for detecting and predicting the blooms. In this study, 84 samples from Aotearoa/New Zealand coastal waters that contained Azadinium-like cells were analysed using an Amphidomataceae real-time PCR assay. Nineteen samples were positive, and 24 Azadinium-like clonal isolates were established from these samples. Subsequently, only five isolates from one sampling point were positive using the real-time PCR assay. Four of the five isolates were genetically identified as Amphidoma languida and one as Azadinium dalianense. The field samples were analysed retrospectively using the species-specific real-time PCR assays; Am. languida was detected from the temperate areas, while Az. poporum and Az. spinosum were detected at one site. Two representative strains of each species were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), including Am. languida, which is known as toxic in the previous studies, but neither produced the currently monitored azaspiracids (AZAs). These two newly recorded species for New Zealand are important findings. The results highlight the need for more information on the spatio-temporal variations of potentially toxic Amphidomataceae species and the risk of AZAs in New Zealand coastal waters.

ACS Style

Muharrem Balci; Lesley L. Rhodes; Tomohiro Nishimura; J. Sam Murray; D. Tim Harwood; A. Lincoln MacKenzie; Tony Bui; Catherine Moisan; Lucy Thompson; Kirsty F. Smith. Molecular detection and distribution of the genera Amphidoma and Azadinium (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) in the coastal waters of Aotearoa/New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 2021, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Muharrem Balci, Lesley L. Rhodes, Tomohiro Nishimura, J. Sam Murray, D. Tim Harwood, A. Lincoln MacKenzie, Tony Bui, Catherine Moisan, Lucy Thompson, Kirsty F. Smith. Molecular detection and distribution of the genera Amphidoma and Azadinium (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) in the coastal waters of Aotearoa/New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 2021; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muharrem Balci; Lesley L. Rhodes; Tomohiro Nishimura; J. Sam Murray; D. Tim Harwood; A. Lincoln MacKenzie; Tony Bui; Catherine Moisan; Lucy Thompson; Kirsty F. Smith. 2021. "Molecular detection and distribution of the genera Amphidoma and Azadinium (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) in the coastal waters of Aotearoa/New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , no. : 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Harmful Algae
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Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated by diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs) produced by some species of dinoflagellates. To prevent the occurrence of human intoxication cases, inspection of DSTs (OA and DTXs) in shellfish is important. An instrumental method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been recently employed in Japan for the monitoring of OA and DTXs in shellfish. For such analysis, reference materials (RMs) of OA and DTXs are essential. Demand for the reference materials, especially dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), is recently increasing in Japan. Production of the materials has been performed by mass cultivation of a dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum lima) strain that produces DTXs and OA, which indicates that the efficiency of production depends on the toxin production of the strain used. In this study, P. lima complex subclade 1e strain MIO12P was determined to be a high DTX1 producer among the three Japanese strains of the P. lima complex (subclades 1e, 1f, and 1i). It was clarified that the culture medium suitable for toxin production by strain MIO12P was metals mix SWII medium, and the optimal temperature and salinity for toxin production were 25 °C and salinity 30, respectively. The DTX1 yield (1265.3 ng ml−1) of strain MIO12P cultured under the conditions described above was the highest reported worldwide. Prorocentrum lima complex subclade 1e strain MIO12P is expected to be useful for the sustainable production of DTX1 as a source of RMs for chemical and biochemical methods in the future.

ACS Style

Kana Hashimoto; Hajime Uchida; Tomohiro Nishimura; Hiroshi Oikawa; Hiroshi Funaki; Chiho Honma; Haruo Yamaguchi; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Masao Adachi. Determination of optimal culture conditions for toxin production by a Prorocentrum lima complex strain with high diarrhetic shellfish toxins yield. Harmful Algae 2021, 103, 102025 .

