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Full Professor of Botany and Plant Ecology at the Department of Science of the University Roma Tre. Author of about 300 national and international publications and of 24 books in the field of the Mediterranean vegetation and of plant biology applied to the conservation and enhancement of works of art. She has participated in a wide range of international training activities, and was involved in and coordinated several projects related to cultural heritage at many sites in Italy, and in other countries, such as: Moen-jo-daro (Pakistan), Copàn (Honduras), Joya de Ceren (El Salvador), Martvilli (Georgia), Chengde (China), Angkor (Cambodia), Bali (Indonesia), Mrauk (Myanmar), Uzmulu (Cappadocia, Turkey), Pasargade (Iran), Imperial tombs (Korea). She has been the winner of various national and international awards, such as the Grand Prix of Europa Nostra, European Community for Cultural heritage in 2012 in the category Research.
Plant colonization on archaeological structures is limited by the substrate conditions of stone surfaces. Despite its relevance for ecological studies and the management plans of archaeological sites, the knowledge on monuments substrate (e.g., stones, microhabitats, microsites), which could be suitable sites for plant establishment, is an underestimated topic. Here, we aim to identify the substrate preference of plants in colonizing stone surfaces as a first step in evaluating the biodeterioration risk. We selected the Pasargadae World Heritage Site (WHS) for its variety of different conditions, and we assessed the substrate preference of 142 ruderal plants occurring on nine monuments, two types of stones, and eight microsites. Our data indicated that stone typology and microsite conditions affected species composition, diversity, and richness. The porosity of the different limestone and the progressive weathering phenomena resulted as relevant factors in plant colonization. Significantly, microsites as a junction of two stone blocks (M1a) and big fractures covered by soil (M3) hosted the most favorable conditions, which needed periodic monitoring during the maintenance activities of the site. Evaluating the substrate preference of ruderal plants can contribute to the identification of the high-risk areas for plant colonization, which need to be considered in the management plans of archaeological sites.
Zohreh Hosseini; Giulio Zangari; Marta Carboni; Giulia Caneva. Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9381 .
AMA StyleZohreh Hosseini, Giulio Zangari, Marta Carboni, Giulia Caneva. Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9381.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZohreh Hosseini; Giulio Zangari; Marta Carboni; Giulia Caneva. 2021. "Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9381.
The potentially biodeteriogenic, subaerial green alga Trentepohlia umbrina is widely distributed on shaded substrates with northern aspects. This preference for low light was confirmed by a recent survey in Lazio, Italy. However, the same survey revealed an isolated occurrence of extensive growths of T. umbrina-dominated biofilms on surfaces with diverse aspects that ranged from highly exposed to shaded. Prior studies of Trentepohlia photosynthesis have been restricted to single sites, so this multi-aspect site was particularly interesting to understand the photoacclimation potential of Trentepohlia. Photosynthetic pigment concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence (in situ and ex situ) were used to assess the photosynthetic response to changes in light exposure and humidity. Pigment contents and photoinhibition decreased, while the maximum photosynthetic rate and the level of light that saturated photosynthesis increased with an increasing light exposure duration (ranging from c. 5 to 300 min d–1 of exposure to sunlight). Laboratory tests of relative humidity (RH) on biofilm photosynthesis showed no recorded activity up to 32% RH, only 26% of the maximum activity at 77% RH, and full activity at 92% RH. When T. umbrina was in the desiccated state a lowering of basal of chlorophyll a fluorescence emission and a loss of variable fluorescence occurred. This suppression of fluorescence when cells are desiccated is known to result in photoprotection of reaction centres from continuing high irradiances, as the enhanced thermal dissipation replaces slower and potentially damaging energy transfer to the functional reaction centres. It was concluded that T. umbrina has a much wider environmental range than previously thought, but its growth is very slow and may be overlooked during cultural heritage surveillance, leading to inconspicuous chronic degradation of outdoor stone substrata.
Neil Thomas William Ellwood; Laura Bruno; Giulia Caneva. Photosynthetic response to different light exposures and associated environmental conditions of the subaerial, epilithic green alga Trentepohlia umbrina (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae). Phycologia 2021, 1 -13.
AMA StyleNeil Thomas William Ellwood, Laura Bruno, Giulia Caneva. Photosynthetic response to different light exposures and associated environmental conditions of the subaerial, epilithic green alga Trentepohlia umbrina (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae). Phycologia. 2021; ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeil Thomas William Ellwood; Laura Bruno; Giulia Caneva. 2021. "Photosynthetic response to different light exposures and associated environmental conditions of the subaerial, epilithic green alga Trentepohlia umbrina (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae)." Phycologia , no. : 1-13.
