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Most industrial trucks are equipped with hydraulic systems designed for specific operations, for which the required power is supplied by the internal combustion engine (ICE). The largest share of the power consumption is required by the hydraulic system during idling operations, and, consequently, the current literature focuses on energy saving strategies for the hydraulic system rather than making the vehicle traction more efficient. This study presents the preliminary realization of an electric-powered hydraulic pump system (e-HPS) that drives the lifting of the dumpster and the garbage compaction in a waste compactor truck, rather than traditional ICE-driven hydraulic pump systems (ICE-HPSs). The different components of the e-HPS are described and the battery pack was modelled using the kinetic battery model. The end-of-life of the battery pack was determined to assess the economic feasibility of the proposed e-HPS for the truck lifespan, using numerical simulations. The aim was twofold: to provide an implementation method to retrofit the e-HPS to a conventional waste compactor truck and to assess its economic feasibility, investigating fuel savings during the use phase and the consequent reduction of CO2 emissions. Results show that the total lifespan cost saving achieved a value of 65,000 €. Furthermore, total CO2 emissions for the e-HPS were about 80% lower than those of the ICE-HPS, highlighting that the e-HPS can provide significant environmental benefits in an urban context.
Michele De Santis; Luca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Gianpaolo Di Bona; Anna Di Fazio. Preliminary Realization of an Electric-Powered Hydraulic Pump System for a Waste Compactor Truck and a Techno-Economic Analysis. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3033 .
AMA StyleMichele De Santis, Luca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Gianpaolo Di Bona, Anna Di Fazio. Preliminary Realization of an Electric-Powered Hydraulic Pump System for a Waste Compactor Truck and a Techno-Economic Analysis. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (7):3033.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele De Santis; Luca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Gianpaolo Di Bona; Anna Di Fazio. 2021. "Preliminary Realization of an Electric-Powered Hydraulic Pump System for a Waste Compactor Truck and a Techno-Economic Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7: 3033.
Ceramic facing bricks are construction materials used to produce an attractive aspect to building walls and provide protection from external exposure. The purpose of this research is twofold: first, to conduct a comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate environmental impacts of manufacturing options available for obtaining different colours and appearance of facing bricks, and second, basing on LCA results, to examine recent literature and environmental product declaration (EPD) items (ISO 14025:2006) to verify if current EU best available techniques (BATs) in ceramic manufacturing industry that are dated 2007 are still relevant today, especially in the light of current technological progresses. The considered manufacturing options are necessary to obtain three different final appearances of the facing brick. In the first option, the brick is left in its natural colour. The second and third options include the applications of two type of coatings, which are the engobing and the glazing solutions. The analysis of life cycle stages was performed according to the cradle-to-gate approach (ISO 14040:2006b UNI EN ISO 14040:2006—environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework; ISO 14044:(2006c) ISO 14044:2006/Amd 1:2017 environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines-amendment 1/Amd 1:2017). The software tool used is SimaPro® version 9.0.0.31, and inventories are based on ecoinvent v.3.5. LCA was performed basing on ceramic BATs and literature data, assuming the German energy mix. The consistency of results and the evaluation of ceramic BATs were discussed on the basis of a comparison of results with recent LCA studies and application of sensitivity analysis. One of the results of this study is that coating options entail significant environmental impacts. As instance, the application of both engobe and glaze coatings increases the global warming potential (GWP) up to 7.2% and human toxicity (HT) up to 143.1%. Finally, results confirm the importance of implementing existing saving technologies for the firing stage, being the main contributor to climate change among production activities. Moreover, environmental impacts that have been obtained assessing the product life cycle with BATs are generally higher if compared with current literature, in a range up to + 240%. In conformity with ISO standards, this LCA analyses the potential environmental impacts of facing bricks, considering three manufacturing options. The evidences provided by this study demonstrate the importance to include coating materials in LCA studies involving facing bricks. Finally, results let the authors to conclude that a revision of BATs is necessary in order to update technology requirements that are contained in the document to the current state of the art.
Luca Silvestri; Elisabetta Palumbo; Marzia Traverso; Antonio Forcina. A comparative LCA as a tool for evaluating existing best available techniques (BATs) in facing brick manufacturing and more eco-sustainable coating solutions. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2021, 26, 673 -691.