AMA Style

Kana Hashimoto, Hajime Uchida, Tomohiro Nishimura, Hiroshi Oikawa, Hiroshi Funaki, Chiho Honma, Haruo Yamaguchi, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Masao Adachi. Determination of optimal culture conditions for toxin production by a Prorocentrum lima complex strain with high diarrhetic shellfish toxins yield. Harmful Algae. 2021; 103 ():102025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kana Hashimoto; Hajime Uchida; Tomohiro Nishimura; Hiroshi Oikawa; Hiroshi Funaki; Chiho Honma; Haruo Yamaguchi; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Masao Adachi. 2021. "Determination of optimal culture conditions for toxin production by a Prorocentrum lima complex strain with high diarrhetic shellfish toxins yield." Harmful Algae 103, no. : 102025.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Harmful Algae
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Macroalgal samples were collected from coastal waters in subboreal to subtropical zones in Japan (< 3–30 m depths) and 32 clonal strains of non-motile dinoflagellate-like protists were established. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA D1/D2, SSU rDNA, ITS region, and concatenated SSU rDNA + LSU rDNA D1/D2 sequences revealed that the strains nested within the genus Alexandrium. They were separated into three novel phylotypes: Alexandrium spp. type 1, type 2, and type 3. Analysis of the concatenated sequences revealed that the most closely related species for the three phylotypes was A. ostenfeldii. Most cells from strains of the three phylotypes were non-motile and hemispherical to spherical in shape. The average diameters of the non-motile cells were between 35 and 39 µm. Type 1 and type 2 were widely distributed in Japan from the temperate to subtropical zones, whereas type 3 was restricted to the temperate zone. Furthermore, type 2 was widespread from shallow to deep waters, whereas type 1 and type 3 were restricted to deep waters. Growth experiments in strains belonging to the three phylotypes revealed that the occurrence ratios of motile cells were very low (≤ 1.1% of the total cells). The production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, tetrodotoxin, and cyclic imines was assessed in strains belonging to the three phylotypes by LC/MS/MS analysis. The strains did not produce any of the toxins tested. The strains of the three phylotypes showed lethal toxicity to mice by intraperitoneal administration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the existence of Alexandrium associated with marine macroalgae from Japan.

ACS Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Yuki Kuribara; Ryo Fukuzawa; Katsuya Mimura; Hiroshi Funaki; Kouki Tanaka; Ryuichi Watanabe; Hajime Uchida; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Masao Adachi. First report of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) associated with marine macroalgae off Japan: Diversity, distribution, and toxicity. Harmful Algae 2020, 104, 101924 .

AMA Style

Tomohiro Nishimura, Yuki Kuribara, Ryo Fukuzawa, Katsuya Mimura, Hiroshi Funaki, Kouki Tanaka, Ryuichi Watanabe, Hajime Uchida, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Masao Adachi. First report of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) associated with marine macroalgae off Japan: Diversity, distribution, and toxicity. Harmful Algae. 2020; 104 ():101924.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Yuki Kuribara; Ryo Fukuzawa; Katsuya Mimura; Hiroshi Funaki; Kouki Tanaka; Ryuichi Watanabe; Hajime Uchida; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Masao Adachi. 2020. "First report of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) associated with marine macroalgae off Japan: Diversity, distribution, and toxicity." Harmful Algae 104, no. : 101924.

Review
Published: 15 January 2020 in Toxins
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Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species have been identified in Aotearoa/New Zealand’s coastal waters and G. polynesiensis, a known producer of ciguatoxins, has been isolated from Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands (a New Zealand territory). The warming of the Tasman Sea and the waters around New Zealand’s northern subtropical coastline heighten the risk of Gambierdiscus proliferating in New Zealand. If this occurs, the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning due to consumption of locally caught fish will increase. Research, including the development and testing of sampling methods, molecular assays, and chemical and toxicity tests, will continue. Reliable monitoring strategies are important to manage and mitigate the risk posed by this emerging threat. The research approaches that have been made, many of which will continue, are summarised in this review.

ACS Style

Lesley L. Rhodes; Kirsty F. Smith; J. Sam Murray; Tomohiro Nishimura; Sarah C. Finch. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: The Risk from an Aotearoa/New Zealand Perspective. Toxins 2020, 12, 50 .