In the last decade, worldwide research has focused on innovative natural biocides and the development of organic and inorganic nanomaterials for long-lasting reliability. In this work, the biocide effects of two different biocides encapsulated in two different silica nanosystems for a multifunctional coating have been performed through in vitro tests, by using Chlorococcum sp. as a common stone biodeteriogen. Zosteric sodium salt (ZS), a green biocide, was compared with the commercial biocide, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), widely used in the treatment of cultural heritage. The analyzed systems are the following: silica nanocapsules (NC) and silica nanoparticles (MNP) not loaded with biocides, two nanosystems loaded with ZS and MBT, and free biocides. The qualitative and quantitative evaluations of biocide efficiency were performed periodically, analyzing pigment autofluorescence to discriminate between active and inactive/dead cells. The analyses showed multiple differences. All the nanocontainers presented an initial reduction in chlorophyll’s autofluorescence. For the free biocide, the results highlighted higher efficiency for MBT than ZS. Finally, the nanosystems loaded with the different biocides highlighted a higher activity for nanocontainers loaded with the commercial biocide than the green product, and better efficiency for MNP in comparison with NC.
Flavia Bartoli; Martina Zuena; Armida Sodo; Giulia Caneva. The Efficiency of Biocidal Silica Nanosystems for the Conservation of Stone Monuments: Comparative In Vitro Tests against Epilithic Green Algae. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 6804 .
AMA StyleFlavia Bartoli, Martina Zuena, Armida Sodo, Giulia Caneva. The Efficiency of Biocidal Silica Nanosystems for the Conservation of Stone Monuments: Comparative In Vitro Tests against Epilithic Green Algae. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (15):6804.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlavia Bartoli; Martina Zuena; Armida Sodo; Giulia Caneva. 2021. "The Efficiency of Biocidal Silica Nanosystems for the Conservation of Stone Monuments: Comparative In Vitro Tests against Epilithic Green Algae." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15: 6804.
Roots can produce mechanical and chemical alterations to building structures, especially in the case of underground historical artifacts. In archaeological sites, where vegetation plays the dual role of naturalistic relevance and potential threat, trees and bushes are under supervision. No customized measures can be taken against herbaceous plants lacking fast and reliable root identification methods that are useful to assess their dangerousness. In this study, we aimed to test the efficacy of DNA barcoding in identifying plant rootlets threatening the Etruscan tombs of the Necropolis of Tarquinia. As DNA barcode markers, we selected two sections of the genes rbcL and matK, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), and the intergenic spacer psbA-trnH. All fourteen root samples were successfully sequenced and identified at species (92.9%) and genus level (7.01%) by GenBank matching and reference dataset implementation. Some eudicotyledons with taproots, such as Echium italicum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., and Reseda lutea L. subsp. lutea, showed a certain recurrence. Further investigations are needed to confirm this promising result, increasing the number of roots and enlarging the reference dataset with attention to meso-Mediterranean perennial herbaceous species. The finding of herbaceous plants roots at more than 3 m deep confirms their potential risk and underlines the importance of vegetation planning, monitoring, and management on archaeological sites.
Daniela Isola; Flavia Bartoli; Simone Langone; Simona Ceschin; Laura Zucconi; Giulia Caneva. Plant DNA Barcode as a Tool for Root Identification in Hypogea: The Case of the Etruscan Tombs of Tarquinia (Central Italy). Plants 2021, 10, 1138 .
AMA StyleDaniela Isola, Flavia Bartoli, Simone Langone, Simona Ceschin, Laura Zucconi, Giulia Caneva. Plant DNA Barcode as a Tool for Root Identification in Hypogea: The Case of the Etruscan Tombs of Tarquinia (Central Italy). Plants. 2021; 10 (6):1138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniela Isola; Flavia Bartoli; Simone Langone; Simona Ceschin; Laura Zucconi; Giulia Caneva. 2021. "Plant DNA Barcode as a Tool for Root Identification in Hypogea: The Case of the Etruscan Tombs of Tarquinia (Central Italy)." Plants 10, no. 6: 1138.
Coupled human–environment systems and traditional agricultural landscapes can be a key element in the conservation of biodiversity, ecological functionality, and cultural heritage. Terraced landscapes are a relevant example of traditional landscapes within the Mediterranean area, but they are now threatened due to the abandonment of agricultural activities. In order to identify factors that can affect the conservation strategies needed to maintain terraced landscapes in the Mediterranean area, we performed a literature review on studies about terraces and their management, soil erosion and vegetation dynamics after abandonment, etc. We collated a total of 285 scientific papers reporting 293 case studies in 19 countries. The majority of these studies analyze dry stone terraces and their influence on soil erosion and water runoff, either in cultivated or abandoned terrace systems. Only a minority of papers suggest maintenance or conservation strategies or involve farmers, exploring their decision-making. The conservation of terraced landscapes is in the hands of local farmers, and thus they should be actively involved in decision-making to find the most suitable strategies for assuring the continuity in farming and preserve cultural landscapes in the Mediterranean area.
