Aim: To present a concept analysis of pain in children's drawings and dialogs.Introduction: The complexity and subjectivity of the concept of pain in children remain ambiguous. As a result, children are exposed to inappropriate diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Children can describe or draw their painful experiences. Analysing the concept of pain based on children's experiences can help identify, assess and properly manage and treat pain in children.Design: Concept analysis.Methods: Walker and Avant's framework for concept analysis was used in this current study.Results: Major aspects of pain revealed in this concept analysis are affected by children's different concerns about pain. The description of pain in children with chronic diseases or chronic pain is completely different from that in healthy children. Children perceive pain to be internal, external and emotional. Pain in children is associated with poor psychological and emotional conditions, which add new features and aspects to the concept of pain. Children's descriptions and drawings of pain indicate different concepts of pain in their minds. From the perspective of children, pain has an identity that is formed based on reality.Conclusion: When developing pain evaluation tools, it is necessary to address the characteristics of pain. In the case of chronic pain, emotional effects of pain on children's psyche need extra attention. Child‐based pain management guidelines can then be formulated with the results of relevant concept analyses. Pain assessment is a major part of pain management in children. By considering the characteristics of the concept of pain, the efficiency and usefulness of developed tools can be enhanced to create advancement in paediatric pain management.

Background: In the nursing profession, it is apparent that the definition of caring differs between various perspectives. This article compares the difference of caring in Islamic with the Parse and Watson theories. Materials and Methods: In this study, we use concept analyses of Walker–Avants and compare research methods. Material used is all Islamic documents. Results: According to Islamic documents, there are four major types of caring, namely, (1) God taking care of humans, (2) Humans taking care of themselves, (3) Other humans taking care of humans, and (4) The universe taking care of humans and vice versa. God caring for humans affects the three other types of caring. All three definitions of caring have humanistic and holistic view. According to Watson's and Parse's definition, the development of the caring theory is based on the person's experiences that result from human interactions with, and experiences of, their environment. In Islamic definition, although the caring process is affected by environmental experiences and interactions, human not developed only base the effect of environment; rather, it is developed on the basis of human nature and divine commands. God taking care of humans is specific to Islamic perspective and is not found in other definitions. Islamic perspective maintains that God is the creator of humanity and is in charge of guiding humans. A superior form of human can always be discovered. Conclusions: Thus, nursing implementation in Muslims must be done based on Islamic commands, and Islamic commands are superior to human experiences. However, Islamic commands interpreted with human wisdom and thought can be striving toward excellence.

Aim and objectives: To explore the meaning of living with HIV positive in Ghanaian adolescents.Design: Hermeneutic phenomenological approach developed by Van Manen methodology (1990).Method: A purposive sampling of 12 adolescents living with HIV was recruited. Data were collected between September 2019–January 2020 using semi‐structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.Results: Two main themes emerged: Stigmatization and HIV disclosure and Living with a heavy burden. Seven subthemes were also found. Adolescents living with HIV in Ghana face discrimination, rejection and go through psychological distress such as suicidal thoughts, fear of death and hopelessness.Conclusion: The problems faced by adolescents living with HIV are a result of the inherent beliefs of the Ghanaian society about HIV. Nurses working with ADLHIV should concentrate on identifying challenges and provide support and care, in addition to their treatment.

Purpose: This study describes the concept of health through an analysis of Islamic sources. Method: The concept analysis method of Walker and Avant was used. Findings: The concept of health includes body and spiritual dimensions. Humans have the authority and insight to attain spiritual health, allowing intellectual dominance of the spirit over the body. Conclusion: Health and illness are different stages of life, and illness is an opportunity for spiritual growth. It means that events can be used intellectually to gain greater spiritual growth. Practical Implications: This approach may eliminate the concept of adaptation in nursing. Nurses can aspire to human excellence if they consider illness as a normal event, not an abnormal event to which the patient must adapt.

Background and objective: Type 1 diabetes mellitus one of the biggest health concerns around the world, is difficult to manage during adolescence. Among the non-medical methods of controlling this disease is empowerment through self-efficacy. Poor self-efficacy leads to social anxiety and ultimately deficiencies in diabetes. There is also a correlation among health literacy, self-efficacy, and social anxiety. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a literacy promotion training program based on social learning theory on the self-efficacy and social anxiety of adolescents with T1DM. Methods: The current research is a semi-experimental type that was carried out with the cooperation of 66 adolescents aged 15–18 years with type 1 diabetes in Iran (Tehran, 2022). It has control and intervention groups. The endocrinology and diabetes clinics of the intervention and control groups were randomly selected in a multi-stage manner (endocrine and diabetes clinic of children’s medical center hospital for the control group and endocrine and diabetes clinic of Mofid hospital for the intervention group) and the participants were selected by Simple Random Sampling method (draw). The training program designed based on Bandura’s social learning theory was used to teach adolescents during seven consecutive sessions of 30–45 min during one week. Questionnaires were completed before and one month after the intervention. Data were analysed in SPSS-25 software. Findings: The intervention for adolescents with T1DM in intervention group compared to the control group had a significant effect on improve health literacy (P<0.001), self-efficacy (P<0.001), and social anxiety (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results can also be used to improve the capabilities of adolescents with T1DM, reduce and prevent disease complications, and develop operational-educational programs in the centers from which these adolescents receive various services. Trial registration: IRCT20210422051045N1.