AMA Style

Lesley L. Rhodes, Kirsty F. Smith, J. Sam Murray, Tomohiro Nishimura, Sarah C. Finch. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: The Risk from an Aotearoa/New Zealand Perspective. Toxins. 2020; 12 (1):50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lesley L. Rhodes; Kirsty F. Smith; J. Sam Murray; Tomohiro Nishimura; Sarah C. Finch. 2020. "Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: The Risk from an Aotearoa/New Zealand Perspective." Toxins 12, no. 1: 50.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2019 in Harmful Algae
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In the present study, the abundance of Prorocentrum and the molecular phylogeny, distribution, and DST production of P. lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan were investigated. First, the cell densities of Prorocentrum were assessed from the temperate to subtropical zones in Japan between 2014 and 2018. The cell density in the subtropical zone [19.0 ± 40.2 cells/g wet weight (ww) algae] was significantly higher than that in the temperate zone (1.4 ± 3.4 cells/g ww algae). A total of 244 clonal strains were established from the temperate and subtropical zones. Phylogenetic analyses based on the large-subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 revealed that the strains were separated into four species/species complex/phylotypes (P. limacomplex, P. caipirignum, and new phylotypes Prorocentrum spp. types 1 and 2). The strains of P. lima complex could be separated into two clades (1 and 3). Furthermore, the strains of clades 1 and 3 could be separated into nine subclades (1a, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1 g, 1 h, 1i, and 1 j) and three subclades (3a, 3b, and 3c), respectively. The strains of P. caipirignum were separated into two subclades (b and e). Each phylotype/subclade showed a unique distribution pattern in Japan: P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1c, and 3a and P. caipirignum subclades b and e were widespread from the temperate to subtropical zones. On the other hand, P. lima complex subclades 1e and 1i were restricted to the temperate zone, and P. lima complex subclades 1d, 1f, 1 g, 1 h, 1 j, 3b, and 3c and Prorocentrum spp. types 1 and 2 were restricted to the subtropical zone. Furthermore, the DST production of the 243 clonal strains was assessed by LC/MS/MS analysis. The results revealed that all strains produced okadaic acid (OA) and that the OA contents of P. lima complex subclades 1d and 1f, P. caipirignum subclades b and e, and Prorocentrum sp. type 2 tended to be higher than those of the other subclades. While P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1e, 1f, and 1i produced DTX1, the other phylotype/subclades produced either no or low quantities of DTX1. A strain of P. lima complex subclade 1e showed the highest OA and DTX1 contents (55.27 and 70.73 pg/cell, respectively) in the world. These results suggest that there are potential risks for DST accumulation in benthic animals in Japan.

ACS Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Hajime Uchida; Ryoko Noguchi; Hiroshi Oikawa; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Hiroshi Funaki; Chiho Ihara; Kyoko Hagino; Shingo Arimitsu; Yuta Tanii; Shota Abe; Kana Hashimoto; Katsuya Mimura; Kouki Tanaka; Ippei Yanagida; Masao Adachi. Abundance of the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum and the diversity, distribution, and diarrhetic shellfish toxin production of Prorocentrum lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan. Harmful Algae 2019, 96, 101687 .

AMA Style

Tomohiro Nishimura, Hajime Uchida, Ryoko Noguchi, Hiroshi Oikawa, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Hiroshi Funaki, Chiho Ihara, Kyoko Hagino, Shingo Arimitsu, Yuta Tanii, Shota Abe, Kana Hashimoto, Katsuya Mimura, Kouki Tanaka, Ippei Yanagida, Masao Adachi. Abundance of the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum and the diversity, distribution, and diarrhetic shellfish toxin production of Prorocentrum lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan. Harmful Algae. 2019; 96 ():101687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Hajime Uchida; Ryoko Noguchi; Hiroshi Oikawa; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Hiroshi Funaki; Chiho Ihara; Kyoko Hagino; Shingo Arimitsu; Yuta Tanii; Shota Abe; Kana Hashimoto; Katsuya Mimura; Kouki Tanaka; Ippei Yanagida; Masao Adachi. 2019. "Abundance of the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum and the diversity, distribution, and diarrhetic shellfish toxin production of Prorocentrum lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan." Harmful Algae 96, no. : 101687.