Emanuela Cicinelli; Giulia Caneva; Valentina Savo. A Review on Management Strategies of the Terraced Agricultural Systems and Conservation Actions to Maintain Cultural Landscapes around the Mediterranean Area. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4475 .
AMA StyleEmanuela Cicinelli, Giulia Caneva, Valentina Savo. A Review on Management Strategies of the Terraced Agricultural Systems and Conservation Actions to Maintain Cultural Landscapes around the Mediterranean Area. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4475.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmanuela Cicinelli; Giulia Caneva; Valentina Savo. 2021. "A Review on Management Strategies of the Terraced Agricultural Systems and Conservation Actions to Maintain Cultural Landscapes around the Mediterranean Area." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4475.
In April 2016, William Kentridge realized the bio-artwork “Triumphs and Laments” along the Tiber embankments, representing a figures procession, chosen as relevant steps of Roman history. The drawing rose in negative after applying a stencil onto the homogeneous black biopatinas and removing them through a low-pressure washer. The patinas, growing on the travertine surfaces, were dominated by cyanobacteria communities, mainly composed by Chroococcus lithophilus, Myxosarcina spectabilis, Tolypothrix byssoidea, and Synechocistis pevalekii. To collect precise data on the dynamic of biological recolonization, we monitored the figure's life by 2016–2020, analyzing the progressive darkening, which gave rise to the artwork disappearance. By image analysis and color variation values (ΔE), using a detailed photographic survey (every 3–4 months) and colorimetric sampling (once in the year), we assessed the recolonization phenomena and their seasonal dynamics. A progressive relevant increase of black intensity started from the 3rd year and usually 4–5 years were sufficient for a complete recolonization. We also collected climatic data and performed elaborations on Cold and Drought Stress, which provided evident correlation among biological colonization and climatic data, with their seasonal fluctuations. When a longer duration of such bio-artwork would be required, such information will be useful in suggesting treatments.
Flavia Bartoli; Annalaura Casanova Municchia; Marcello Leotta; Sebastiano Luciano; Giulia Caneva. Biological recolonization dynamics: Kentridge's artwork disappearing along the Tiber embankments (Rome, Italy). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2021, 160, 105214 .
AMA StyleFlavia Bartoli, Annalaura Casanova Municchia, Marcello Leotta, Sebastiano Luciano, Giulia Caneva. Biological recolonization dynamics: Kentridge's artwork disappearing along the Tiber embankments (Rome, Italy). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2021; 160 ():105214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlavia Bartoli; Annalaura Casanova Municchia; Marcello Leotta; Sebastiano Luciano; Giulia Caneva. 2021. "Biological recolonization dynamics: Kentridge's artwork disappearing along the Tiber embankments (Rome, Italy)." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 160, no. : 105214.
Subterranean Cultural Heritage sites are frequently subject to biological colonization due to the high levels of humidity, even in conditions of low irradiance and oligotrophy. Here microorganisms form complex communities that may be dangerous through mineral precipitation, through the softening of materials and also causing frequent surface discolorations. A reduction of contamination’s sources along with the control of microclimatic conditions and biocide treatments (overall performed with benzalkonium chloride) are necessary in order to reduce microbial growths. Dark discolorations have been recorded in the painted Etruscan tombs of Tarquinia, two of which have been analyzed to collect taxonomical, physiological and ecological information. Eighteen dark-pigmented fungi were isolated among a wider culturable fraction: nine from blackening areas and nine from door sealings, a possible route of contamination. Isolates belonged to three major groups: Chaetothyriales, Capnodiales (Family Cladosporiaceae), and Acremonium-like fungi. Exophiala angulospora and Cyphellophora olivacea, a novelty for hypogea, were identified, while others need further investigations as possible new taxa. The metabolic skills of the detected species showed their potential dangerousness for the materials. Their tolerance to benzalkonium chloride-based products suggested a certain favouring effect through the decreasing the competitiveness of less resistant species. The type of covering of the dromos may influence the risk of outer contamination. Fungal occurrence can be favoured by roots penetration.
