Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have long been consumed by people in several fermented foods such as dairy products. A study was conducted on lactating dairy cows to isolate and characterize LAB from dairy products found in and around Bahir-Dar city, North Western Ethiopia. Milk and milk products were randomly collected from dairy farms, milk vending shops, individual households, and supermarkets for bacteriological investigations. A total of sixteen samples were taken from different sources and cultured on different selective media: de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar for Lactobacillus spp.; M17 agar for Lactococcus spp.; Rogasa SL agar for Streptococci spp.; and MRS supplemented with cysteine (0.5) for Bifidobacteria spp. Different laboratory techniques were implemented for LAB isolation and identification. A total of 41 bacterial isolates were grouped under five different genera of LAB and Bifidobacteria spp. were identified based on the growth morphology on the selective media, growth at a different temperature, gas production from glucose, carbohydrate fermentation, and other biochemical tests. LAB genera such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium spp. were isolated and identified from raw milk, cheese, and yogurt. Based on the current study, the majority of the LAB (24.38) was isolated from cheese and yogurt. Among these, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus (21.94), Streptococcus (19.51), Leuconostoc (14.64), Bifidobacteria (12.19), and Pediococcus (7.31) spp. were also identified from these products. Furthermore, based on the bacterial load count and different identification methodologies, our study revealed that Lactobacillus spp. were the dominant LAB isolated from milk and milk products. As a result, since there are few studies on the isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from dairy products in Ethiopia, more research studies are needed to complete the identification and characterization to species level and their possible role as probiotics.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in small, medium, and large-scale dairy farms of Holeta district to isolate, identify, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in raw milk of dairy cattle. A total of 210 lactating cows were selected for raw milk samples, and 19% (40/210) were found to be positive for E. coli whereas 5.2% (11/210) were confirmed as E. coli O157 : H7 positive using the Escherichia coli O157 latex test. Accordingly, all E. coli was highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Gentamycin (100%), Oxytetracycline (100%), and Tetracycline (63.63%). Furthermore, the resistance of 72.73%, 54.54%, 54.54%, and 45.45% was developed to Cefoxitin, Sulphamethoxazole, Cloxacillin, and Streptomycin, respectively. Factors such as parity, age, body condition, herd size, milk yield, udder hygiene, and udder lesion showed a statistically significant ( ) association with the occurrence of E. coli infection in dairy cattle. In conclusion, in this study, a higher prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and its drug susceptibility profile is an alarm for the health of the public, and awareness creation to the farm owners and the community is recommended.

Introduction: In-feed probiotics are becoming attractive alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry due to the ever-growing strict prohibitions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal production. Methods: The study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus paracaseis sparacasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the growth performance of 120 day-olds randomly selected Sasso dual-purpose chicken. They were divided into four groups with two replicates per group and 15 chicks per replicate. The treatments were T₁ (control), T₂ (supplement diet with 4g probiotic), T₃ (supplement diet with 2g probiotic), T₄ (supplement diet with 1g probiotic). The experimental feeding trials were conducted after two weeks adaptation period. Results: The present findings revealed that the chickens supplemented with Lactobacillus species probiotics during the first week of age have shown higher body weight than control (p < 0.05). The feed intake of week one of T₂ and T₃ were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than the T₁ (control). However, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in feed intake in the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, and 5^th weeks of all treatment groups. The present result showed that there was a significant body weight gain (p< 0.05) in all probiotic fed groups than the control group. The highest body weight gain was observed in chickens found in the T4 treatment group. Whereas the body weight gains significantly higher and improved the feed conversion (p< 0.05) in the T₂ and T₄ than the T₁ (control). However, the feed conversion ratio was significantly influenced by probiotic inclusion in T₃ as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Overall, the results suggest that Lactobacillus paracaseis sparacasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have a positive effect on the growth performance of broilers.

