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Concurrent waves of coronavirus disease, Ebola virus disease, avian influenza A, and black fungus are jeopardizing lives in some parts of Africa and Asia. From this point of view, this review aims to summarize both the socio-economic and public health implications of these parallel outbreaks along with their best possible management approaches. Online databases (PubMed/PMC/Medline, Publons, ResearchGate, Scopus, Google Scholar, etc.) were used to collect the necessary information regarding these outbreaks. Based on the reports published and analyses performed so far, the long-lasting impacts caused by these simultaneous outbreaks on global socio-economical and public health status can be conceived from the past experiences of outbreaks, especially the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, prolonged restrictions by the local government may lead to food insecurity, global recession, and an enormous impact on the mental health of people of all ages, specifically in developing countries. Such overwhelming effects have already been reported to be declining the national growth of the economy as well as increasing political insecurity and shortage of basic needs. Although various actions have already been taken, including vaccination, clinical management and further research, social distancing, lockdown, etc., to improve the situation, the emerging variants and associated genetic mutations may make containment difficult, worsening the situation again. So, considering the current mutational dynamics of the pathogens and past experiences, perpetual preparedness along with updated clinical management backed by epidemiological studies and innovative scientific effort are inevitable to combat the simultaneous waves of multiple infectious diseases.
Afroza Khan; Nayeema Talukder Ema; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Otun Saha; Tamer Ahamed; Mizanur Rahaman. Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black Fungi) around East Africa and Asia in 2021: Priorities for Outbreak Management with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact. COVID 2021, 1, 203 -217.
AMA StyleAfroza Khan, Nayeema Talukder Ema, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Otun Saha, Tamer Ahamed, Mizanur Rahaman. Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black Fungi) around East Africa and Asia in 2021: Priorities for Outbreak Management with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact. COVID. 2021; 1 (1):203-217.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfroza Khan; Nayeema Talukder Ema; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Otun Saha; Tamer Ahamed; Mizanur Rahaman. 2021. "Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black Fungi) around East Africa and Asia in 2021: Priorities for Outbreak Management with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact." COVID 1, no. 1: 203-217.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has swamped the global environment greatly in the current pandemic. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) effectively forecasts the surge of COVID-19 cases in humans in a particular region. To understand the genomic characteristics/footprints and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment, we analyzed 807 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from 20 countries deposited in GISAID till 22 May 2021. The highest number of sequences (n = 638) were reported in Austria, followed by the Netherlands, China, and Bangladesh. Wastewater samples were highest (40.0%) to successfully yield the virus genome followed by a 24 h composite wastewater sample (32.6%) and sewage (18.5%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 environmental strains are a close congener with the strains mostly circulating in the human population from the same region. Clade GRY (32.7%), G (29.2%), GR (25.3%), O (7.2%), GH (3.4%), GV (1.4%), S (0.5%), and L (0.4%) were found in environmental samples. Various lineages were identified in environmental samples; nevertheless, the highest percentages (49.4%) of the alpha variant (B.1.1.7) were detected in Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. Other prevalent lineages were B.1 (18.2%), B.1.1 (9.2%), and B.1.160 (3.9%). Furthermore, a significant number of amino acid substitutions were found in environmental strains where the D614G was found in 83.8% of the sequences. However, the key mutations—N501Y (44.6%), S982A (44.4%), A570D (43.3%), T716I (40.4%), and P681H (40.1%) were also recorded in spike protein. The identification of the environmental belvedere of SARS-CoV-2 and its genetic signature is crucial to detect outbreaks, forecast pandemic harshness, and prepare with the appropriate tools to control any impending pandemic. We recommend genomic environmental surveillance to trace the emerging variants and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 viruses circulating in the community. Additionally, proper disposal and treatment of wastewater, sewage, and medical wastes are important to prevent environmental contamination.
Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Abul Kalam; Jinnat Ferdous; Kaisar Rahman; Josefina Abedin; Shariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Otun Saha; Tahmina Shirin; Mohammad Hassan. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1696 .
AMA StyleAriful Islam, Abu Sayeed, Abul Kalam, Jinnat Ferdous, Kaisar Rahman, Josefina Abedin, Shariful Islam, Shahanaj Shano, Otun Saha, Tahmina Shirin, Mohammad Hassan. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1696.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAriful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Abul Kalam; Jinnat Ferdous; Kaisar Rahman; Josefina Abedin; Shariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Otun Saha; Tahmina Shirin; Mohammad Hassan. 2021. "Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1696.
Along with intrinsic evolution, adaptation to selective pressure in new environments might have resulted in the circulatory SARS-CoV-2 strains in response to the geoenvironmental conditions of a country and the demographic profile of its population. With this target, the current study traced the evolutionary route and mutational frequency of 198 Bangladesh-originated SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences available in the GISAID platform over a period of 13 weeks as of 14 July 2020. The analyses were performed using MEGA X, Swiss Model Repository, Virus Pathogen Resource and Jalview visualization. Our analysis identified that majority of the circulating strains strikingly differ from both the reference genome and the first sequenced genome from Bangladesh. Mutations in nonspecific proteins (NSP2-3, NSP-12(RdRp), NSP-13(Helicase)), S-Spike, ORF3a, and N-Nucleocapsid protein were common in the circulating strains with varying degrees and the most unique mutations (UM) were found in NSP3 (UM-18). But no or limited changes were observed in NSP9, NSP11, Envelope protein (E) and accessory factors (NSP7a, ORF 6, ORF7b) suggesting the possible conserved functions of those proteins in SARS-CoV-2 propagation. However, along with D614G mutation, more than 20 different mutations in the Spike protein were detected basically in the S2 domain. Besides, mutations in SR-rich region of N protein and P323L in RDRP were also present. However, the mutation accumulation showed a significant association (p = 0.003) with sex and age of the COVID-19-positive cases. So, identification of these mutational accumulation patterns may greatly facilitate vaccine development deciphering the age and the sex-dependent differential susceptibility to COVID-19.