Daniela Isola; Laura Zucconi; Adele Cecchini; Giulia Caneva. Dark-pigmented biodeteriogenic fungi in etruscan hypogeal tombs: New data on their culture-dependent diversity, favouring conditions, and resistance to biocidal treatments. Fungal Biology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleDaniela Isola, Laura Zucconi, Adele Cecchini, Giulia Caneva. Dark-pigmented biodeteriogenic fungi in etruscan hypogeal tombs: New data on their culture-dependent diversity, favouring conditions, and resistance to biocidal treatments. Fungal Biology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniela Isola; Laura Zucconi; Adele Cecchini; Giulia Caneva. 2021. "Dark-pigmented biodeteriogenic fungi in etruscan hypogeal tombs: New data on their culture-dependent diversity, favouring conditions, and resistance to biocidal treatments." Fungal Biology , no. : 1.
The conservation of underground tombs is affected by several physical-chemical and biological factors, which could be reduced by insulating systems able to maintain the microclimatic stability also decreasing the biodeterioration risk. In Mediterranean areas, wild ephemeral plants, which reduce their cover during the hot season, seem unsuitable for reducing summer overheating. In this study, we wish to assess the influence of vegetation cover and of overlaying soil, after the establishment of an evergreen turf of a cultivar of Cynodon dactylon, on two tombs in the Etruscan Necropolis of Monterozzi, covered by linear-shaped tumuli. Therefore, we evaluated for 10 months the thermo-hygrometric values of these tombs, together with two tombs as controls. We also evaluated the different tumuli’s morphologies and the related received solar radiation. Results confirmed that late summer and early autumn as critical microclimatic periods for the risk factors of hypogeal paintings when peaks of superficial temperature occur. A positive influence of vegetation cover on maintaining constant humidity and internal temperatures was detected, but the mounds orientation, as well as soil depth, seems to have a relevant role. Considering the naturalistic features of the area and the related cultural ecosystem services, a careful selection of wild plants is suggested.
Giulia Caneva; Simone Langone; Flavia Bartoli; Adele Cecchini; Carlo Meneghini. Vegetation Cover and Tumuli’s Shape as Affecting Factors of Microclimate and Biodeterioration Risk for the Conservation of Etruscan Tombs (Tarquinia, Italy). Sustainability 2021, 13, 3393 .
AMA StyleGiulia Caneva, Simone Langone, Flavia Bartoli, Adele Cecchini, Carlo Meneghini. Vegetation Cover and Tumuli’s Shape as Affecting Factors of Microclimate and Biodeterioration Risk for the Conservation of Etruscan Tombs (Tarquinia, Italy). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Caneva; Simone Langone; Flavia Bartoli; Adele Cecchini; Carlo Meneghini. 2021. "Vegetation Cover and Tumuli’s Shape as Affecting Factors of Microclimate and Biodeterioration Risk for the Conservation of Etruscan Tombs (Tarquinia, Italy)." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3393.
Biological growth represents one of the main threats for the conservation of subterranean cultural heritage. Knowledge of the conditions which favour the various taxonomic groups is important in delineating their control methods. Combining our experience regarding hypogea in Italy and the Republic of Korea, we aim to perform a critical review and comparison of the biodeterioration patterns (BPs) found, the materials used, and the conservative treatments applied. For this purpose, we focused on Etruscan tombs (Italy, 7th to 3th century BC) and the ancient tombs of the Baekje Dynasty (Republic of Korea, 6th to 7th centuries AD), most of which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites, collecting original and bibliographic data as well as official documents. Results highlight the rich biodiversity of the bacterial and fungal species. Phototrophs were observed only in niches with sufficient light and the development of roots was also detected. Changes in humidity and temperature, the nature of the soil, nutrient accumulation, and vegetation above the hypogea along with human activities explain the different of the Biodeterioration Patterns (BPs). The effects of biocide treatments are also discussed, such as the emergence of dangerous fungal species. The shared data also enhance the role of overlaying tumuli and vegetation as well as protective barriers to reduce biological risk.
Giulia Caneva; Daniela Isola; Hyun Ju Lee; Yong Jae Chung. Biological Risk for Hypogea: Shared Data from Etruscan Tombs in Italy and Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6104 .
AMA StyleGiulia Caneva, Daniela Isola, Hyun Ju Lee, Yong Jae Chung. Biological Risk for Hypogea: Shared Data from Etruscan Tombs in Italy and Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):6104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Caneva; Daniela Isola; Hyun Ju Lee; Yong Jae Chung. 2020. "Biological Risk for Hypogea: Shared Data from Etruscan Tombs in Italy and Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 6104.
The use of symbols in architecture of the past centuries is evident, even if sometimes cryptic. The reasons behind the representation of plants in artistic and architectural contexts are of great interest as they help in their understanding. We analysed the plants carved in the Fountain of Four Rivers (Rome), designed by G.L. Bernini (mid-seventeenth century), through iconographic and historical documents. The carved plants (about 34 species) creates a natural and symbolic association with the selected rivers and continents. Some species are chosen to characterise various geographic contexts or fluvial and rupestrian habitats or are referred to the papal coats of arms (Innocent X Pamphilj). A certain number has auspicious connotation and takes a strong symbolic salvific meaning and protective against the evil’s threat. The Kircherian influence emerges in several iconographic choices, as well as the river selection and orientation, in a philosophical-religious logic linked to the Papacy and Christianity role.
