This study explores the fabrication of nanofibers using different types of gelatins, including bovine, porcine, and fish gelatins. The gelatins exhibited distinct molecular weights and apparent viscosity values, leading to different entanglement behavior and nanofiber production. The electrospinning technique produced nanofibers with diameters from 47 to 274 nm. The electrospinning process induced conformational changes, reducing the overall crystallinity of the gelatin samples. However, porcine gelatin nanofibers exhibited enhanced molecular ordering. These findings highlight the potential of different gelatin types to produce nanofibers with distinct physicochemical properties. Overall, this study sheds light on the relationship between gelatin properties, electrospinning process conditions, and the resulting nanofiber characteristics, providing insights for tailored applications in various fields.

Most bacteria exist in nature in the form of biofilms. One of the key survival strategies by bacteria to withstand chemical and physical stresses is by forming biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. A different set of genes are expressed in biofilms compared to the planktonic mode of bacterial growth. According to data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 80 percent of all human infections are encouraged by biofilms and roughly 65 percent of all hospital-acquired infections are associated with biofilms. Hence, considering the role of biofilms in clinical settings, there is an urgent need for the discovery/development of novel antibiofilm agents. In this study, we have tested the effect of freshly prepared titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) synthesized using Carum copticum extract on biofilms, both against Gram +ve and Gram −ve bacteria. Being environment friendly in nature, the green route of nanoparticle synthesis is believed to be advantageous over chemical synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be predominantly spherical or spheroidal in shape with an average size of 12.01 ± 5.58 nm. As evident from data, more than 70% inhibition of biofilms of test bacteria was achieved in the presence of TiO₂-NPs. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the adherence and colonization of bacteria on the glass surface were remarkably reduced by the treatment of TiO₂-NPs. The EPS secretion of E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 were inhibited by 62.08 and 74.94%, respectively. The EPS secretion of S. aureus MTCC 3160 was least inhibited (<55%) compared to other test bacteria. Moreover, TiO₂-NPs successfully eradicated the preformed biofilms of E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa PAO1, and S. aureus MTCC 3160 by 60.09, 64.14, and 48.30%, respectively. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles in inhibiting and eradicating the biofilms of bacterial pathogens and they may be further exploited for the development of a new alternative antibiofilm agent.