AMA StyleLuca Silvestri, Elisabetta Palumbo, Marzia Traverso, Antonio Forcina. A comparative LCA as a tool for evaluating existing best available techniques (BATs) in facing brick manufacturing and more eco-sustainable coating solutions. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2021; 26 (4):673-691.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Silvestri; Elisabetta Palumbo; Marzia Traverso; Antonio Forcina. 2021. "A comparative LCA as a tool for evaluating existing best available techniques (BATs) in facing brick manufacturing and more eco-sustainable coating solutions." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 4: 673-691.
Industrial market is becoming increasingly competitive and companies need even more advanced resources to advantage over competitors. As an example, simulation is part of Industry 4.0 technologies and a key tool for lay out re-configuration, in order to realize a flexible product customization but also to optimize manufacturing processes. For these reasons Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can determine a competitive advantage for smart factories in the light of possibilities offered by new technologies. The research is focused on a conceptual solution to integrate CFD simulation with technologies of the Industry 4.0, in order to open new opportunities for companies in terms of in terms of growth and competitiveness.
Luca Silvestri. CFD modeling in Industry 4.0: New perspectives for smart factories. Procedia Computer Science 2021, 180, 381 -387.
AMA StyleLuca Silvestri. CFD modeling in Industry 4.0: New perspectives for smart factories. Procedia Computer Science. 2021; 180 ():381-387.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Silvestri. 2021. "CFD modeling in Industry 4.0: New perspectives for smart factories." Procedia Computer Science 180, no. : 381-387.
The growing popularity of electric and hybrid vehicles has led to a sudden increase in demand for batteries needed for their construction. The increasing quantity of batteries produced and placed on the market involves important criticalities related to the consumption of some critical raw materials, such as rare earths (REEs), and the end-of-life disposal. In this scenario, the possibility of recycling and the development of a circular economy model can play a fundamental role, reducing critical issues related to the depletion of REEs. This study aims to assess the circularity potential of REEs in the vehicle batteries industry, investigating the potential of a closed-loop recycling system in the European context. In this analysis, the study was conducted in two different phases: 1) A literature review, for establishing the knowledge required for modeling a proper circular economy system, including commercial recycling processes, industrial applications, market trends, European policies and recycling targets; and 2) Basing on the state-of-art framework derived from the literature review, the final assessment of the circularity potential of REEs over a time horizon of thirty years and the discussion of possible benefits related to the considered circular economy system. As a result, a closed-loop recycling system is modeled and the final assessment of the circularity potential shows how: 1) The current recovery technology, along with appropriate recycling policies, is able to reduce the future demand of REEs as early as from 2025; 2) High collection and recovery rates allow to contrast uncertainties in REEs supply chain; and 3) The recovery of REEs is a key process to ensure the economic sustainability of the entire recycling process. These results provide the evidence that an appropriate circular economy system for vehicle battery industry can lead to benefits not only in terms of supply risk reduction but also in relation to the preservation of natural resources, implying one step further towards a sustainable mobility.
Luca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Cecilia Silvestri; Marzia Traverso. Circularity potential of rare earths for sustainable mobility: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 292, 126089 .
AMA StyleLuca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Cecilia Silvestri, Marzia Traverso. Circularity potential of rare earths for sustainable mobility: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 292 ():126089.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Cecilia Silvestri; Marzia Traverso. 2021. "Circularity potential of rare earths for sustainable mobility: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects." Journal of Cleaner Production 292, no. : 126089.
Emergency management in industrial plants is a fundamental issue to ensure the safety of operators. The emergency management analyses two fundamental aspects: the system reliability and the human reliability. System reliability is the capability of ensuring the functional properties within a variability of work conditions, considering the possible deviations due to unexpected events. However, system reliability is strongly related to the reliability of its weakest component. The complexity of the processes could generate incidental situations and the worker appears (human reliability) to be the weakest part of the whole system. The complexity of systems influences operator’s ability to take decisions during emergencies. The aim of the present research is to develop a new approach to evaluate human error probability (HEP), called Systematic Human Reliability Analysis (SHRA). The proposed approach considers internal and external factors that affect operator’s ability. The new approach is based on Nuclear Action Reliability Assessment (NARA), Simplified Plant Analysis Risk Human Reliability (SPAR-H) and on the Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs) relationship. The present paper analysed some shortcomings related to literature approaches, especially the limitations of the working time. We estimated HEP, after 8 hours (work standard) during emergency conditions. The correlations between the advantages of these three methodologies allows proposing a HEP analysis during accident scenarios emergencies. SHRA can be used to estimate human reliability during emergencies. SHRA has been applied in a nuclear accident scenario, considering 24 hours of working time. The SHRA results highlight the most important internal and external factors that affect operator’s ability.