G. Caneva; A. Altieri; A. Kumbaric; F. Bartoli. Plant iconography and its message: realism and symbolic message in the Bernini fountain of the four rivers in Rome. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 2020, 31, 1011 -1026.
AMA StyleG. Caneva, A. Altieri, A. Kumbaric, F. Bartoli. Plant iconography and its message: realism and symbolic message in the Bernini fountain of the four rivers in Rome. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. 2020; 31 (4):1011-1026.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Caneva; A. Altieri; A. Kumbaric; F. Bartoli. 2020. "Plant iconography and its message: realism and symbolic message in the Bernini fountain of the four rivers in Rome." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, no. 4: 1011-1026.
Since the nineteenth century, street trees have become a significant component of urban landscapes, with multiple ecological roles and social-economic functions. However, data about their abundance and diversity, and information about the criteria used for the species selection, are still limited. Besides providing a historical overview, we analyze and compare data on abundance, diversity and criteria of species selection of street trees in 15 Italian cities chosen considering their representativeness along a bioclimatic transect across Italy. The biodiversity of urban street trees resulted quite rich with 277 species (about 60% are exotic); among these, Platanus × hispanica Mill. ex Münchh., Celtis australis L. and Quercus ilex L. resulted as the most common species. Besides the general suitability for the local climatic conditions, several factors seem to concur in the species selection, such as their aesthetic appeal and dimension. Other selection criteria based on the species’ ecology or functionality were not evident.
Giulia Caneva; Flavia Bartoli; Ilaria Zappitelli; Valentina Savo. Street trees in italian cities: story, biodiversity and integration within the urban environment. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 2020, 31, 411 -417.
AMA StyleGiulia Caneva, Flavia Bartoli, Ilaria Zappitelli, Valentina Savo. Street trees in italian cities: story, biodiversity and integration within the urban environment. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. 2020; 31 (2):411-417.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Caneva; Flavia Bartoli; Ilaria Zappitelli; Valentina Savo. 2020. "Street trees in italian cities: story, biodiversity and integration within the urban environment." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, no. 2: 411-417.
Balinese Hinduism has incorporated local animistic traditions and offerings, which play a key role in the religious ceremonies called “five holy ceremonies” or Panca yadnya. Since plants constitute fundamental elements of these offerings, we aimed to contribute to their knowledge. We analyzed plants used during ceremonies by interviewing key informants in four ancient villages of Bali (Bali aga). We identified exclusive and common species associated with different kinds of ceremonies and assessed whether there was any pattern in the selection of plants for the various offerings. We recorded 125 species (112 genera, 49 families), most of which belong to the wild ethnoflora of Bali, but also 36 species that are not native to the Malesian region. The religious relationships among ceremonies, called yadnyas, reveal specific compositions of the offerings, with the plants falling into two main groups: common, which comprises 58 plants shared by all yadnyas, and specific, mostly connected to a single yadnya. This pattern of plant use is similar to the previously detected pattern in the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of aga villages. The use of plants for Panca yadnya can help avoid cultural erosion related to globalization.
Wawan Sujarwo; Giulia Caneva; Vincenzo Zuccarello. Patterns of plant use in religious offerings in Bali (Indonesia). Acta Botanica Brasilica 2020, 34, 40 -53.
AMA StyleWawan Sujarwo, Giulia Caneva, Vincenzo Zuccarello. Patterns of plant use in religious offerings in Bali (Indonesia). Acta Botanica Brasilica. 2020; 34 (1):40-53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWawan Sujarwo; Giulia Caneva; Vincenzo Zuccarello. 2020. "Patterns of plant use in religious offerings in Bali (Indonesia)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 34, no. 1: 40-53.
The colonisation of stone by different organisms often leaves biodeterioration patterns (BPs) on the surfaces even if their presence is no longer detectable. Peculiar weathering patterns on monuments and rocks, such as pitting phenomena, were recognised as a source of information on past colonisers and environmental conditions. The evident inhibition areas for new bio-patinas observed on the marble blocks of the Caestia Pyramid in Rome, recognisable as tracks of previous colonisations, seem a source for developing new natural products suitable for restoration activities. To hypothesise past occurring communities and species, which gave rise to such BPs, we carried out both in situ observations and analyses of the rich historical available iconography (mainly photographs). Moreover, we analysed literature on the lichen species colonising carbonate stones used in Roman sites. Considering morphology, biochemical properties and historical data on 90 lichen species already reported in Latium archaeological sites, we suppose lichen species belonging to the genus Circinaria (Aspicilia s.l.) to be the main aetiological agent of such peculiar BPs. These results seem relevant to highlight the long-lasting allelopathic properties of some lichen substances potentially applicable as a natural product to control colonisation, improving the environmental and economical sustainability of stone restoration.