Otun Saha; Israt Islam; Rokaiya Nurani Shatadru; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Shahadat Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh. Virus Genes 2021, 1 -13.
AMA StyleOtun Saha, Israt Islam, Rokaiya Nurani Shatadru, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Shahadat Hossain, Mizanur Rahaman. Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh. Virus Genes. 2021; ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtun Saha; Israt Islam; Rokaiya Nurani Shatadru; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Shahadat Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. 2021. "Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh." Virus Genes , no. : 1-13.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogenic bacterium that causes life-threatening outbreaks such as community-onset and nosocomial infections as emerging ‘superbug’. Time and motion study of its virulent property developed resistance against most of the antibiotics such as Vancomycin. Thereby, to curb this problem entails the development of new therapeutic agents. Plant-derived antimicrobial agents have recently piqued people's interest, so in this research, 186 flavonoids compound selected to unmask the best candidates that can act as potent inhibitors against the Penicillin Binding Protein-2a (PBP-2a) of MRSA. Molecular docking performed using PyRx and GOLD suite to determine the binding affinities and interactions between the phytochemicals and the PBP-2a. The selected candidates strongly interact with the different amino acid residues. The 30 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with five top-ranked compounds such as Naringin, Hesperidin, Neohesperidin, Didymin and Icariin validated the docking interactions. These findings are also strongly supported by root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuation and the radius of gyration. ADME/T analysis demonstrates that these candidates appear to be safer inhibitors. Our findings point to natural flavonoids as a promising and readily available source of adjuvant antimicrobial therapy against resistant strains in the future. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Abhishek Kumar Verma; Sk. Faisal Ahmed; Shahadat Hossain; Ali Asger Bhojiya; Ankita Mathur; Sudhir K. Upadhyay; Abhishek K. Srivastava; Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma; Mayadhar Barik; Mizanur Rahaman; Newaz Mohammed Bahadur. Molecular docking and simulation studies of flavonoid compounds against PBP-2a of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 2021, 1 -17.
AMA StyleAbhishek Kumar Verma, Sk. Faisal Ahmed, Shahadat Hossain, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Ankita Mathur, Sudhir K. Upadhyay, Abhishek K. Srivastava, Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma, Mayadhar Barik, Mizanur Rahaman, Newaz Mohammed Bahadur. Molecular docking and simulation studies of flavonoid compounds against PBP-2a of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; ():1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbhishek Kumar Verma; Sk. Faisal Ahmed; Shahadat Hossain; Ali Asger Bhojiya; Ankita Mathur; Sudhir K. Upadhyay; Abhishek K. Srivastava; Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma; Mayadhar Barik; Mizanur Rahaman; Newaz Mohammed Bahadur. 2021. "Molecular docking and simulation studies of flavonoid compounds against PBP-2a of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics , no. : 1-17.
MicroRNAs play a crucial role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis, and thus they contribute in development of different malignancies including cervical cancer (CC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Through integrated strategies of computational biology, this study aims to identify prognostic biomarkers responsible for CRC and CC prognosis, and potential therapeutic agents to halt the progression of these cancers. Expression analysis of miRNA datasets of CRC and CC identified 17 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). SYNPO2, NEGR1, FGF7, LIFR, RUNX1T1, CFL2, BNC2, EPHB2, PMAIP1, and CDC25A differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated by these DEMs were classified as candidate genes responsible for CRC and CC. Down-regulation of Synaptopodin-2 (SYNPO2) is involved in emergence and progression of these cancers by activating ER, PI3K/AKT, and EMT pathways as well as by suppressing DNA damage response, and cell cycle pathways. Higher methylation rate in promoter region of SYNPO2 could be a possible reason for lowering the expression of SYNPO2 in tumor stages. Hence, the lower expression of SYNPO2 is associated with poor prognosis of CRC and CC and could function as prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Fourteen transcription factors were recognized which can activate/inhibit the transcription of SYNPO2 and may be a potential target to regulate expression of SYNPO2 in CRC and CC. Retinoic acid and Estradiol were identified as putative therapeutic drugs for CRC and CC patients. This study will thus help in understanding the underlying molecular events in CRC and CC that may improve the detection of malignant lesions in primary screening and will broaden the clinical applications.
Shahadat Hossain; Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy; Nur Islam; Sajedul Islam; Ibrahim Khalil Afif; Arpita Singha Roy; Atqiya Fariha; Hasan Al Reza; Newas Mohammed Bahadur; Mizanur Rahaman. MicroRNAs expression analysis shows key affirmation of Synaptopodin-2 as a novel prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for Colorectal and Cervical cancers. Heliyon 2021, 7, e07347 .
