Background: Malignant gliomas are highly invasive and extremely difficult to treat tumours with poor prognosis and outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), mediated by Gleolan®, has been studied previously with partial success in treating these tumours and extending lifetime. We aim to determine whether combining PDT using ALA-protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) with a liposomal formulation of the clinical epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, lapatinib, would increase the anti-tumour PDT efficacy. Methods: Lapatinib was given in vitro and in vivo 24 h prior to PDT and for 3–5 days following PDT to elicit whether the combination provided any benefits to PDT therapy. Live-cell imaging, in vitro PDT, and in vivo studies were performed to elucidate the effect lapatinib had on PDT for a variety of glioma cell lines and as well as GSC-30 neurospheres in vivo. Results: PDT combined with lapatinib led to a significant increase in PpIX accumulation, and reductions in the LD₅₀ of PpIX mediated PDT in two EGFR-driven cell lines, U87 and U87vIII, tested (p < 0.05). PDT + lapatinib elicited stronger MRI-quantified glioma responses following PDT for two human glioma-derived tumours (U87 and GSC-30) in vivo (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PDT leads to enhanced survival in rats following treatment with lapatinib compared to lapatinib alone and PDT alone (p < 0.05). Conclusions: As lapatinib is approved for other oncological indications, a realization of its potential combination with PDT and in fluorescence-guided resection could be readily tested clinically. Furthermore, as its use would only be in acute settings, long-term resistance should not pose an issue as compared to its use as monotherapy.

We describe the rationale, design, fabrication and performance of a clinical transrectal diffuse optical tomography (TRDOT) system for in vivo monitoring of photothermal therapy (PTT) of localized prostate cancer. The system comprises a 32-channel fiberoptic-based, MRI-compatible transrectal probe connected to a computer-controlled instrument that includes laser diode sources, an optical fiber switch and photomultiplier tube detectors. Performance tests were performed in tissue-simulating phantoms and in ex vivo muscle tissue during PTT treatment. The safety and technical feasibility of in vivo transrectal use were tested in a canine prostate model and in a first-in-human study in a patient before PTT treatment. Limitations of the system are discussed, as well as further developments to translate it into planned clinical trials for monitoring the photocoagulation boundary in the prostate during PTT.