Giulia Caneva; Maria Rosaria Fidanza; Chiara Tonon; Sergio Enrico Favero-Longo. Biodeterioration Patterns and Their Interpretation for Potential Applications to Stone Conservation: A Hypothesis from Allelopathic Inhibitory Effects of Lichens on the Caestia Pyramid (Rome). Sustainability 2020, 12, 1132 .
AMA StyleGiulia Caneva, Maria Rosaria Fidanza, Chiara Tonon, Sergio Enrico Favero-Longo. Biodeterioration Patterns and Their Interpretation for Potential Applications to Stone Conservation: A Hypothesis from Allelopathic Inhibitory Effects of Lichens on the Caestia Pyramid (Rome). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Caneva; Maria Rosaria Fidanza; Chiara Tonon; Sergio Enrico Favero-Longo. 2020. "Biodeterioration Patterns and Their Interpretation for Potential Applications to Stone Conservation: A Hypothesis from Allelopathic Inhibitory Effects of Lichens on the Caestia Pyramid (Rome)." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1132.
The weathering role of Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) on buildings is widely recognised from a physical point of view, but the influence of WDR on Biological Growth (BG) on stone materials to cause biodeterioration is still not well studied. Following our previous results from the Roman area, the UNESCO site of Pompeii for its importance was selected to further test relationships between WDR and BG. We collated and analysed climatic data (rainfall, direction and intensity of winds) between 2010 and 2015 to delineate the thermo-pluvial diagram and extrapolate Dominant Winds (DW) and WDR. Data on BG, consisting mainly of cyanobacteria, algae and lichens, were also collected through sampling, direct observations and analysis of high-quality photos. The climatic elaborations highlighted a dominance of the West wind influencing WDR. The BG was more prominent on the northern and western exposures, while it was considerably less extensive on the southern walls. Our results also showed that water from WDR, together with the lower temperature in the northern exposure and poor ventilation, can all affect wetness and had a profound role in the promotion of BG. Our analyses suggest that the protection of building walls should be different according to the exposure conditions in the formulation of preventive strategies for conservation.
L. Traversetti; F. Bartoli; G. Caneva. Wind-driven rain as a bioclimatic factor affecting the biological colonization at the archaeological site of Pompeii, Italy. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2018, 134, 31 -38.
AMA StyleL. Traversetti, F. Bartoli, G. Caneva. Wind-driven rain as a bioclimatic factor affecting the biological colonization at the archaeological site of Pompeii, Italy. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2018; 134 ():31-38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Traversetti; F. Bartoli; G. Caneva. 2018. "Wind-driven rain as a bioclimatic factor affecting the biological colonization at the archaeological site of Pompeii, Italy." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 134, no. : 31-38.
Annalaura Casanova Municchia; Flavia Bartoli; Yoko Taniguchi; Paolo Giordani; Giulia Caneva. Evaluation of the biodeterioration activity of lichens in the Cave Church of Üzümlü (Cappadocia, Turkey). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2018, 127, 160 -169.
AMA StyleAnnalaura Casanova Municchia, Flavia Bartoli, Yoko Taniguchi, Paolo Giordani, Giulia Caneva. Evaluation of the biodeterioration activity of lichens in the Cave Church of Üzümlü (Cappadocia, Turkey). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2018; 127 ():160-169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnalaura Casanova Municchia; Flavia Bartoli; Yoko Taniguchi; Paolo Giordani; Giulia Caneva. 2018. "Evaluation of the biodeterioration activity of lichens in the Cave Church of Üzümlü (Cappadocia, Turkey)." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 127, no. : 160-169.