Gianpaolo Di Bona; Domenico Falcone; Antonio Forcina; Luca Silvestri. Systematic Human Reliability Analysis (SHRA): A New Approach to Evaluate Human Error Probability (HEP) in a Nuclear Plant. International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 2020, 6, 345 -362.
AMA StyleGianpaolo Di Bona, Domenico Falcone, Antonio Forcina, Luca Silvestri. Systematic Human Reliability Analysis (SHRA): A New Approach to Evaluate Human Error Probability (HEP) in a Nuclear Plant. International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences. 2020; 6 (1):345-362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianpaolo Di Bona; Domenico Falcone; Antonio Forcina; Luca Silvestri. 2020. "Systematic Human Reliability Analysis (SHRA): A New Approach to Evaluate Human Error Probability (HEP) in a Nuclear Plant." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 1: 345-362.
Industry 4.0 is revolutionizing manufacturing, increasing flexibility, mass customization, quality and productivity. In today's competitive manufacturing scenario, maintenance is one of the most critical issues and companies are approaching its digital transformation from technological and management perspectives. This article carries out a systematic literature review aimed to investigate how maintenance tasks and maintenance management strategies are changing in Industry 4.0 context, analyzing the state-of-the-art of Industry 4.0 technologies currently employed in maintenance and the resulting potential innovations in maintenance policies and manufacturing management. In addition, the most relevant trends in current maintenance policies have been investigated, such as “remote maintenance” and the attractive possibility of a “self-maintenance”. Also, the importance of human factor has been considered. The results are summarized in a comprehensive database, to provide, through concepts and empirical evidence present in literature, examples and strategies for the implementation of maintenance in Industry 4.0.
Luca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Vito Introna; Annalisa Santolamazza; Vittorio Cesarotti. Maintenance transformation through Industry 4.0 technologies: A systematic literature review. Computers in Industry 2020, 123, 103335 .
AMA StyleLuca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Vito Introna, Annalisa Santolamazza, Vittorio Cesarotti. Maintenance transformation through Industry 4.0 technologies: A systematic literature review. Computers in Industry. 2020; 123 ():103335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Vito Introna; Annalisa Santolamazza; Vittorio Cesarotti. 2020. "Maintenance transformation through Industry 4.0 technologies: A systematic literature review." Computers in Industry 123, no. : 103335.
Transport, and particularly private mobility, is one of the main causes of polluting emissions. In order to reduce this problem, electric mobility has been strongly developed in recent years, also thanks to incentive policies implemented by many Countries. Even if electric vehicles represent an important step towards decarbonization, they still present some environmental criticalities related to the production and end of life of batteries, since its diffusion grows hand in hand with that of electric vehicles. In this scenario the present research represents the first life cycle assessment (LCA) for nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, which considers production and recycling processes. The analysis was carried out by comparing the impacts deriving from the production of batteries with those associated with recycling technologies, taking into consideration different recycling percentages. The results show the benefits deriving from end-of-life recycling of batteries for the preservation of natural resources and human toxicity.
Luca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Gabriella Arcese; Gino Bella. Recycling technologies of nickel–metal hydride batteries: An LCA based analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 273, 123083 .
AMA StyleLuca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Gabriella Arcese, Gino Bella. Recycling technologies of nickel–metal hydride batteries: An LCA based analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 273 ():123083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Gabriella Arcese; Gino Bella. 2020. "Recycling technologies of nickel–metal hydride batteries: An LCA based analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 273, no. : 123083.
