Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are known to be critical communication tools in several pathophysiological processes between bacteria and host cells. Given this situation, BMVs for transporting and delivering exogenous therapeutic cargoes have been inspiring as promising platforms for developing smart drug delivery systems (SDDSs). In the first section of this review paper, starting with an introduction to pharmaceutical technology and nanotechnology, we delve into the design and classification of SDDSs. We discuss the characteristics of BMVs including their size, shape, charge, effective production and purification techniques, and the different methods used for cargo loading and drug encapsulation. We also shed light on the drug release mechanism, the design of BMVs as smart carriers, and recent remarkable findings on the potential of BMVs for anticancer and antimicrobial therapy. Furthermore, this review covers the safety of BMVs and the challenges that need to be overcome for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the recent advancements and prospects for BMVs as SDDSs and highlight their potential in revolutionizing the fields of nanomedicine and drug delivery. In conclusion, this review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art field of BMVs as SDDSs, encompassing their design, composition, fabrication, purification, and characterization, as well as the various strategies used for targeted delivery. Considering this information, the aim of this review is to provide researchers in the field with a comprehensive understanding of the current state of BMVs as SDDSs, enabling them to identify critical gaps and formulate new hypotheses to accelerate the progress of the field.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of cancer which has the highest mortality rate among brain cancers (1–2). Momordica charantia, known as bitter melon, is a plant its pharmacological activities and nutritional properties. Due to contains bioactive compounds, M. charantia is used for cancer treatments, inflammation-related diseases and diabetes (3–4). In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of M. charantia extract on cell viability, cytotoxicity and migration capacity in U87G cell line. U87G was cultured in DMEM-high glucose containing FBS 10% (v/v) and penisillin-streptomicin 1% (v/v). Cells were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator. The cytotoxic effect of M. charantia extract was determined by MTT analysis, cell viability by survival analysis and migration by wound-healing analysis. The results were evaluated by using ANOVA and GraphPad Prism7.0 program (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) in three replicates. IC₅₀ value of M. charantia extract was found 750 μg/mL which is statistically significant (* p < 0.05). The extract had an increasing lethal effect at the 16.6% (24 h), 42.6% (48 h), 79.3% (72 h) and 91.6% (96 h). According to the wound-healing analysis, the wound closed at 24 h in the control group and the wound gradually increased depending on time in the extract treated group. According to the results, M. charantia extract has a cytotoxic and a significant anti-proliferative effect on U87G. It might be used as therapeutic agent against to GBM. However, in order to understand the effect of M. charantia in living organisms, in vivo experiments must be determined.