AMA StyleShahadat Hossain, Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy, Nur Islam, Sajedul Islam, Ibrahim Khalil Afif, Arpita Singha Roy, Atqiya Fariha, Hasan Al Reza, Newas Mohammed Bahadur, Mizanur Rahaman. MicroRNAs expression analysis shows key affirmation of Synaptopodin-2 as a novel prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for Colorectal and Cervical cancers. Heliyon. 2021; 7 (6):e07347.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahadat Hossain; Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy; Nur Islam; Sajedul Islam; Ibrahim Khalil Afif; Arpita Singha Roy; Atqiya Fariha; Hasan Al Reza; Newas Mohammed Bahadur; Mizanur Rahaman. 2021. "MicroRNAs expression analysis shows key affirmation of Synaptopodin-2 as a novel prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for Colorectal and Cervical cancers." Heliyon 7, no. 6: e07347.
Concurrent waves of Coronavirus disease, Ebola virus disease, avian influenza A and black fungus are jeopardizing the lives in some parts of Africa and Asia. From this point of view, this review aims to summarize both socio-economic and public health implications of these parallel outbreaks along with their best possible management approaches. Various online databases were used to collect the necessary information regarding these outbreaks. Based on the reports published and analyses done so far, the long-lasting damages caused by these simultaneous outbreaks on global socio-economical and public health status can be conceived from the past experiences of outbreaks, especially the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, prolonged restrictions by the local government may lead to food insecurity, global recession, and an enormous impact on the mental health of people of all ages, specifically in developing countries. Such overwhelming effects already have been reported to be declining national growth of the economy as well as increasing political insecurity and shortage of basic needs. Although various actions have already been taken including vaccination, clinical management, and further research, social distancing, and lockdown, etc. to improve the situation, the emerging variants and associated genetic mutations may make the containment difficult worsening the situation again. Considering the current mutational dynamics of the pathogens and the past experiences, perpetual preparedness along with updated clinical management backed by epidemiological studies and innovating scientific effort are inevitable to combat the simultaneous waves of multiple infectious diseases.
Afroza Khan; Nayeema Talukde Ema; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman. Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black fungi) around the World in 2021: Priorities for Achieving Control with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAfroza Khan, Nayeema Talukde Ema, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Otun Saha, Mizanur Rahaman. Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black fungi) around the World in 2021: Priorities for Achieving Control with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfroza Khan; Nayeema Talukde Ema; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman. 2021. "Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black fungi) around the World in 2021: Priorities for Achieving Control with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact." , no. : 1.
Genomic data analysis is a fundamental system for monitoring pathogen evolution and the outbreak of infectious diseases. Based on bioinformatics and deep learning, this study was designed to identify the genomic variability of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide and predict the impending mutation rate. Analysis of 259044 SARS-CoV-2 isolates identify 3334545 mutations (14.01 mutations per isolate), suggesting a high mutation rate. Strains from India showed the highest no. of mutations (48) followed by Scotland, USA, Netherlands, Norway, and France having up to 36 mutations. Besides the most prominently occurring mutations (D416G, F106F, P314L, and UTR:C241T), we identify L93L, A222V, A199A, V30L, and A220V mutations which are in the top 10 most frequent mutations. Multi-nucleotide mutations GGG>AAC, CC>TT, TG>CA, and AT>TA have come up in our analysis which are in the top 20 mutational cohort. Future mutation rate analysis predicts a 17%, 7%, and 3% increment of C>T, A>G, and A>T, respectively in the future. Conversely, 7%, 7%, and 6% decrement is estimated for T>C, G>A, and G>T mutations, respectively. T>G\A, C>G\A, and A>T\C are not anticipated in the future. Since SARS-CoV-2 is evolving continuously, our findings will facilitate the tracking of mutations and help to map the progression of the COVID-19 intensity worldwide.
Shahadat Hossain; A. Q. M. Sala Uddin Pathan; Nur Islam; Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy; Mahmudul Islam Rakib; Adnan Munim; Otun Saha; Atqiya Fariha; Hasan Al Reza; Maitreyee Roy; Newaz Mohammed Bahadur; Mizanur Rahaman. Genome-wide identification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 mutations show an abundance of variants: Integrated study of bioinformatics and deep neural learning. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleShahadat Hossain, A. Q. M. Sala Uddin Pathan, Nur Islam, Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy, Mahmudul Islam Rakib, Adnan Munim, Otun Saha, Atqiya Fariha, Hasan Al Reza, Maitreyee Roy, Newaz Mohammed Bahadur, Mizanur Rahaman. Genome-wide identification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 mutations show an abundance of variants: Integrated study of bioinformatics and deep neural learning. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahadat Hossain; A. Q. M. Sala Uddin Pathan; Nur Islam; Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy; Mahmudul Islam Rakib; Adnan Munim; Otun Saha; Atqiya Fariha; Hasan Al Reza; Maitreyee Roy; Newaz Mohammed Bahadur; Mizanur Rahaman. 2021. "Genome-wide identification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 mutations show an abundance of variants: Integrated study of bioinformatics and deep neural learning." , no. : 1.