The choice of a reliability allocation method is not always easy or straightforward, since it depends on several factors. Some factors are directly related to the characteristics of the analyzed system, such as the level of complexity or the reliability configuration; on the other hand, additional aspects constitute boundary conditions, such as budget or experimentation time. In this scenario, the purpose of the present research is to present a systematic literature review on reliability allocation, proposing a guideline to choose the optimal allocation method in respect to the desired application, available resources, and required accuracy. The proposed review analyzes allocation methods in literature, determining main features and area of application. Motivated by a lack of a comprehensive methods summarization present in literature, our research goal is to assist practitioners in choosing a well‐suited method and to provide an overview, to support academics in conducting new research in this area. The results of the performed analysis are synthetized according to several criteria. The results are summarized and categorized in different clusters for each individuated application field. The proposed summarization design allows an easy and rapid consultation.
Antonio Forcina; Luca Silvestri; Gianpaolo Di Bona; Alessandro Silvestri. Reliability allocation methods: A systematic literature review. Quality and Reliability Engineering International 2020, 36, 2085 -2107.
AMA StyleAntonio Forcina, Luca Silvestri, Gianpaolo Di Bona, Alessandro Silvestri. Reliability allocation methods: A systematic literature review. Quality and Reliability Engineering International. 2020; 36 (6):2085-2107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Forcina; Luca Silvestri; Gianpaolo Di Bona; Alessandro Silvestri. 2020. "Reliability allocation methods: A systematic literature review." Quality and Reliability Engineering International 36, no. 6: 2085-2107.
In the current research, a safety allocation technique named the Critical Risks Method (CRM) has been developed. Starting from a literature review, we analyzed the shortcomings of conventional methods. The outcomes show the primary two criticalities of the most important safety allocation approaches: (1) They are developed for series configuration, but not for parallel ones; (2) they ordinarily give only qualitative outputs, but not quantitative ones. Moreover, by applying the conventional methods, an increase in safety of the units to ensure the safety target leads to an increase of the production costs of the units. The proposed strategy can overcome the shortcomings of traditional techniques with a safety approach useful to series–parallel systems in order to obtain quantitative outputs in terms of failures in a year. The CRM considers six factors that are able to ensure its applicability to a great variety of critical infrastructures. In addition, CRM is described by a simply analytic definition. The CRM was applied to a critical infrastructure (Liquid Nitrogen Cooling Installation) in a nuclear plant designed with series–parallel units. By comparing the CRM outputs with databank safety values, the proposed method was validated.
Gianpaolo Di Bona; Antonio Forcina; Domenico Falcone; Luca Silvestri. Critical Risks Method (CRM): A New Safety Allocation Approach for a Critical Infrastructure. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4949 .
AMA StyleGianpaolo Di Bona, Antonio Forcina, Domenico Falcone, Luca Silvestri. Critical Risks Method (CRM): A New Safety Allocation Approach for a Critical Infrastructure. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):4949.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianpaolo Di Bona; Antonio Forcina; Domenico Falcone; Luca Silvestri. 2020. "Critical Risks Method (CRM): A New Safety Allocation Approach for a Critical Infrastructure." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4949.
Sanitaryware products are one of the most diffused ceramic materials. In the present study, an environmental assessment of sanitaryware production was carried out. The Life Cycle Assessment was performed with a cradle-to-gate approach, considering the product life cycle from resource extraction to the factory gate of an Italian company and it aims to evaluate the environmental weight of sanitaryware production, identifying hotspots and comparing different energetic scenarios. The study was performed according to the current international standards and choosing, as the functional unit, 1000 kg of heterogeneous sanitaryware products. The system boundary includes raw materials extraction, transportation of raw materials and all the manufacturing activities within the factory, including electric and thermal energy supply. The results show how the study factory have implemented a mature green-based manufacturing and represents a reference point to estimate how the environmental impact can be improved by energy saving technologies and recycling water. Such technologies were compared to conventional ones and with results of other recent literature research. In addition, a potential improvement, based on cogeneration, was evaluated to consider if the economic improvement goes together with a minor environmental impact. Results show how economic benefit due to the implementation of cogeneration agrees with environmental impact, presenting only an increase in Global Warming Potential and Abiotic Depletion of fossil fuels. This is the inspiration for a further research where Life Cycle Assessment can be coupled to a Life Cycle Cost.