Background: In the global dairy industry, mastitis is the main economic significant disease of cattle. Milk and other dairy outputs are scarce in developed countries, including Ethiopia. Methods: In this cross-sectional investigation in the Modjo district, milk samples were collected aseptically from 384 randomly selected lactating cattle to investigate the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis and determine the possible risk factors and isolate bacterial pathogens causing mastitis. Besides, clinical mastitis cases have been reported by veterinarians based on milk, udder, or systemic cow anomalies, whereas the presence of subclinical mastitis was determined using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Results: The research revealed that subclinical mastitis (71.02%) is more prevalent in dairy farms of the study area than in the clinical type (28.9%). The quarter-level frequency was 36.9%; from which, 34.9% and 3.4% were from subclinical form and blind teat, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the frequency of mastitis in lactating cows (p < 0.05) and factors, such as breed, age, body condition score, herd size, milking mastitic cow at the end, and previous mastitis history. The dominant mastitis-causing agents isolated in this study were Staphylococcus aureus (40.3%), Streptococcus species (24.3%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (12.5%), E. coli (8.3%), Staphylococcus hyicus (3.5%), and Staphylococcus intermedius (1.4%). The high occurrence of mastitis, particularly sub-clinical mastitis, revealed significant economic potential losses in dairy farms in the research district. Conclusion: Therefore, appropriate measures aimed at increasing the understanding and hygiene milking methods of dairy farmers, routine monitoring for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy, and culling of chronically contaminated cows to reduce bovine mastitis and its impact on milk production and food security.

Plastics are polymers of higher molecular mass of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used as inputs for industries. Over the last few years, the need for biodegradable plastics has led to extended significance due to the extreme use of plastics and increasing pressure being positioned on to be had capacities for plastic waste disposal. Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollutant problems have caused the situation about plastics. Plastics are causing great difficulty in environmental problems and consequently, this desires manufacturers to synthesize materials that do not have an impact on the environment. The use of microorganisms in the surrounding to metabolize the molecular shape of plastic materials to produce an inert humus-like material and this is much less dangerous to the surroundings, furthermore, expertise their interaction and the biochemical adjustments they undergo are tremendously essential. In addition, the use of bio-active compounds coated with swelling materials ensures that once it is far mixed, with heat and moisture, they make bigger the plastics molecular structure and permit the bio-lively compounds to metabolize and neutralize the plastic. Thus, this overview article is revised to inspire and make an impact on the importance of microorganisms on biodegradation plastic substances.

Background. Gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major influencing factor against the profitability of working equines all over the world. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract (GI) helminths and assess the associated risk factors in donkeys and horses in the Hawassa district. A total of 214 fecal samples were collected from randomly selected equines (112 donkeys and 102 horses) and examined for the presence of eggs of GI helminths using standard coprological techniques. Results. According to the current study, the prevalence of GI helminths in equine was 78.5% (168/214) and the highest prevalence was reported in donkeys 92% (103/112) as compared to horses 63% (65/102). Out of 168 positive samples, the different species of parasites were identified, namely, Strongyle species 120 (56.1%), Strongyloides westeri 76 (35.5%), Parascaris equorum 54 (25.2%), Anoplocephala perfoliata 34 (15.8%), Oxyuris equi 20 (9.3%), Fasciola hepatica 18 (8.8%), Gastrodiscus species 12 (5.6%), and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi 4 (1.8%). There was a strong association between the prevalence of GI helminths and factors such as the species of equine, body condition scores, and feed type ( < 0.05). However, no significant association ( > 0.05) was observed between the prevalence of GI helminths and putative risk factors such as age, sex, housing, and water source. The coproculture performed on 30 pooled fecal samples revealed that Cyathostomes species, Strongylus vulgaris, and Strongylus edentatus were the major helminth parasites of donkeys and horses. Conclusion. The frequency of gastrointestinal helminths in equine species was high, especially in donkeys. Hence, strategic deworming using broad-spectrum antihelminthic drugs and a rotational grazing program should be implemented to control and prevent the diseases.