The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the ongoing devastating pandemic. A plethora of microbial domains including viruses (other than SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, archaea and fungi have evolved together, and interact in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. However, the involvement of other microbial co-pathogens and underlying molecular mechanisms leading to extortionate ailment in critically ill COVID-19 patients has yet not been extensively reviewed. Although, the incidence of co-infections could be up to 94.2% in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the fate of co-infections among SARS-CoV-2 infected hosts often depends on the balance between the host's protective immunity and immunopathology. Predominantly identified co-pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila and Clamydia pneumoniae followed by viruses including influenza, coronavirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, influenza B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The cross-talk between co-pathogens (especially lung microbiomes), SARS-CoV-2 and host is an important factor that ultimately increases the difficulty of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. Simultaneously, co-infecting microbiotas may use new strategies to escape host defense mechanisms by altering both innate and adaptive immune responses to further aggravate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Better understanding of co-infections in COVID-19 is critical for the effective patient management, treatment and containment of SARS-CoV-2. This review therefore necessitates the comprehensive investigation of commonly reported microbial co-pathogens amid COVID-19, their transmission pattern along with the possible mechanism of co-infections and outcomes. Thus, identifying the possible co-pathogens and their underlying molecular mechanisms during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may shed light in developing diagnostics, appropriate curative and preventive interventions for suspected SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in the current pandemic.
M. Nazmul Hoque; Salma Akter; Israt Dilruba Mishu; M. Rafiul Islam; M. Shaminur Rahman; Masuda Akhter; Israt Islam; Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; Tofazzal Islam; M. Anwar Hossain. Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. Microbial Pathogenesis 2021, 156, 104941 -104941.
AMA StyleM. Nazmul Hoque, Salma Akter, Israt Dilruba Mishu, M. Rafiul Islam, M. Shaminur Rahman, Masuda Akhter, Israt Islam, Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan, Mizanur Rahaman, Munawar Sultana, Tofazzal Islam, M. Anwar Hossain. Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2021; 156 ():104941-104941.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Nazmul Hoque; Salma Akter; Israt Dilruba Mishu; M. Rafiul Islam; M. Shaminur Rahman; Masuda Akhter; Israt Islam; Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; Tofazzal Islam; M. Anwar Hossain. 2021. "Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis." Microbial Pathogenesis 156, no. : 104941-104941.
MiRNAs are endogenous, non-coding and evolutionarily conserved RNA molecules. They have been found to be involved in the progression and proliferation of various cancers due to their contribution in post-transcriptional regulation. Stomach Adenocarcinoma (STAD) and Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC) are the two most common cancers of the upper intestinal tract. Our study aimed to evaluate the circulating miRNAs from both STAD and LIHC samples and to identify commonly dysregulated miRNAs as biomarkers to detect both cancers at the same time. Common differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) from GEO and Bioexpress datasets were considered for initial processing in the analysis. Pathway analysis of the selected miRNAs through DIANA-miRpath tool, followed by survival analysis based on prognostic values through OncoLnc server led to the final biomarker candidates for diagnosis and prognosis of STAD and LIHC. An elaborate miRNA-gene-cancer network was set up for a specialized understanding of the selected DEMs corresponding to the specifically unique target genes and the cancer types. The gene ontology analysis was performed using BINGO to determine functional connotations of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). After a thorough analysis, we found that the 4 miRNAs: miR-183-5p, miR-203-3p, miR-126-3p and miR-25-3p could be potential prognostic biomarkers against both STAD and LIHC. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for these miRNAs were inferred through GEPIA and miRwalk v2.0. The miRNA-gene-cancer network revealed that the commonly deregulated miRNAs could influence the same genes and pathways altered by multiple cancers at the same time-in our case, STAD and LIHC. To support our claim, we showed the gene ontology analysis by BINGO, attesting the functional assignment of the DEGs behind metastasis and development of both the cancers. Our study evaluated a particularly effective avenue of identifying novel miRNA for both early diagnostic and prognostic purposes against more than one cancer.
Kumkum Kar; Atqiya Fariha; Shahadat Hossain; Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy; Ithmam Hami; Arpita Singha Roy; Shahriar Kabir Shakil; Hasan Al Reza; Newaz Mohammed Bahadur; Mizanur Rahaman. Prediction of novel miRNA biomarker candidates for diagnostic and prognostic analysis of STAD and LIHC: An integrated in silico approach. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 2021, 24, 100581 .
AMA StyleKumkum Kar, Atqiya Fariha, Shahadat Hossain, Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy, Ithmam Hami, Arpita Singha Roy, Shahriar Kabir Shakil, Hasan Al Reza, Newaz Mohammed Bahadur, Mizanur Rahaman. Prediction of novel miRNA biomarker candidates for diagnostic and prognostic analysis of STAD and LIHC: An integrated in silico approach. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2021; 24 ():100581.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumkum Kar; Atqiya Fariha; Shahadat Hossain; Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy; Ithmam Hami; Arpita Singha Roy; Shahriar Kabir Shakil; Hasan Al Reza; Newaz Mohammed Bahadur; Mizanur Rahaman. 2021. "Prediction of novel miRNA biomarker candidates for diagnostic and prognostic analysis of STAD and LIHC: An integrated in silico approach." Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 24, no. : 100581.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of beta coronavirus that has spread worldwide within a short period of time and has been responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. This novel virus shows high transmission and adaptability frequency into the host with rapid changes in genomic sequences. In this study, we analyzed the complete genome of 41 strains isolated in Bangladesh to understand the evolutionary route and genetic variations of this rapidly evolving virus. The phylogenetics, parsimony informative sites and mutation analyses were performed using MEGA X, Multiple sequence alignment program (MAFFT), and Virus Pathogen Resource. The phylogenetic analysis of the studied genomes along with the reference genome suggested that the viral strains found in Bangladesh might be coming from multiple countries such as France, Germany, India, the USA, and Brazil. After entering into the country, intra-cluster and inter-cluster began to circulate in the 8 individual divisions of Bangladesh. We also identified 26 parsimony-informative sites along with the 9 most important sites for virus evolution. Genome-wide annotations revealed 256 mutations, of which 10 were novel (NSP3, RdRp, Spike) in Bangladeshi strains where I120F(NSP2), P323L(RdRp), D614G (Spike), R203K, G204R(N) are the most prominent. Most importantly, numerous mutations were flourishing in the N protein gene (67) followed by S (45), RdRp (38), NSP2 (34), NSP3 (20), and ORF8 (6) gene. Moreover, nucleotide deletion analysis found nine deletions throughout the genomes including in ORF7a (8), ORF8 (1) with one insertion (G) at 265 positions in only one genome. The underlying mechanism of disease severity, molecular evolution, and epidemiology lie in genomic sequences that are not fully understood yet. Identification of the evolutionary history, parsimony-informative sites and others genetic variations of this deadly virus will facilitate the development of new strategies to control the local transmission and provide deep insight in the identification of potential therapeutic targets for controlling COVID-19.