Research article
Published: 15 September 2019 in Phycological Research
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The consumption of bivalves contaminated with diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins has caused serious economic hardship to shellfish industries worldwide including Japan. Several benthic species of the genus Prorocentrum have been confirmed to produce DSTs. There have been no published studies of Japanese strains of Prorocentrum species that include a three‐way characterization of morphological characteristics, molecular phylogenetic data, and toxin profiles. In the present study, a benthic Prorocentrum strain isolated from Japanese temperate shallow water (depths < 3 m) was characterized using morphological, phylogenetic, and toxicological methods. Cell size of the Japanese Prorocentrum strain KSK4P was 27.2 ± 1.3 μm in length, 22.4 ± 0.9 μm in width, and had a length‐to‐width ratio of 1.22 ± 0.04. The thecal surface was smooth and covered with large and small thecal pores lying in rows, and the pores were lacking in the central area of the theca. The right theca had a deeply excavated periflagellar area that was narrow V‐shaped. Nine platelets and two wings were in the periflagellar area. These morphological features of the strain KSK4P are similar to those of P. fukuyoi. Phylogenetic trees based on the LSU rDNA D1/D3 sequences revealed that the strain KSK4P forms a new subclade F2f belonging to P. fukuyoi complex (subclade F2). The sequence analysis revealed that the strain KSK4P (subclade F2f) diverges from a subclade F2e to which the strain used for the description of P. fukuyoi belongs. Based on the results of morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the strain KSK4P, the strain was designated as P. cf. fukuyoi. The results of the LC/MS/MS analysis revealed that the strain KSK4P produced okadaic acid (1.5–2.7 fg cell−1). This is the first report that a strain belonging to the P. fukuyoi complex can produce okadaic acid.

ACS Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Hajime Uchida; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Wittaya Tawong; Shota Abe; Shingo Arimitsu; Masao Adachi. First report on okadaic acid production of a benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cf. fukuyoi from Japan. Phycological Research 2019, 68, 30 -40.

AMA Style

Tomohiro Nishimura, Hajime Uchida, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Wittaya Tawong, Shota Abe, Shingo Arimitsu, Masao Adachi. First report on okadaic acid production of a benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cf. fukuyoi from Japan. Phycological Research. 2019; 68 (1):30-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Hajime Uchida; Toshiyuki Suzuki; Wittaya Tawong; Shota Abe; Shingo Arimitsu; Masao Adachi. 2019. "First report on okadaic acid production of a benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cf. fukuyoi from Japan." Phycological Research 68, no. 1: 30-40.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2015 in Harmful Algae
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In Japan, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) has been increasingly reported not only in subtropical areas but also in temperate areas in recent years, causing a serious threat to human health. Ciguatera fish poisoning is caused by the consumption of fish that have accumulated toxins produced by an epiphytic/benthic dinoflagellate, genus Gambierdiscus. Previous studies revealed the existence of five Gambierdiscus species/phylotypes in Japan: Gambierdiscus australes, Gambierdiscus scabrosus, Gambierdiscus sp. type 2, Gambierdiscus sp. type 3, and Gambierdiscus (Fukuyoa) cf. yasumotoi. Among these, G. australes, G. scabrosus, and Gambierdiscus sp. type 3 strains exhibited toxicities in mice, whereas Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 strains did not show any toxicity. Therefore, it is important to monitor the cell abundance and dynamics of these species/phylotypes to identify and characterize CFP outbreaks in Japan. Because it is difficult to differentiate these species/phylotypes by observation under a light microscope, development of a rapid and reliable detection and enumeration method is needed. In this study, a quantitative PCR assay was developed using a TaqMan probe that targets unique SSU rDNA sequences of four Japanese Gambierdiscus species/phylotypes and incorporates normalization with DNA recovery efficiency. First, we constructed standard curves with high linearity (R2 = 1.00) and high amplification efficiency (≥1.98) using linearized plasmids that contained SSU rDNA of the target species/phylotypes. The detection limits for all primer and probe sets were approximately 10 gene copies. Further, the mean number of SSU rDNA copies per cell of each species/phylotype was determined from single cells in culture and from those in environmental samples using the qPCR assay. Next, the number of cells of each species/phylotype in the mixed samples, which were spiked with cultured cells of the four species/phylotypes, was calculated by division of the total number of rDNA copies of each species/phylotype in each sample by the number of rDNA copies per cell. The numbers of cells of each species/phylotype quantified by qPCR assay were similar to the number of cells of each species/phylotype that were spiked. Finally, the cell densities of the target species/phylotypes were quantified using the qPCR assay in 30 environmental samples collected from Japanese coastal areas. Total cell densities of the four Gambierdiscus species/phylotypes quantified by qPCR assay were similar to those of Gambierdiscus spp. quantified by direct counting under a light microscope. The qPCR assay developed in this study is expected to be a powerful new tool for determining detailed distribution patterns and for monitoring the cell abundance and dynamics of each Japanese Gambierdiscus species/phylotype in the coastal areas of Japan.