The forest vegetation of the southern sector of the Monti Lattari complex (Amalfi Coast) has been investigated due to the lack of information on vegetation within an area of worldwide relevance and with a high floristic richness. This area shows several environmental peculiarities due to the marked orography, with pedologic features varying from carbonate to volcanic character, and bioclimatic conditions varying in a relatively short space from Mediterranean to temperate types. The study involved an extensive phytosociological survey and the analyses revealed clear differences among the forest communities, whose syntaxonomical queries and the biogeographic and ecological characters have been discussed. The communities varied from the coastal sclerophyllous forests (Cyclamino repandi–Quercetum ilicis) to the mixed thermophilous deciduous forests (Festuco exaltatae–Aceretum neapolitani, Seslerio autumnalis–Aceretum obtusati), and from the mountain neutral–subacid forests (Salvio glutinosae–Alnetum cordatae, Castanea sativa groupment, Asperulo taurinae–Alnetum cordatae) to the mountain beech forest (Anemono apenninae–Fagetum sylvaticae). Multivariate analysis showed the high relevance of steepness, elevation and pyroclastic presence, and a low relevance of aspect in the discrimination of forest communities. Syntaxonomical interpretations showed the affinity of the local communities with those of the southern Italy, but also some interesting peculiarity. Data highlight the area as a geographical boundary and phytogeographic hinge between central and southern Italy.
Laura Cancellieri; Giulia Caneva; Maurizio Cutini. Phytosociology and ecology of the Mediterranean forests ecosystems in the Amalfi Coast (Monti Lattari, Italy). Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 2017, 28, 651 -671.
AMA StyleLaura Cancellieri, Giulia Caneva, Maurizio Cutini. Phytosociology and ecology of the Mediterranean forests ecosystems in the Amalfi Coast (Monti Lattari, Italy). Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. 2017; 28 (4):651-671.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Cancellieri; Giulia Caneva; Maurizio Cutini. 2017. "Phytosociology and ecology of the Mediterranean forests ecosystems in the Amalfi Coast (Monti Lattari, Italy)." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 28, no. 4: 651-671.
A study was carried out on biodeterioration processes at six Jewish cemeteries in north-eastern Italy, which were generally subject to very poor maintenance. Several crustose lichens, as well as ruderal wooden plants, were found growing differentially on stone types in the various cemeteries. Lichens colonizing gravestones and woody plants were examined through field observations and several microscopic analyses. Evaluations were carried out on selected species and some damage risk indices were applied. The Index of Lichen Potential Biodeteriogenic Activity (LPBA) was calculated for Nanto stone, which suffered the highest degree of deterioration. The Hazard Index (HI), which is independent from the lithotype, was calculated for all the wooden plants. We also analyzed the ecological relationships of such colonization in order to evaluate indirect conservation treatments. The various lichen species were causing differential interactions with the stone, sometimes contributing in cracking and detachment of fragments. Their potential aggressiveness is mainly attributable to the different lithotypes, but also to changes in maintenance, tree canopy cover, and eutrophication. We have made suggestions for an appropriate plant management that considers their environmental, ornamental and symbolic importance in such context. For the stone conservative treatments against lichens, we also carried out tests on selected biocides.
G. Caneva; F. Bartoli. Botanical planning and lichen control for the conservation of gravestones in Jewish urban cemeteries in north-eastern Italy. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 2017, 1 -14.
AMA StyleG. Caneva, F. Bartoli. Botanical planning and lichen control for the conservation of gravestones in Jewish urban cemeteries in north-eastern Italy. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 2017; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Caneva; F. Bartoli. 2017. "Botanical planning and lichen control for the conservation of gravestones in Jewish urban cemeteries in north-eastern Italy." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences , no. : 1-14.
Biodeterioration is a major problem for the conservation of cultural heritage materials. We provide a new and original approach to analyzing changes in patterns of colonization (Biodeterioration patterns, BPs) by biological agents responsible for the deterioration of outdoor stone materials. Here we analyzed BPs of four Khmer temples in Angkor (Cambodia) exposed to variable environmental conditions, using qualitative ecological assessments and statistical approaches. The statistical analyses supported the findings obtained with the qualitative approach. Both approaches provided additional information not otherwise available using one single method. Our results indicate that studies on biodeterioration can benefit from integrating diverse methods so that conservation efforts might become more precise and effective.
G. Caneva; F. Bartoli; Valentina Savo; Y. Futagami; G. Strona. Combining Statistical Tools and Ecological Assessments in the Study of Biodeterioration Patterns of Stone Temples in Angkor (Cambodia). Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 32601 .
AMA StyleG. Caneva, F. Bartoli, Valentina Savo, Y. Futagami, G. Strona. Combining Statistical Tools and Ecological Assessments in the Study of Biodeterioration Patterns of Stone Temples in Angkor (Cambodia). Scientific Reports. 2016; 6 (1):32601.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Caneva; F. Bartoli; Valentina Savo; Y. Futagami; G. Strona. 2016. "Combining Statistical Tools and Ecological Assessments in the Study of Biodeterioration Patterns of Stone Temples in Angkor (Cambodia)." Scientific Reports 6, no. 1: 32601.