Otun Saha; Shahadat Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. Genomic exploration light on multiple origin with potential parsimony-informative sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Bangladesh. Gene Reports 2020, 21, 100951 -100951.
AMA StyleOtun Saha, Shahadat Hossain, Mizanur Rahaman. Genomic exploration light on multiple origin with potential parsimony-informative sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Bangladesh. Gene Reports. 2020; 21 ():100951-100951.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtun Saha; Shahadat Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. 2020. "Genomic exploration light on multiple origin with potential parsimony-informative sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Bangladesh." Gene Reports 21, no. : 100951-100951.
The emerging novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 has created a global health crisis that warrants an accurate and detailed characterization of the rapidly evolving viral genome for understanding its epidemiology, pathogenesis and containment. Here, we explored 61,485 sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, a potent diagnostic and prophylactic target, for identifying the mutations to review their roles in real‐timePCR based diagnosis and observe consequent impacts. Compared to the Wuhan reference strain, a total of 1034 unique nucleotide mutations were identified in the mutant strains (49.15%, n=30,221) globally. Of these mutations, 367 occupy primer binding sites including 3'‐end mismatch to primer‐pair of 11 well characterized primer sets. Noteworthy, CDC (USA) recommended N2 primer set contained lower mismatch than the other primer sets. Moreover, 684 amino acid (aa) substitutions located across 317 (75.66% of total aa) unique positions including 82, 21, and 83 of those in RNA binding N‐terminal domain (NTD), SR‐rich region, and C‐terminal dimerization domain (CTD), respectively. Moreover, 11 in‐frame deletions, mostly (n =10) within the highly flexible linker region, were revealed and the rest within the NTD region. Furthermore, we predicted the possible consequence of high‐frequency mutations (≥ 20) and deletions on the tertiary structure of the N protein. Remarkably, we observed that high frequency (67.94% of mutated sequences) co‐occuring mutations (R203K and G204R) destabilized and decreased overall structural flexibility. The N protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 comprises an average of 1.2 mutations per strain compared to 4.4 and 0.4 in MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV, respectively. Despite being proposed as the alternate target to spike protein for vaccine and therapeutics, ongoing evolution of the N protein may challenge the endeavors, thus need further immunoinformatics analyses. Therefore, continuous monitoring is required for tracing the ongoing evolution of the SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein in prophylactic and diagnostic interventions.
M. Shaminur Rahman; M. Rafiul Islam; A. S. M. Rubayet Ul Alam; Israt Islam; M. Nazmul Hoque; Salma Akter; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain. Evolutionary dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein and its consequences. Journal of Medical Virology 2020, 93, 2177 -2195.
AMA StyleM. Shaminur Rahman, M. Rafiul Islam, A. S. M. Rubayet Ul Alam, Israt Islam, M. Nazmul Hoque, Salma Akter, Mizanur Rahaman, Munawar Sultana, M. Anwar Hossain. Evolutionary dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein and its consequences. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020; 93 (4):2177-2195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Shaminur Rahman; M. Rafiul Islam; A. S. M. Rubayet Ul Alam; Israt Islam; M. Nazmul Hoque; Salma Akter; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain. 2020. "Evolutionary dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein and its consequences." Journal of Medical Virology 93, no. 4: 2177-2195.