Luca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Cecilia Silvestri; Giuseppe Ioppolo. Life cycle assessment of sanitaryware production: A case study in Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 251, 119708 .
AMA StyleLuca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Cecilia Silvestri, Giuseppe Ioppolo. Life cycle assessment of sanitaryware production: A case study in Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 251 ():119708.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Cecilia Silvestri; Giuseppe Ioppolo. 2019. "Life cycle assessment of sanitaryware production: A case study in Italy." Journal of Cleaner Production 251, no. : 119708.
The Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCA) methodology is today considered as a crucial paradigm with multiple levels of analysis, including the economic, social and environmental aspects. In this scenario, the purpose of the present research is to carry out an accurate and extensive LCA based analysis to compare the environmental impact, between conventional gasoline and hybrid vehicle powertrains. Two different powertrain scenarios were considered maintaining the same vehicle chassis. The performed analysis concerned resources and energy consumption as well as pollutant emission of each process, evaluating the impact of powertrain production, the vehicle use phase, and powertrain end of life scenarios. A large set of indicators - including human toxicity, eutrophication, and acidification - was considered. The study indicates that the potential of electrified vehicles basically depends on efficient production and recycling of the battery. We found that the conventional powertrain determines a higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than hybrid powertrain (by almost 30%). Conversely, the water-related impact is higher in hybrid powertrain, and this is associated to the extraction and processing of the metal and mischmetal within the battery pack. Furthermore, the incidence of transport in the use phase for the conventional powertrain has high impact related to freshwater and marine aquatic ecotoxicity.
Luca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Gabriella Arcese; Gino Bella. Environmental Analysis Based on Life Cycle Assessment: An Empirical Investigation on the Conventional and Hybrid Powertrain. SAE Technical Paper Series 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleLuca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Gabriella Arcese, Gino Bella. Environmental Analysis Based on Life Cycle Assessment: An Empirical Investigation on the Conventional and Hybrid Powertrain. SAE Technical Paper Series. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Silvestri; Antonio Forcina; Gabriella Arcese; Gino Bella. 2019. "Environmental Analysis Based on Life Cycle Assessment: An Empirical Investigation on the Conventional and Hybrid Powertrain." SAE Technical Paper Series , no. : 1.
The interest in Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS)/Large Eddy Simulation (LES) hybrids, for the simulation of turbulent flows in Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), is consistently growing. An increasing number of applications can be found in the specialized literature for the past few years, including both seamless and zonal hybrid formulations. Following this trend, we have already developed a Detached Eddy Simulation (DES)-based zonal modeling technique, which was found to have adequate scale-resolving capabilities in several engine-like reference tests. In the present article we further extend our study by evaluating the effects of the underlying turbulence model and of the grid quality/morphology on the scale-resolved part of the flow. For that purpose, we consider DES formulations based on an enhanced version of the k-g URANS model and on the URANS form of the popular RNG k-ε model. The simulated test cases include a static intake valve geometry and a reference reciprocating piston/cylinder assembly. All the numerical predictions are assessed against the available experimental datasets and with previous computational studies made by other research groups.
Vesselin Krastev; Luca Silvestri; Gino Bella. Effects of Turbulence Modeling and Grid Quality on the Zonal URANS/LES Simulation of Static and Reciprocating Engine-Like Geometries. SAE International Journal of Engines 2018, 11, 669 -686.
AMA StyleVesselin Krastev, Luca Silvestri, Gino Bella. Effects of Turbulence Modeling and Grid Quality on the Zonal URANS/LES Simulation of Static and Reciprocating Engine-Like Geometries. SAE International Journal of Engines. 2018; 11 (6):669-686.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVesselin Krastev; Luca Silvestri; Gino Bella. 2018. "Effects of Turbulence Modeling and Grid Quality on the Zonal URANS/LES Simulation of Static and Reciprocating Engine-Like Geometries." SAE International Journal of Engines 11, no. 6: 669-686.