Neem (Azadirachta indica; Meliaceae) is widely known for its cold pressed seed oil, mainly used as insecticide, but also for cosmetic, medicinal and agricultural uses. The seed oil is widely employed in the Indian subcontinent, and the leaves seem to have a lower relevance, but the ethnobotanical information of Bali (Indonesia) considers the utilisation of leaves for medicinal properties.We report ethnopharmacological information about current uses of neem, in particular of the leaves, besides the insecticidal one, we discuss on the historical background of their uses.Ethnobotanical data were collected using both literature and scientific references and semi-structured interviews with 50 informants (ages ranged between 14 and 76 years old) through the snowball method in thirteen aga (indigenous Balinese) villages, following Ethic code procedures. The informants were asked to specify: which part of the plant was used, and how that plant part was used. Plant specimens were collected, identified and made into herbarium voucher. In consideration of the high variability and complex chemical constituent of neem, a HPTLC analysis of neem leaves coming from both the Indonesian island of Bali and the Indian subcontinent was carried out.The data on the medical use of traditional preparations from leaves of neem display a wide spectrum of applications. In the Indian subcontinent, neem leaves are used to treat dental and gastrointestinal disorders, malaria fevers, skin diseases, and as insects repellent, while the Balinese used neem leaves as a diuretic and for diabetes, headache, heartburn, and stimulating the appetite. Differences in utilisation can not be related to chemical differences and other constituents besides limonoids must be investigated and related to the multipurpose activity of neem.This study revealed that neem leaves are believed to treat diabetes in both Balinese and Indian communities. Limonoids can not be considered the only responsible of digestive properties. Further research would be the validation of this report by enzymatic tests and the identification of active constituents.
Wawan Sujarwo; Ary P. Keim; Giulia Caneva; Chiara Toniolo; Marcello Nicoletti. Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.; Meliaceae) leaves in Bali (Indonesia) and the Indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2016, 189, 186 -193.
AMA StyleWawan Sujarwo, Ary P. Keim, Giulia Caneva, Chiara Toniolo, Marcello Nicoletti. Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.; Meliaceae) leaves in Bali (Indonesia) and the Indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2016; 189 ():186-193.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWawan Sujarwo; Ary P. Keim; Giulia Caneva; Chiara Toniolo; Marcello Nicoletti. 2016. "Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.; Meliaceae) leaves in Bali (Indonesia) and the Indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 189, no. : 186-193.
In the archaeological Khmer complex (Cambodia), an unusual black patina covering both the exterior and interior walls of the Neang Khmau temple, has been observed during a recent conservative survey. In fact, it is present over all the four facades of the temple, covers a relevant part of the vertical surfaces protected from rainfall and is also homogeneously distributed on the interior of the monument. The upper and the lower areas show, on the contrary, a relevant lichen growth. The temple was built by using laterite bricks, a natural material common in tropical areas as a weathering product of pre‐existing rocks. A preliminary investigation on the patina samples together with ecological considerations excluded a biological origin of the black alteration, thus prompting a more detailed study. In this work, we have investigated the physico‐chemical origin of this unusual patina by identifying its mineralogical and chemical composition. Raman and FTIR spectroscopies, SEM‐EDS, micro‐XRF and XRPD have been applied to characterize the alteration products. Analyses have been performed both on single fragments and on polished cross sections collected from all four temple facades and from one area in the temple interior. Optical observations of the cross sections have evidenced irregularities in the thickness of the patina. Raman and FTIR spectra have revealed that the black layers are mainly composed of manganese minerals (hollandite, romanechite and manganite). This peculiar alteration pattern is interpreted as because of the tropical climatic conditions of Cambodia. Indeed the variation of wet and dry seasons favours the migration of iron and manganese ions and their successive immobilization in regions not directly subject to leaching. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annalaura Casanova Municchia; F. Bartoli; S. Bernardini; G. Caneva; G. Della Ventura; Maria Antonietta Ricci; T. Boun Suy; A. Sodo. Characterization of an unusual black patina on the Neang Khmau temple (archaeological Khmer area, Cambodia): a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 2016, 47, 1467 -1472.
AMA StyleAnnalaura Casanova Municchia, F. Bartoli, S. Bernardini, G. Caneva, G. Della Ventura, Maria Antonietta Ricci, T. Boun Suy, A. Sodo. Characterization of an unusual black patina on the Neang Khmau temple (archaeological Khmer area, Cambodia): a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 2016; 47 (12):1467-1472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnalaura Casanova Municchia; F. Bartoli; S. Bernardini; G. Caneva; G. Della Ventura; Maria Antonietta Ricci; T. Boun Suy; A. Sodo. 2016. "Characterization of an unusual black patina on the Neang Khmau temple (archaeological Khmer area, Cambodia): a multidisciplinary approach." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 47, no. 12: 1467-1472.