Introduction. Effective sanitation strategies for poultry farms require an appropriate selection of the disinfectant based on the contaminants present and their sensitivity to the disinfectants. Aim. The current study investigated the prevalence of streptococci/micrococci in poultry farms of Bangladesh and the efficacy of commercial disinfectants (Savlon, Lysol, Quatovet, Virkon S, and Virocid) along with alcohol against these pathogens to adopt appropriate strategies. Materials and Methods. Conventional approaches and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to confirm the isolates at the species level along with microtiter biofilm assay to determine their biofilm-forming ability. Efficacy of the disinfectants was tested against those isolates using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test by broth dilution method using different dilutions of the disinfectants. Results. Staphylococcus lentus (n = 32), Micrococcus luteus (n = 7), and Micrococcus aloeverae (n = 4) were confirmed among 102 presumptively screened streptococci/micrococci isolates from 43 samples. No single disinfectant showed equally high efficacy against all three bacterial species in agar well diffusion test, although Virocid showed the lowest MIC against all three of them. Lysol was least effective among the commercial disinfectants by both MIC and diffusion method, although each commercial disinfectant was more effective than alcohol. Considering both the average diameter of the inhibition zones and the MIC values, efficacy can be interpreted as Virocid > Quatovet > Savlon > Virkon S > Lysol. Although the efficacy decreased with decreasing concentration, the disinfectants retained a satisfactory level of efficacy at 50% concentration. Among test pathogens, M. aloeverae was the most sensitive to the disinfectants and the weakest biofilm producers, whereas 4/14 S. lentus and 1/5 M. luteus were strong biofilm producers, which may cause more reduction in the efficacy in environmental conditions. Conclusion. As no ideal disinfectant was found in the study, the efficacy of the disinfectants should be routinely evaluated and validated to ensure the sanitation standards in the poultry sector.
Otun Saha; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Arif Istiaq; Israt Islam; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. Evaluation of Commercial Disinfectants against Staphylococcus lentus and Micrococcus spp. of Poultry Origin. Veterinary Medicine International 2020, 2020, 1 -10.
AMA StyleOtun Saha, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Arif Istiaq, Israt Islam, Munawar Sultana, M. Anwar Hossain, Mizanur Rahaman. Evaluation of Commercial Disinfectants against Staphylococcus lentus and Micrococcus spp. of Poultry Origin. Veterinary Medicine International. 2020; 2020 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtun Saha; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Arif Istiaq; Israt Islam; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. 2020. "Evaluation of Commercial Disinfectants against Staphylococcus lentus and Micrococcus spp. of Poultry Origin." Veterinary Medicine International 2020, no. : 1-10.
The ongoing mutations in the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 is the major impediment for prevention and control of the COVID-19 disease. The envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a structural protein existing in both monomeric and homopentameric forms, associated with a multitude of functions including virus assembly, replication, dissemination, release of virions, infection, pathogenesis, and immune response stimulation. In the present study, 81,818 high quality E protein sequences retrieving from the GISAID were subjected to mutational analyses. Our analysis revealed that only 0.012 % (982/81818) stains possessed amino acid (aa) substitutions in 63 sites of the genome while 58.77% mutations in the primary structure of nucleotides in 134 sites. We found the V25A mutation in the transmembrane domain which is a key factor for the homopentameric conformation of E protein. We also observed a triple cysteine motif harboring mutations (L39M, A41S, A41V, C43F, C43R, C43S, C44Y, N45R) which may hinder the binding of E protein with spike glycoprotein. These results therefore suggest the continuous monitoring of each structural protein of SARS-CoV-2 since the number of genome sequences from across the world are continuously increasing.
M. Shaminur Rahman; M. Nazmul Hoque; M. Rafiul Islam; Israt Islam; Israt Dilruba Mishu; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain. Evolutionary Insights into the Envelope Protein of SARS-CoV-2. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleM. Shaminur Rahman, M. Nazmul Hoque, M. Rafiul Islam, Israt Islam, Israt Dilruba Mishu, Mizanur Rahaman, Munawar Sultana, M. Anwar Hossain. Evolutionary Insights into the Envelope Protein of SARS-CoV-2. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Shaminur Rahman; M. Nazmul Hoque; M. Rafiul Islam; Israt Islam; Israt Dilruba Mishu; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain. 2020. "Evolutionary Insights into the Envelope Protein of SARS-CoV-2." , no. : 1.
Along with intrinsic evolution, adaptation to selective pressure in new environments might have resulted in the circulatory SARS-CoV-2 strains in response to the geoenvironmental conditions of a country and the demographic profile of its population. Thus the analysis of genomic mutations of these circulatory strains may give an insight into the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and evolution favoring the development of effective treatment and containment strategies. With this target, the current study traced the evolutionary route and mutational frequency of 198 Bangladesh originated SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences available in the GISAID platform over a period of 13 weeks as of 14 July 2020. The analyses were performed using MEGA 7, Swiss Model Repository, Virus Pathogen Resource and Jalview visualization. Our analysis identified that majority of the circulating strains in the country belong to B and/or L type among cluster A to Z and strikingly differ from both the reference genome and the first sequenced genome from Bangladesh. Mutations in Nonspecific protein 2 (NSP2), NSP3, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Helicase, Spike, ORF3a, and Nucleocapsid (N) protein were common in the circulating strains with varying degrees and the most unique mutations(UM) were found in NSP3 (UM-18). But no or limited changes were observed in NSP9, NSP11, E (Envelope), NSP7a, ORF 6, and ORF 7b suggesting the possible conserved functions of those proteins in SARS-CoV-2 propagation. However, along with D614G mutation, more than 20 different mutations in the Spike protein were detected basically in the S2 domain. Besides, mutations in SR-rich region of N protein and P323L in RDRP were also present. However, the mutation accumulation showed an association with sex and age of the COVID-19 positive cases. So, identification of these mutational accumulation patterns may greatly facilitate drug/ vaccine development deciphering the age and the sex dependent differential susceptibility to COVID-19.