ACS Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Naohito Hariganeya; Wittaya Tawong; Hiroshi Sakanari; Haruo Yamaguchi; Masao Adachi. Quantitative PCR assay for detection and enumeration of ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Gonyaulacales) in coastal areas of Japan. Harmful Algae 2015, 52, 11 -22.

AMA Style

Tomohiro Nishimura, Naohito Hariganeya, Wittaya Tawong, Hiroshi Sakanari, Haruo Yamaguchi, Masao Adachi. Quantitative PCR assay for detection and enumeration of ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Gonyaulacales) in coastal areas of Japan. Harmful Algae. 2015; 52 ():11-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomohiro Nishimura; Naohito Hariganeya; Wittaya Tawong; Hiroshi Sakanari; Haruo Yamaguchi; Masao Adachi. 2015. "Quantitative PCR assay for detection and enumeration of ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Gonyaulacales) in coastal areas of Japan." Harmful Algae 52, no. : 11-22.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2015 in Marine Drugs
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Carotenoids exert beneficial effects on human health through their excellent antioxidant activity. To increase carotenoid productivity in the marine Pennales Phaeodactylum tricornutum, we genetically engineered the phytoene synthase gene (psy) to improve expression because RNA-sequencing analysis has suggested that the expression level of psy is lower than other enzyme-encoding genes that are involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. We isolated psy from P. tricornutum, and this gene was fused with the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene to detect psy expression. After transformation using the microparticle bombardment technique, we obtained several P. tricornutum transformants and confirmed psy expression in their plastids. We investigated the amounts of PSY mRNA and carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin and β-carotene, at different growth phases. The introduction of psy increased the fucoxanthin content of a transformants by approximately 1.45-fold relative to the levels in the wild-type diatom. However, some transformants failed to show a significant increase in the carotenoid content relative to that of the wild-type diatom. We also found that the amount of PSY mRNA at log phase might contribute to the increase in carotenoids in the transformants at stationary phase.

ACS Style

Takashi Kadono; Nozomu Kira; Kengo Suzuki; Osamu Iwata; Takeshi Ohama; Shigeru Okada; Tomohiro Nishimura; Mai Akakabe; Masashi Tsuda; Masao Adachi. Effect of an Introduced Phytoene Synthase Gene Expression on Carotenoid Biosynthesis in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Marine Drugs 2015, 13, 5334 -5357.

AMA Style

Takashi Kadono, Nozomu Kira, Kengo Suzuki, Osamu Iwata, Takeshi Ohama, Shigeru Okada, Tomohiro Nishimura, Mai Akakabe, Masashi Tsuda, Masao Adachi. Effect of an Introduced Phytoene Synthase Gene Expression on Carotenoid Biosynthesis in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Marine Drugs. 2015; 13 (8):5334-5357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takashi Kadono; Nozomu Kira; Kengo Suzuki; Osamu Iwata; Takeshi Ohama; Shigeru Okada; Tomohiro Nishimura; Mai Akakabe; Masashi Tsuda; Masao Adachi. 2015. "Effect of an Introduced Phytoene Synthase Gene Expression on Carotenoid Biosynthesis in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum." Marine Drugs 13, no. 8: 5334-5357.