The unsteady and random character of turbulent flow motion is a key aspect of the multidimensional modeling of internal combustion engines (ICEs). A typical example can be found in the prediction of the cycle-to-cycle variability (CCV) in modern, highly downsized gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, which strongly depends on the accurate simulation of turbulent in-cylinder flow structures. The current standard for turbulence modeling in ICEs is still represented by the unsteady form of Reynold-averaged Navier Stokes equations (URANS), which allows the simulation of full engine cycles at relatively low computational costs. URANS-based methods, however, are only able to return a statistical description of turbulence, as the effects of all scales of motion are entirely modeled. Therefore, during the last decade, scale-resolving methods such as large eddy simulation (LES) or hybrid URANS/LES approaches are gaining increasing attention among the engine-modeling community. In the present paper, we propose a scale-resolving capable modification of the popular RNG k–ε URANS model. The modification is based on a detached-eddy simulation (DES) framework and allows one to explicitly set the behavior (URANS, DES or LES) of the model in different zones of the computational domain. The resulting zonal formulation has been tested on two reference test cases, comparing the numerical predictions with the available experimental data sets and with previous computational studies. Overall, the scale-resolved part of the computed flow has been found to be consistent with the expected flow physics, thus confirming the validity of the proposed simulation methodology.
Vesselin Krassimirov Krastev; Luca Silvestri; Giacomo Falcucci. A Modified Version of the RNG k–ε Turbulence Model for the Scale-Resolving Simulation of Internal Combustion Engines. Energies 2017, 10, 2116 .
AMA StyleVesselin Krassimirov Krastev, Luca Silvestri, Giacomo Falcucci. A Modified Version of the RNG k–ε Turbulence Model for the Scale-Resolving Simulation of Internal Combustion Engines. Energies. 2017; 10 (12):2116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVesselin Krassimirov Krastev; Luca Silvestri; Giacomo Falcucci. 2017. "A Modified Version of the RNG k–ε Turbulence Model for the Scale-Resolving Simulation of Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 10, no. 12: 2116.
Vesselin Krassimirov Krastev; Luca Silvestri; Giacomo Falcucci; Gino Bella. A Zonal-LES Study of Steady and Reciprocating Engine-Like Flows Using a Modified Two-Equation DES Turbulence Model. SAE Technical Paper Series 2017, 1, 1 .
AMA StyleVesselin Krassimirov Krastev, Luca Silvestri, Giacomo Falcucci, Gino Bella. A Zonal-LES Study of Steady and Reciprocating Engine-Like Flows Using a Modified Two-Equation DES Turbulence Model. SAE Technical Paper Series. 2017; 1 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVesselin Krassimirov Krastev; Luca Silvestri; Giacomo Falcucci; Gino Bella. 2017. "A Zonal-LES Study of Steady and Reciprocating Engine-Like Flows Using a Modified Two-Equation DES Turbulence Model." SAE Technical Paper Series 1, no. : 1.
This paper presents the experimental characterization of a prototyping hybrid electric quadricycle, which is equipped with two independently actuated hub (in-wheel) motors and powered by a 51 V 132 Ah LiFeYPO4 battery pack. Such a vehicle employs two hub motors located in the rear axles in order to independently drive/brake the rear wheels; such architecture allows to implement a torque vectoring system to improve the vehicle dynamics. Due to its actuation flexibility, energy efficiency and performance potentials, this architecture is one of the promising powertrain design for electric quadricycle. Experimental data obtained from measurements on the vehicle powertrain components going from the battery pack to the inverter and to the in-wheel motor were employed to generate the hub motor torque response and power efficiency maps in both driving and regenerative braking modes. Furthermore, the vehicle is equipped with a gasoline internal combustion engine as range extender whose efficiency was also characterized.
M. De Santis; S. Agnelli; Luca Silvestri; Giovanni Di Ilio; O. Giannini. Characterization of the powertrain components for a hybrid quadricycle. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2015 (ICNAAM 2015) 2016, 1738, 270007 .
AMA StyleM. De Santis, S. Agnelli, Luca Silvestri, Giovanni Di Ilio, O. Giannini. Characterization of the powertrain components for a hybrid quadricycle. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2015 (ICNAAM 2015). 2016; 1738 (1):270007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. De Santis; S. Agnelli; Luca Silvestri; Giovanni Di Ilio; O. Giannini. 2016. "Characterization of the powertrain components for a hybrid quadricycle." INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2015 (ICNAAM 2015) 1738, no. 1: 270007.