Otun Saha; Rokaiya Nurani Shatadru; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Israt Islam; Shahadat Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. Temporal landscape of mutation accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleOtun Saha, Rokaiya Nurani Shatadru, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Israt Islam, Shahadat Hossain, Mizanur Rahaman. Temporal landscape of mutation accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtun Saha; Rokaiya Nurani Shatadru; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Israt Islam; Shahadat Hossain; Mizanur Rahaman. 2020. "Temporal landscape of mutation accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh." , no. : 1.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a public health emergency of international concerns declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). An immuno-informatics approach along with comparative genomics was applied to design a multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 combining the antigenic epitopes of the S, M, and E proteins. The tertiary structure was predicted, refined and validated using advanced bioinformatics tools. The candidate vaccine showed an average of ≥90.0% world population coverage for different ethnic groups. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of the chimeric vaccine with the immune receptors (TLR3 and TLR4) predicted efficient binding. Immune simulation predicted significant primary immune response with increased IgM and secondary immune response with high levels of both IgG1 and IgG2. It also increased the proliferation of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cells along with the increased IFN-γ and IL-2 cytokines. The codon optimization and mRNA secondary structure prediction revealed that the chimera is suitable for high-level expression and cloning. Overall, the constructed recombinant chimeric vaccine candidate demonstrated significant potential and can be considered for clinical validation to fight against this global threat, COVID-19.
M. Shaminur Rahman; M. Nazmul Hoque; M. Rafiul Islam; Salma Akter; Asm Rubayet-Ul-Alam; Mohammad Anwar Siddique; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; Keith A. Crandall; M. Anwar Hossain. Epitope-based chimeric peptide vaccine design against S, M and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2 etiologic agent of global pandemic COVID-19: an in silico approach. PeerJ 2020, 8, e9572 .
AMA StyleM. Shaminur Rahman, M. Nazmul Hoque, M. Rafiul Islam, Salma Akter, Asm Rubayet-Ul-Alam, Mohammad Anwar Siddique, Otun Saha, Mizanur Rahaman, Munawar Sultana, Keith A. Crandall, M. Anwar Hossain. Epitope-based chimeric peptide vaccine design against S, M and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2 etiologic agent of global pandemic COVID-19: an in silico approach. PeerJ. 2020; 8 ():e9572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Shaminur Rahman; M. Nazmul Hoque; M. Rafiul Islam; Salma Akter; Asm Rubayet-Ul-Alam; Mohammad Anwar Siddique; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; Keith A. Crandall; M. Anwar Hossain. 2020. "Epitope-based chimeric peptide vaccine design against S, M and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2 etiologic agent of global pandemic COVID-19: an in silico approach." PeerJ 8, no. : e9572.
The avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are the chief etiology of colibacillosis worldwide. The present study investigated the circulating phylotypes, existence of virulence genes (VGs), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 392 APEC isolates, obtained from 130 samples belonged to six farms using both phenotypic and PCR-based molecular approaches. Congo red binding (CRB) assay confirmed 174 APEC isolates which were segregated into ten, nine, and eight distinct genotypes by RAPD assay (discriminatory index, DI = 0.8707), BOX-PCR (DI = 0.8591) and ERIC-PCR (DI = 0.8371), respectively. The combination of three phylogenetic markers (chuA, yjaA and DNA fragment TspE4.C2) classified APEC isolates into B23 (37.36%), A1 (33.91%), D2 (11.49%), B22 (9.20%), and B1 (8.05%) phylotypes. Majority of the APEC isolates (75–100%) harbored VGs (ial, fimH, crl, papC, and cjrC). These VGs (papC and cjrC) and phylotypes (D2 and B2) of APEC had significant (p = 0.004) association with colibacillosis. Phylogenetic analysis showed two distinct clades (clade A and clade B) of APEC, where clade A had 98%–100% similarity with E. coli APEC O78 and E. coli EHEC strains, and clade B had closest relationship with E. coli O169:H41 strain. Interestingly, phylogroups B2 and D2 were found in the APEC strains of both clades, while the strains from phylogroups A1 and B1 were found in clade A only. In this study, 81.71% of the isolates were biofilm formers, and possessed plasmids of varying ranges (1.0 to 54 kb). In vitro antibiogram profiling revealed that 100% isolates were resistant to ≥3 antibiotics, of which 61.96%, 55.24%, 53.85%, 51.16% and 45.58% isolates in phylotypes B1, D2, B22, B23, and A1, respectively, were resistant to these antimicrobials. The resistance patterns varied among different phylotypes, notably in phylotype B22, showing the highest resistance to ampicillin (90.91%), nalidixic acid (90.11%), tetracycline (83.72%), and nitrofurantoin (65.12%). Correspondence analysis also showed significant correlation among phylotypes with CRB (p = 0.008), biofilm formation (p = 0.02), drug resistance (p = 0.03), and VGs (p = 0.06). This report demonstrated that B2 and A1 phylotypes are dominantly circulating APEC phylotypes in Bangladesh; however, B2 and D2 are strongly associated with the pathogenicity. A high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant APEC strains from different phylotypes suggest the use of organic antimicrobial compounds, and/or metals, and the rotational use of antibiotics in poultry farms in Bangladesh.
Otun Saha; M. Hoque; Ovinu Islam; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Hossain. Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Association of Their Virulence Genes in Bangladesh. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1135 .
AMA StyleOtun Saha, M. Hoque, Ovinu Islam, Mizanur Rahaman, Munawar Sultana, M. Hossain. Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Association of Their Virulence Genes in Bangladesh. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (8):1135.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtun Saha; M. Hoque; Ovinu Islam; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Hossain. 2020. "Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Association of Their Virulence Genes in Bangladesh." Microorganisms 8, no. 8: 1135.
The avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are the chief etiology of avian colibacillosis worldwide. The present study investigated the circulating phylotypes, existence of virulence genes (VGs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 392 APEC isolates, obtained from 130 samples belonged to six farms using both phenotypic and PCR-based molecular approaches. Congo red binding (CRB) assay confirmed 174 APEC isolates which were segregated into 10, 9 and 8 distinctive genotypes by RAPD assay (discriminatory index, D=0.8707), BOX-PCR (D=0.8591) and ERIC-PCR (D=0.8371), respectively. The combination of three phylogenetic markers (chuA, yjaA and DNA fragment TspE4.C2) classified APEC isolates into B23 (37.36%), A1 (33.91%), D2 (11.49%), B22 (9.20%) and B1 (8.05%) phylotypes. Majority of the APEC isolates (75-100%) harbored VGs (ial, fimH, crl, papC and cjrC), and of them, VGs (papC and cjrC) and phylotypes (D2 and B2) of APEC had significant (p=0.004) association with colibacillosis. Phylogenetic analysis showed two distinct clades (Clade A and Clade B) of APEC where Clade A had 98-100.0% similarity with E. coli APEC O78 and E. coli EHEC strains, and Clade B had closest relationship with E. coli O169:H41 strain. Interestingly, phylogroups B2 and D2 were found in the APEC strains of both clades while the strains from phylogroups A1 and B1 were found in clade A only. In this study, 81.71% of the isolates were biofilm formers and possessed plasmids of varying ranges (1.0 to 54 kb). In vitro antibiogram profiling revealed that 100.0% isolates were resistant to ≥3 antibiotics, of which61.96%, 55.24, 53.85, 51.16 and 45.58 % isolates in phylotypes B1, D2, B22, B23 and A1, respectively were these antimicrobials. The resistance patterns varied among different phylotypes, notably in phylotype B22 showing the highest resistance to ampicillin (90.91%), nalidixic acid (90.11%), tetracycline (83.72%) and nitrofurantoin (65.12%). Correspondence analysis also showed significant correlation of phylotypes with CRB (p=0.008), biofilm formation (p=0.02), drug resistance (p=0.03) and VGs (p=0.06). This report demonstrated that B2 and A1 phylotypes are dominantly circulating APEC phylotypes in Bangladesh; however, B2 and D2 are strongly associated with the pathogenicity. A high prevalence of antibiotic resistant APEC strains from different phylotypes suggest to use of organic antimicrobial compounds, and/or metals, and the rotational use of antibiotics in the poultry farms in Bangladesh.
Otun Saha; M. Nazmul Hoque; Ovinu Kibria Islam; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain. Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Association of Their Virulence Genes in Bangladesh. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleOtun Saha, M. Nazmul Hoque, Ovinu Kibria Islam, Mizanur Rahaman, Munawar Sultana, M. Anwar Hossain. Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Association of Their Virulence Genes in Bangladesh. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtun Saha; M. Nazmul Hoque; Ovinu Kibria Islam; Mizanur Rahaman; Munawar Sultana; M. Anwar Hossain. 2020. "Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Association of Their Virulence Genes in Bangladesh." , no. : 1.
Otun Saha; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Syeda Tasneem Towhid; Mizanur Rahaman. Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): Hoax or hurdle? International Journal of Healthcare Management 2020, 13, 1 -2.
AMA StyleOtun Saha, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Syeda Tasneem Towhid, Mizanur Rahaman. Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): Hoax or hurdle? International Journal of Healthcare Management. 2020; 13 (3):1-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtun Saha; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Syeda Tasneem Towhid; Mizanur Rahaman. 2020. "Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): Hoax or hurdle?" International Journal of Healthcare Management 13, no. 3: 1-2.
Mirajul Islam; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Ovinu Kibria Islam; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman. Challenges to be considered to evaluate the COVID-19 preparedness and outcome in Bangladesh. International Journal of Healthcare Management 2020, 13, 263 -264.
AMA StyleMirajul Islam, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Ovinu Kibria Islam, Otun Saha, Mizanur Rahaman. Challenges to be considered to evaluate the COVID-19 preparedness and outcome in Bangladesh. International Journal of Healthcare Management. 2020; 13 (3):263-264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirajul Islam; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Ovinu Kibria Islam; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman. 2020. "Challenges to be considered to evaluate the COVID-19 preparedness and outcome in Bangladesh." International Journal of Healthcare Management 13, no. 3: 263-264.
Moonmoon Ahamed Mim; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman. Recommendation of fecal specimen for routine molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 and for COVID-19 discharge criteria. Pathogens and Global Health 2020, 114, 168 -169.
AMA StyleMoonmoon Ahamed Mim, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Otun Saha, Mizanur Rahaman. Recommendation of fecal specimen for routine molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 and for COVID-19 discharge criteria. Pathogens and Global Health. 2020; 114 (4):168-169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoonmoon Ahamed Mim; Nadira Naznin Rakhi; Otun Saha; Mizanur Rahaman. 2020. "Recommendation of fecal specimen for routine molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 and for COVID-19 discharge criteria." Pathogens and Global Health 114, no. 4: 168-169.